Pub Date : 2023-12-30DOI: 10.36108/nje/3202/93.0110
A. K. Musa, A. Ojo, M. Lawal, S. Yusuf, A. A. Oyerinde, A. A. Lawal, Samuel Femi Babatunde, J. Ake, Z. Abbas
The study evaluated the effects of onion (Allium cepa) bulb and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) leaf extract on the insect pests and yield components of cowpea. The extracts were tested on number of the flower thrips, Megalurothrips sjostedti Trybom, the pod-sucking bug, Clavigralla tomentosicollis Stal, the pod borer, Maruca vitrata (F.) and cowpea aphid, Aphis craccivora Koch. Also evaluated were the dry seed weight, 100-seed weight, pod length, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, pod load, pod damage and pod evaluation index. Field experiment was conducted in the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria. Plots were laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Treatments included 10% (w/v) of each of onion bulb and tobacco leaf extracts, synthetic insecticide (Cypermethrin 1 L/ha) and untreated control. Results revealed that cowpea treated with the plant extracts had significantly (p<0.05) lower insect pest population than plants in untreated plots which suffered greater insect pest attack. However, plots treated with Cypermethrin produced significantly higher number of seeds per pod than other treatments. Nevertheless, tobacco leaf extract produced significantly (p<0.05) heavier 100-seed weight than other treatments including the control. It could be concluded that the plant extracts had potential to replace the synthetic insecticide for control of insect pests of cowpea, thus ensuring environmental safety.
{"title":"Preliminary Evaluation of Onion Bulb and Tobacco Leaf Extracts for Insect Control and Yield of Cowpea in the Southern Guinea Savanna of Nigeria","authors":"A. K. Musa, A. Ojo, M. Lawal, S. Yusuf, A. A. Oyerinde, A. A. Lawal, Samuel Femi Babatunde, J. Ake, Z. Abbas","doi":"10.36108/nje/3202/93.0110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36108/nje/3202/93.0110","url":null,"abstract":"The study evaluated the effects of onion (Allium cepa) bulb and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) leaf extract on the insect pests and yield components of cowpea. The extracts were tested on number of the flower thrips, Megalurothrips sjostedti Trybom, the pod-sucking bug, Clavigralla tomentosicollis Stal, the pod borer, Maruca vitrata (F.) and cowpea aphid, Aphis craccivora Koch. Also evaluated were the dry seed weight, 100-seed weight, pod length, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, pod load, pod damage and pod evaluation index. Field experiment was conducted in the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria. Plots were laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Treatments included 10% (w/v) of each of onion bulb and tobacco leaf extracts, synthetic insecticide (Cypermethrin 1 L/ha) and untreated control. Results revealed that cowpea treated with the plant extracts had significantly (p<0.05) lower insect pest population than plants in untreated plots which suffered greater insect pest attack. However, plots treated with Cypermethrin produced significantly higher number of seeds per pod than other treatments. Nevertheless, tobacco leaf extract produced significantly (p<0.05) heavier 100-seed weight than other treatments including the control. It could be concluded that the plant extracts had potential to replace the synthetic insecticide for control of insect pests of cowpea, thus ensuring environmental safety.","PeriodicalId":183712,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Entomology","volume":" 43","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139141942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-30DOI: 10.36108/nje/3202/93.0120
James Adebayo Ojo, Florence Bukky Aina, E. Imoloame, Abdulwasiu Ibrahim
Insecticide treatments are recommended for the control of insect pests in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L) Walp) in Sub-Saharan Africa. Nonetheless, these have unfavorable effects on man and the environment, in addition to being costly for smallholder farmers. The goal of this study was to find the optimum insecticide spray time and weeding to manage insect pests and increase yield of cowpea. The experiment was designed as a randomized complete block in a split-plot arrangement with three replications. The main plots consisting of spray time of insecticide application while the sub-plots consisting of weeding regimes. Data collected includes insect pest’s abundance, damage assessment and yield. The major insect pests observed were the cowpea aphids, thrips, maruca and pod sucking bugs. Insecticide sprays applied twice at 50 percent flowering and 50 percent podding, as well as a weeding regime applied either thrice or twice – at 3, 6, and 9 or at 3 and 6 weeks after sowing –effectively reduced insect population and damage, and increased yield of cowpea This recommendation can be incorporated into cowpea integrated pest management strategies among farmers in the study location.
{"title":"Integrating Insecticide Spray Time and Weeding Regime to Manage Insect Pests and Yield of Cowpea in the Southern Guinea Savanna of Nigeria","authors":"James Adebayo Ojo, Florence Bukky Aina, E. Imoloame, Abdulwasiu Ibrahim","doi":"10.36108/nje/3202/93.0120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36108/nje/3202/93.0120","url":null,"abstract":"Insecticide treatments are recommended for the control of insect pests in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L) Walp) in Sub-Saharan Africa. Nonetheless, these have unfavorable effects on man and the environment, in addition to being costly for smallholder farmers. The goal of this study was to find the optimum insecticide spray time and weeding to manage insect pests and increase yield of cowpea. The experiment was designed as a randomized complete block in a split-plot arrangement with three replications. The main plots consisting of spray time of insecticide application while the sub-plots consisting of weeding regimes. Data collected includes insect pest’s abundance, damage assessment and yield. The major insect pests observed were the cowpea aphids, thrips, maruca and pod sucking bugs. Insecticide sprays applied twice at 50 percent flowering and 50 percent podding, as well as a weeding regime applied either thrice or twice – at 3, 6, and 9 or at 3 and 6 weeks after sowing –effectively reduced insect population and damage, and increased yield of cowpea This recommendation can be incorporated into cowpea integrated pest management strategies among farmers in the study location.","PeriodicalId":183712,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Entomology","volume":" 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139139846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-30DOI: 10.36108/nje/3202/93.0140
O. M. Azeez, U. Zakka, Y. Akinyemi, O. Akpore
Investigation of pesticide residues of tomato was carried out in Fruit garden, Rumuokoro, Mile 3 and Oil Mill markets, Port Harcourt. The pesticide residues of the fruit obtained in open markets was monitored and compared with established safety limits. The pretreated samples were Soxhlet extracted and analysed for groups of pesticide most especially Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) content using a Gas Chromatograph coupled with an Electron Capture Detector (GC-ECD). A total of 12 OCPs and other residues were detected in most of the samples with the percentage occurrence ranging from 35%-100%, and the levels found exceeding their Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs). The Method Detection Limit (MDL) of the samples was 0.0408 mg/kg α Chlordane and 0.0723 mg/kg endosulfan sulfate; while the limit of quantitation (LOQ) of these pesticides were 0.0047mg/kg and 0.3952 mg/kg respectively. Among the pesticides determined 58.7% insecticides (14), 22.7% fungicides (5) and 17.9% Herbicide (4) were detected in the tomato samples. The mean concentration of Metoxychlor was excessively higher in samples obtained across the four markets. Also, the concentration of О’ρ Рρ, DDT (0.18±0.20) was higher than its metabolite, (0.13±0.03) in Oil Mill and Mile 3 markets (0.14±0.02) which might portend danger for our health.
{"title":"Monitoring and Assessment of Pesticide Residue in Tomato from Four Selected Markets in Port Harcourt","authors":"O. M. Azeez, U. Zakka, Y. Akinyemi, O. Akpore","doi":"10.36108/nje/3202/93.0140","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36108/nje/3202/93.0140","url":null,"abstract":"Investigation of pesticide residues of tomato was carried out in Fruit garden, Rumuokoro, Mile 3 and Oil Mill markets, Port Harcourt. The pesticide residues of the fruit obtained in open markets was monitored and compared with established safety limits. The pretreated samples were Soxhlet extracted and analysed for groups of pesticide most especially Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) content using a Gas Chromatograph coupled with an Electron Capture Detector (GC-ECD). A total of 12 OCPs and other residues were detected in most of the samples with the percentage occurrence ranging from 35%-100%, and the levels found exceeding their Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs). The Method Detection Limit (MDL) of the samples was 0.0408 mg/kg α Chlordane and 0.0723 mg/kg endosulfan sulfate; while the limit of quantitation (LOQ) of these pesticides were 0.0047mg/kg and 0.3952 mg/kg respectively. Among the pesticides determined 58.7% insecticides (14), 22.7% fungicides (5) and 17.9% Herbicide (4) were detected in the tomato samples. The mean concentration of Metoxychlor was excessively higher in samples obtained across the four markets. Also, the concentration of О’ρ Рρ, DDT (0.18±0.20) was higher than its metabolite, (0.13±0.03) in Oil Mill and Mile 3 markets (0.14±0.02) which might portend danger for our health.","PeriodicalId":183712,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Entomology","volume":" 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139140873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-31DOI: 10.36108/nje/1202/73.0120
M. Yahaya, H. Bandiya, M. Ladan, H. A. Shindi
Mosquitoes are insects that vector many of the life threatening diseases. Control of these insects is one of the major problems of the world today. Leaves and seed kernel extracts of Tobacco; Nicotiana tabacum (L.) and Thorn-Apple; Datura metel (L.) were assayed for larvicidal activity against three mosquito species of Aedes, Anopheles and Culex respectively. Samples of the three species were collected from mosquito breeding sites and reared in the laboratory for continued source of larvae following standard procedures. The plants parts used were extracted with hexane, chloroform and methanol in increasing order of polarity. Each extract was formulated into 0.9, 1.6, 2.4, 3.5 and 4.0mg/mL concentrations, and tested for larvicidal activity against 25 larvae of each genus in three replicates, alongside the controls over 12 to 72 hrs periods. The extracts that exhibited highest larvicidal activity were subjected to phytochemical screenings for searching active ingredients. Data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance, treatment means separated through DNMRT and lethal concentrations of the extracts were determined. Among the extracts tested, hexane extract of D. metel and methanol extract of N. tabacum caused highest larvicidal activity with more than 70% mortality on Aedes and Anopheles larvae when 4.0mg/mL was applied after 72 hrs (LC50 2.94±0.1 and LC502.58±0.1 mg/mL respectively). Culex larvae were less susceptible to all concentrations of the extracts. Though, larvicidal activity was observed to be directly proportional to concentrations and larval exposure periods, significant differences (p< 0.05) in the means of larval death were observed. The active extracts were found to contain alkaloids, saponins steroids, flavonoids and glycosides from moderate to high quantity which could be responsible for larvicidal activity. Future formulation studies, toxicity profile and possible mechanism of action may lead to the development of potential insecticidal products.
蚊子是传播许多威胁生命的疾病的昆虫。控制这些昆虫是当今世界的主要问题之一。烟草叶和种子仁提取物;烟草(L.)和刺苹果;测定了曼陀罗对伊蚊、按蚊和库蚊的杀幼虫活性。从蚊子孳生地点采集这三种蚊子的样本，并按照标准程序在实验室饲养，以确保幼虫的持续来源。用己烷、氯仿和甲醇依次提取所使用的植物部位。将每种提取物配制成0.9、1.6、2.4、3.5和4.0mg/mL的浓度，在12 ~ 72小时的时间内，与对照组一起，分3个重复，对每个属的25只幼虫进行杀虫活性测试。对具有最高杀幼虫活性的提取物进行植物化学筛选，寻找有效成分。采用方差分析(Analysis of Variance)对数据进行分析，采用DNMRT分离处理手段，测定提取物的致死浓度。结果表明，烟叶金针叶正己烷提取物和烟叶金针叶甲醇提取物用量为4.0mg/mL时，72 h后对伊蚊和按蚊幼虫的杀虫活性最高，LC50分别为2.94±0.1和502.58±0.1 mg/mL，死亡率均超过70%。库蚊幼虫对不同浓度提取物均不敏感。虽然发现杀幼虫活性与浓度和幼虫暴露时间成正比，但在幼虫死亡方式上存在显著差异(p< 0.05)。活性提取物中含有中高含量的生物碱、皂苷、甾体、黄酮类和苷类物质，具有一定的杀虫活性。未来的配方研究、毒性特征和可能的作用机制可能会导致潜在杀虫产品的开发。
{"title":"Larvicidal Activity of Solvent Extracts of Nicotiana tabacum L, and Datura metel L, (Solanales: Solanaceae) Against Larvae of Three Mosquito Species","authors":"M. Yahaya, H. Bandiya, M. Ladan, H. A. Shindi","doi":"10.36108/nje/1202/73.0120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36108/nje/1202/73.0120","url":null,"abstract":"Mosquitoes are insects that vector many of the life threatening diseases. Control of these insects is one of the major problems of the world today. Leaves and seed kernel extracts of Tobacco; Nicotiana tabacum (L.) and Thorn-Apple; Datura metel (L.) were assayed for larvicidal activity against three mosquito species of Aedes, Anopheles and Culex respectively. Samples of the three species were collected from mosquito breeding sites and reared in the laboratory for continued source of larvae following standard procedures. The plants parts used were extracted with hexane, chloroform and methanol in increasing order of polarity. Each extract was formulated into 0.9, 1.6, 2.4, 3.5 and 4.0mg/mL concentrations, and tested for larvicidal activity against 25 larvae of each genus in three replicates, alongside the controls over 12 to 72 hrs periods. The extracts that exhibited highest larvicidal activity were subjected to phytochemical screenings for searching active ingredients. Data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance, treatment means separated through DNMRT and lethal concentrations of the extracts were determined. Among the extracts tested, hexane extract of D. metel and methanol extract of N. tabacum caused highest larvicidal activity with more than 70% mortality on Aedes and Anopheles larvae when 4.0mg/mL was applied after 72 hrs (LC50 2.94±0.1 and LC502.58±0.1 mg/mL respectively). Culex larvae were less susceptible to all concentrations of the extracts. Though, larvicidal activity was observed to be directly proportional to concentrations and larval exposure periods, significant differences (p< 0.05) in the means of larval death were observed. The active extracts were found to contain alkaloids, saponins steroids, flavonoids and glycosides from moderate to high quantity which could be responsible for larvicidal activity. Future formulation studies, toxicity profile and possible mechanism of action may lead to the development of potential insecticidal products.","PeriodicalId":183712,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Entomology","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130004077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-31DOI: 10.36108/nje/1202/73.0180
P. M. E. Ubulom, U. Ekong, I. A. Umohata, Chinecherem J. Obu
Helaeomyia petrolei, formerly named Psilopa petrolei is an unfamiliar dipteran, probably because of its restricted distribution. It is a member of the family Ephydridae. This species of fly which is extremophilic in nature and is native to the United States of America was first discovered in the crude petroleum of La Brea Tar pits of Los Angeles County in California. Helaeomyia petrolei is unique primarily because of its ability to tolerate adverse aquatic habitats (crude petroleum pool). Larvae of this species ingest large quantities of asphalt from the petroleum pool, without any ill effects. They also accommodate in their gut microorganisms that are solvent tolerant. Though known to entomologists for well over 100 years ago, not much attention has been given to this rare species. There still remain many aspects of interest yet to be unraveled. The objective of this review was to collate available information about this unpopular dipteran and harness information obtained for academic, pharmaceutical and industrial applicability as well as encouraging further studies on this rare species. Solvent tolerance as discussed in this review is beneficial for bioremediation. The potential pharmaceutical and industrial applications of the solvent tolerant microbial community in Helaeomyia petrolei and other extremophilic species should therefore be harnessed for nobel scientific discoveries.
{"title":"The Oil fly, Helaeomyia petrolei C., an Innocuous and Unique Dipteran","authors":"P. M. E. Ubulom, U. Ekong, I. A. Umohata, Chinecherem J. Obu","doi":"10.36108/nje/1202/73.0180","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36108/nje/1202/73.0180","url":null,"abstract":"Helaeomyia petrolei, formerly named Psilopa petrolei is an unfamiliar dipteran, probably because of its restricted distribution. It is a member of the family Ephydridae. This species of fly which is extremophilic in nature and is native to the United States of America was first discovered in the crude petroleum of La Brea Tar pits of Los Angeles County in California. Helaeomyia petrolei is unique primarily because of its ability to tolerate adverse aquatic habitats (crude petroleum pool). Larvae of this species ingest large quantities of asphalt from the petroleum pool, without any ill effects. They also accommodate in their gut microorganisms that are solvent tolerant. Though known to entomologists for well over 100 years ago, not much attention has been given to this rare species. There still remain many aspects of interest yet to be unraveled. The objective of this review was to collate available information about this unpopular dipteran and harness information obtained for academic, pharmaceutical and industrial applicability as well as encouraging further studies on this rare species. Solvent tolerance as discussed in this review is beneficial for bioremediation. The potential pharmaceutical and industrial applications of the solvent tolerant microbial community in Helaeomyia petrolei and other extremophilic species should therefore be harnessed for nobel scientific discoveries.","PeriodicalId":183712,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Entomology","volume":"304 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129437603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-31DOI: 10.36108/nje/1202/73.0150
Ayo Adebowale Larayetan, C. O. Adedire, Vincent Chukuemeka Umeh, G. Goergen
The Papaya Mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus Williams and Granara de Willink, is an invasive species. The abundance of the papaya mealy bug and its damage to seedlings were investigated in the field at three agro-ecological zones: which includes Akure (Rainforest), Ogbomoso (Guinea savannah), Ibadan (Derived savannah) in the 2016 growing seasons. At each site, 10 healthy mother plants with fruit (>17cm GBH) were randomly selected from which five infested and non-infested leaves (fifth to the 13th leaf from the top) were randomly selected. Number of infesting larvae were counted manually. Infestation, typified by woolly presence of the larvae on the leaves was 80.08% on the leaves and 75.58.6% on the fruits. The most susceptible papaya was recorded for Ogbomoso in March. This was done to determine the combined effects of time of the year (period) and geographical location (Agroecology) on populations and infestations of adult and immature P. marginatus on fruits and leaves of Pawpaw, and it was not significantly different (p>0.05) from the other levels of infestation at the other locations in the same month of March. The highest population of P. marginatus on Pawpaw leaves (60.33) and fruits (59.83%) was recorded for Akure in March. Results showed that there was general reduction in mean number of healthy leaves of papaya seedlings as the age of the seedlings increased. It could be concluded that P. marginatus were able to establish colonies on papaya seedlings, it is only in rare cases on a few susceptible genotypes, that mealybugs colonize plants during vegetative stage
番木瓜粉蚧(Paracoccus marginatus Williams和Granara de Willink)是一种入侵物种。在2016年生长季节，在Akure(热带雨林)、Ogbomoso(几内亚大草原)、Ibadan(衍生大草原)三个农业生态区实地调查了木瓜粉蚧的丰度及其对幼苗的危害。每个站点随机选取10株健康有果母株(GBH为bb0 ~ 17cm)，随机选取侵染和未侵染叶片各5片(叶片顶部数第5 ~ 13片)。人工统计侵染幼虫数。侵染率为80.08%，果实侵染率为75.58.6%。Ogbomoso在3月份被记录为最敏感的木瓜。研究了季节(时期)和地理位置(农业生态)对木瓜果实和叶片上边缘小蠹成虫和未成熟小蠹种群数量和侵染情况的综合影响，结果表明，3月份其他地点的边缘小蠹侵染情况与同期其他地点的侵染情况无显著差异(p>0.05)。3月份，阿库尔木瓜叶片和果实上边缘小蠊的数量分别为60.33和59.83%。结果表明，随着树龄的增加，木瓜幼苗的平均健康叶片数量普遍减少。结果表明，粉蚧能在木瓜幼苗上建立菌落，只有在少数易感基因型上，粉蚧在植物营养阶段才能在植株上建立菌落
{"title":"Seasonal Abundance of Paracoccus marginatus (Williams and Granara de Willink) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) and Damage to Papaya Seedlings in Three Agroecological Zones in South-western Nigeria","authors":"Ayo Adebowale Larayetan, C. O. Adedire, Vincent Chukuemeka Umeh, G. Goergen","doi":"10.36108/nje/1202/73.0150","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36108/nje/1202/73.0150","url":null,"abstract":"The Papaya Mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus Williams and Granara de Willink, is an invasive species. The abundance of the papaya mealy bug and its damage to seedlings were investigated in the field at three agro-ecological zones: which includes Akure (Rainforest), Ogbomoso (Guinea savannah), Ibadan (Derived savannah) in the 2016 growing seasons. At each site, 10 healthy mother plants with fruit (>17cm GBH) were randomly selected from which five infested and non-infested leaves (fifth to the 13th leaf from the top) were randomly selected. Number of infesting larvae were counted manually. Infestation, typified by woolly presence of the larvae on the leaves was 80.08% on the leaves and 75.58.6% on the fruits. The most susceptible papaya was recorded for Ogbomoso in March. This was done to determine the combined effects of time of the year (period) and geographical location (Agroecology) on populations and infestations of adult and immature P. marginatus on fruits and leaves of Pawpaw, and it was not significantly different (p>0.05) from the other levels of infestation at the other locations in the same month of March. The highest population of P. marginatus on Pawpaw leaves (60.33) and fruits (59.83%) was recorded for Akure in March. Results showed that there was general reduction in mean number of healthy leaves of papaya seedlings as the age of the seedlings increased. It could be concluded that P. marginatus were able to establish colonies on papaya seedlings, it is only in rare cases on a few susceptible genotypes, that mealybugs colonize plants during vegetative stage","PeriodicalId":183712,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Entomology","volume":"104 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116721146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-31DOI: 10.36108/nje/1202/73.0160
O. Ojumoola, A. A. Omoloye, Rofiat Olamide Hassan, A. Adediji
The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda is an invasive and trans-boundary lepidopteran insect pest. This moth species is native to the Americas but has been reported on the African continent in recent times, where its polyphagous larva has caused much damage to field maize. The fall armyworm occurs in two highly destructive strains – the ‘corn’ and ‘rice’ strains. Though morphologically identical, the two strains have different host preferences and varying susceptibility to conventional insecticides. Management of fall armyworm on maize and other crops will be enhanced by the molecular identification of existing strain or strains in local populations of the pest in existing African agro-ecologies. However, information on the presence of both strains is scarce and unclear for the different agro-ecological zones of Nigeria. Using a Polymerase Chain Reaction – Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method, strain identification analysis of larvae from 22 maize farms spread across the humid forest, derived savannah and southern guinea savannah agro-ecological zones of Nigeria was carried out. Results showed that all the larvae screened belong to the corn strain implying that only the corn strain is present on maize in the agro-ecological zones. Knowledge of the type of fall armyworm strain in African agro-ecologies is useful for the selection of appropriate bio-control agents and chemical pesticides against the pest on the continent.
{"title":"Host Strain Analysis Revealed Corn-pecific Strain of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on Maize in Three Agro-ecological Zones of Nigeria","authors":"O. Ojumoola, A. A. Omoloye, Rofiat Olamide Hassan, A. Adediji","doi":"10.36108/nje/1202/73.0160","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36108/nje/1202/73.0160","url":null,"abstract":"The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda is an invasive and trans-boundary lepidopteran insect pest. This moth species is native to the Americas but has been reported on the African continent in recent times, where its polyphagous larva has caused much damage to field maize. The fall armyworm occurs in two highly destructive strains – the ‘corn’ and ‘rice’ strains. Though morphologically identical, the two strains have different host preferences and varying susceptibility to conventional insecticides. Management of fall armyworm on maize and other crops will be enhanced by the molecular identification of existing strain or strains in local populations of the pest in existing African agro-ecologies. However, information on the presence of both strains is scarce and unclear for the different agro-ecological zones of Nigeria. Using a Polymerase Chain Reaction – Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method, strain identification analysis of larvae from 22 maize farms spread across the humid forest, derived savannah and southern guinea savannah agro-ecological zones of Nigeria was carried out. Results showed that all the larvae screened belong to the corn strain implying that only the corn strain is present on maize in the agro-ecological zones. Knowledge of the type of fall armyworm strain in African agro-ecologies is useful for the selection of appropriate bio-control agents and chemical pesticides against the pest on the continent.","PeriodicalId":183712,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Entomology","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123846944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-31DOI: 10.36108/nje/1202/73.0140
F. Ajayi, H. Umar, E. Sheyin, A. Akoshi, E. Peter, E. Okrikata, S. A. Dattijo, I. H. Bello
Yam (Dioscorea species) is an annual root-tuber crop with social and economic significance in terms of food security, cash returns and human health, which has social and economic importance in terms of food, cash and medicine. Insect pests present major constraints to production, storage and marketing resulting in yield and revenue reduction, and deterioration of tuber quality in storage. This study was thus designed to assess yam storage practices by the farmers and the prevalence and economic impacts of the yam scale insect, Aspidiella hartii in selected locations of Nasarawa state, Nigeria. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to select 60 yam farmers from the study area. The first stage involved random selection of four Local Government Areas (LGAs) out of the five in the study area. The second stage was the purposive selection of three villages from each of the selected LGAs while the 3rd stage was random selection of five yam farmers from each of the 12 selected villages who were interviewed using a pretested structured questionnaire. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results showed that the common yam storage structures were open sheds, under tree canopies, and field barns with varied dimension of 5-10 m2. Most respondents (98.3%) affirmed the presence of the yam scale insects on stored yams on those stored in the open, barns and stores, with increased incidence with extended duration in storage. Significant reduction of 36% – 50% in the market value of yam due to infestation of the yam scale insect was reported under all storage conditions. Many respondents (60%) recognized misuse and abuse as consequences of pesticide application thus, creating the need for farmers to adopt more environmentally friendly storage practices for management of the yam scale insect in the study area.
{"title":"Storage Practices, Incidence and Economic Losses Caused by the Yam Scale Insect, Aspidiella Hartii Cockerell in Nasarawa State, Nigeria","authors":"F. Ajayi, H. Umar, E. Sheyin, A. Akoshi, E. Peter, E. Okrikata, S. A. Dattijo, I. H. Bello","doi":"10.36108/nje/1202/73.0140","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36108/nje/1202/73.0140","url":null,"abstract":"Yam (Dioscorea species) is an annual root-tuber crop with social and economic significance in terms of food security, cash returns and human health, which has social and economic importance in terms of food, cash and medicine. Insect pests present major constraints to production, storage and marketing resulting in yield and revenue reduction, and deterioration of tuber quality in storage. This study was thus designed to assess yam storage practices by the farmers and the prevalence and economic impacts of the yam scale insect, Aspidiella hartii in selected locations of Nasarawa state, Nigeria. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to select 60 yam farmers from the study area. The first stage involved random selection of four Local Government Areas (LGAs) out of the five in the study area. The second stage was the purposive selection of three villages from each of the selected LGAs while the 3rd stage was random selection of five yam farmers from each of the 12 selected villages who were interviewed using a pretested structured questionnaire. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results showed that the common yam storage structures were open sheds, under tree canopies, and field barns with varied dimension of 5-10 m2. Most respondents (98.3%) affirmed the presence of the yam scale insects on stored yams on those stored in the open, barns and stores, with increased incidence with extended duration in storage. Significant reduction of 36% – 50% in the market value of yam due to infestation of the yam scale insect was reported under all storage conditions. Many respondents (60%) recognized misuse and abuse as consequences of pesticide application thus, creating the need for farmers to adopt more environmentally friendly storage practices for management of the yam scale insect in the study area.","PeriodicalId":183712,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Entomology","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129080510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-31DOI: 10.36108/nje/1202/73.0110
O. Akinkunmi, O. Pitan
Aspects of the biology and morphometrics of Epilachna chrysomelina was investigated on cucumber at National Horticultural Research Institute, Ibadan under ambient conditions: temperature 25o ± 2o C and relative humidity 75 – 90%. The mean developmental period from egg to adult emergence was 29.00 ± 4.35 days. The beetle development was in four distinct stages; an egg, four larval instars, pupa and an adult stage. The mean eggs length and breadth were 1.33 ± 0.01 mm and 0.78 ± 0.01 mm. The first, second, third and fourth larvae measured (2.34 ± 0.50 mm and 1.26 ± 0.03 mm) (2.55 ± 0.90 mm and 1.48 ± 0.04 mm), (6.97 ± 0.70 mm and 2.97 ± 0.03 mm) and (8.15 ± 0.40 mm and 3.77 ± 0.07 mm) in length and breadth respectively. Mean pupal length and breadth were 6.33 ± 1.10 mm and 4.25 ± 0.25 mm with mean pupation period 5.20 ± 2.40days. The females were larger than the males. Pre-oviposition period was 7.20 ± 1.20 days with oviposition of 24.5 ± 4.5 days during which the female laid 222.20 ± 6.1 eggs. Epilachna chrysomelina is a key pest of cucumber resulting into huge loss in yield. The study provides useful information in identification of different biotypes of the beetle and its management.
{"title":"Aspects of the Biology and Morphometrics of the Life Stages of Epilachna chrysomelina Fabricius (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)","authors":"O. Akinkunmi, O. Pitan","doi":"10.36108/nje/1202/73.0110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36108/nje/1202/73.0110","url":null,"abstract":"Aspects of the biology and morphometrics of Epilachna chrysomelina was investigated on cucumber at National Horticultural Research Institute, Ibadan under ambient conditions: temperature 25o ± 2o C and relative humidity 75 – 90%. The mean developmental period from egg to adult emergence was 29.00 ± 4.35 days. The beetle development was in four distinct stages; an egg, four larval instars, pupa and an adult stage. The mean eggs length and breadth were 1.33 ± 0.01 mm and 0.78 ± 0.01 mm. The first, second, third and fourth larvae measured (2.34 ± 0.50 mm and 1.26 ± 0.03 mm) (2.55 ± 0.90 mm and 1.48 ± 0.04 mm), (6.97 ± 0.70 mm and 2.97 ± 0.03 mm) and (8.15 ± 0.40 mm and 3.77 ± 0.07 mm) in length and breadth respectively. Mean pupal length and breadth were 6.33 ± 1.10 mm and 4.25 ± 0.25 mm with mean pupation period 5.20 ± 2.40days. The females were larger than the males. Pre-oviposition period was 7.20 ± 1.20 days with oviposition of 24.5 ± 4.5 days during which the female laid 222.20 ± 6.1 eggs. Epilachna chrysomelina is a key pest of cucumber resulting into huge loss in yield. The study provides useful information in identification of different biotypes of the beetle and its management.","PeriodicalId":183712,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Entomology","volume":"88 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129291462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-31DOI: 10.36108/nje/1202/73.0170
A. Ajao, J. Ojo, A. A. Adeoye, Mufliah Ololade Ibraheem, Tosin Michael Babarinde
This study sought to determine the efficacy of Tithonia diversifolia (African Sunflower) as pesticides against maize weevil Sitophilus zeamais and bean beetle Callosobruchus maculatus. The research was conducted to ascertain the toxicity potency of T. diversifolia on insects’ mortality, repellency, adult emergence, seed damage and weight loss for the treatment of stored products and determine their minimum effective dosage for application. T. diversifolia collected from the premises of Kwara State University, Malete were air-dried, grinded and dissolved in 50 g to 600 ml of four different extracts (Ethanol, Methanol, n-Hexane and aqueous). S. zeamais and C. maculatus were reared in the laboratory at 60-75% relative humidity and 25-35 oC. After the whole extraction, ten unsexed S. zeamais and C. maculatus were infested in 10 g of grains and replicated three times in each application of extracts with different treatment levels. The mortality and other parameters were counted post-treatment. The mean results of the parameters studied were significantly different at (P< 0.05). N-hexane extracts was most toxic to S. zeamais while Methanol extract was most toxic to C. maculatus. Thus, all the extracts were potent, and they reduced insects’ oviposition, increased mortality, improved repellence, inhibited reproduction, grain damage and weight loss in storage compared to the untreated control. Subjected to the qualitative phytochemical screening, active compounds discovered to be present in T. diversifolia include tannin, flavonoid, saponin, phenol, terpenoid, glucosides and alkaloid. The study proffers the use of T. diversifolia, a readily available, safe and ecofriendly botanical for farmers as short and long-term storage of the stored products.
{"title":"Efficacy of extracts of Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl) A. Gray as protectant against maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais [Motsch.]) and cowpea weevil, Callosobruchus maculatus F. on stored grains","authors":"A. Ajao, J. Ojo, A. A. Adeoye, Mufliah Ololade Ibraheem, Tosin Michael Babarinde","doi":"10.36108/nje/1202/73.0170","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36108/nje/1202/73.0170","url":null,"abstract":"This study sought to determine the efficacy of Tithonia diversifolia (African Sunflower) as pesticides against maize weevil Sitophilus zeamais and bean beetle Callosobruchus maculatus. The research was conducted to ascertain the toxicity potency of T. diversifolia on insects’ mortality, repellency, adult emergence, seed damage and weight loss for the treatment of stored products and determine their minimum effective dosage for application. T. diversifolia collected from the premises of Kwara State University, Malete were air-dried, grinded and dissolved in 50 g to 600 ml of four different extracts (Ethanol, Methanol, n-Hexane and aqueous). S. zeamais and C. maculatus were reared in the laboratory at 60-75% relative humidity and 25-35 oC. After the whole extraction, ten unsexed S. zeamais and C. maculatus were infested in 10 g of grains and replicated three times in each application of extracts with different treatment levels. The mortality and other parameters were counted post-treatment. The mean results of the parameters studied were significantly different at (P< 0.05). N-hexane extracts was most toxic to S. zeamais while Methanol extract was most toxic to C. maculatus. Thus, all the extracts were potent, and they reduced insects’ oviposition, increased mortality, improved repellence, inhibited reproduction, grain damage and weight loss in storage compared to the untreated control. Subjected to the qualitative phytochemical screening, active compounds discovered to be present in T. diversifolia include tannin, flavonoid, saponin, phenol, terpenoid, glucosides and alkaloid. The study proffers the use of T. diversifolia, a readily available, safe and ecofriendly botanical for farmers as short and long-term storage of the stored products.","PeriodicalId":183712,"journal":{"name":"Nigerian Journal of Entomology","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130726684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：