Pub Date : 2023-07-20DOI: 10.24425/mms.2021.137698
D. Kopiec, W. Majstrzyk, B. Pruchnik, Ewelina Gacka, Dominik Badura, A. Sierakowski, P. Janus, T. Gotszalk
In this paper, we present metrology and control methods and techniques for electromagnetically actuated microcantilevers. The electromagnetically actuated cantilevers belong to the micro electro mechanical systems (MEMS), which can be used in high resolution force and mass change investigations. In the described experiments, silicon cantilevers with an integrated Lorentz current loop were investigated. The electromag-netically actuated cantilevers were characterized using a modified optical beam deflection (OBD) system, whose architecture was optimized in order to increase its resolution. The sensitivity of the OBD system was calibrated using a reference cantilever, whose spring constant was determined through thermomechanical noise analysis registered interferometrically. The optimized and calibrated OBD system was used to observe the resonance and bidirectional static deflection of the electromagnetically deflected cantilevers. After theoretical analysis and further experiments, it was possible to obtain setup sensitivity equal to 5.28 mV/nm.
{"title":"Metrology and control of electromagnetically actuated cantilevers using optical beam deflection method","authors":"D. Kopiec, W. Majstrzyk, B. Pruchnik, Ewelina Gacka, Dominik Badura, A. Sierakowski, P. Janus, T. Gotszalk","doi":"10.24425/mms.2021.137698","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24425/mms.2021.137698","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we present metrology and control methods and techniques for electromagnetically actuated microcantilevers. The electromagnetically actuated cantilevers belong to the micro electro mechanical systems (MEMS), which can be used in high resolution force and mass change investigations. In the described experiments, silicon cantilevers with an integrated Lorentz current loop were investigated. The electromag-netically actuated cantilevers were characterized using a modified optical beam deflection (OBD) system, whose architecture was optimized in order to increase its resolution. The sensitivity of the OBD system was calibrated using a reference cantilever, whose spring constant was determined through thermomechanical noise analysis registered interferometrically. The optimized and calibrated OBD system was used to observe the resonance and bidirectional static deflection of the electromagnetically deflected cantilevers. After theoretical analysis and further experiments, it was possible to obtain setup sensitivity equal to 5.28 mV/nm.","PeriodicalId":18394,"journal":{"name":"Metrology and Measurement Systems","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48784119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-20DOI: 10.24425/mms.2019.130565
Zhi Huang, L. Zhao, Kailai Li, Hongyan Wang, Tao Zhou
Coordinate Measurement Machines (CMMs) have been extensively used in inspecting mechanical parts with higher accuracy. In order to enhance the efficiency and precision of the measurement of aviation engine blades, a sampling method of profile measurement of aviation engine blade based on the firefly algorithm is researched. Then, by comparing with the equal arc-length sampling algorithm (EAS) and the equi-parametric sampling algorithm (EPS) in one simulation, the proposed sampling algorithm shows its better sampling quality than the other two algorithms. Finally, the effectiveness of the algorithm is verified by an experimental example of blade profile. Both simulated and experimental results show that the method proposed in this paper can ensure the measurement accuracy by measuring a smaller number of points.
{"title":"A sampling method based on improved firefly algorithm for profile measurement of aviation engine blade","authors":"Zhi Huang, L. Zhao, Kailai Li, Hongyan Wang, Tao Zhou","doi":"10.24425/mms.2019.130565","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24425/mms.2019.130565","url":null,"abstract":"Coordinate Measurement Machines (CMMs) have been extensively used in inspecting mechanical parts with higher accuracy. In order to enhance the efficiency and precision of the measurement of aviation engine blades, a sampling method of profile measurement of aviation engine blade based on the firefly algorithm is researched. Then, by comparing with the equal arc-length sampling algorithm (EAS) and the equi-parametric sampling algorithm (EPS) in one simulation, the proposed sampling algorithm shows its better sampling quality than the other two algorithms. Finally, the effectiveness of the algorithm is verified by an experimental example of blade profile. Both simulated and experimental results show that the method proposed in this paper can ensure the measurement accuracy by measuring a smaller number of points.","PeriodicalId":18394,"journal":{"name":"Metrology and Measurement Systems","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48892356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-20DOI: 10.24425/mms.2021.137131
A. Popiołek-Masajada, E. Fraczek, Emilia Burnecka
Optical vortices are getting attention in modern optical metrology. Because of their unique features, they can be used as precise position markers. In this paper, we show that an artificial neural network can be used to improve vortex localization. A deep neural network with several hidden layers was trained to find subpixel vortex positions on the spiral phase maps. Several thousand training samples, differing by spiral density, its orientation, and vortex position, were generated numerically for teaching purposes. As a result, Best Validation Performance of the order of 10−5 pixel has been reached. To verify the usefulness of the proposed method, a related experiment in the setup of an optical vortex scanning microscope has been reported. It is shown that the vortex can be localized with subpixel accuracy also on experimental phase maps.
{"title":"Subpixel localization of optical vortices using artificial neural networks","authors":"A. Popiołek-Masajada, E. Fraczek, Emilia Burnecka","doi":"10.24425/mms.2021.137131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24425/mms.2021.137131","url":null,"abstract":"Optical vortices are getting attention in modern optical metrology. Because of their unique features, they can be used as precise position markers. In this paper, we show that an artificial neural network can be used to improve vortex localization. A deep neural network with several hidden layers was trained to find subpixel vortex positions on the spiral phase maps. Several thousand training samples, differing by spiral density, its orientation, and vortex position, were generated numerically for teaching purposes. As a result, Best Validation Performance of the order of 10−5 pixel has been reached. To verify the usefulness of the proposed method, a related experiment in the setup of an optical vortex scanning microscope has been reported. It is shown that the vortex can be localized with subpixel accuracy also on experimental phase maps.","PeriodicalId":18394,"journal":{"name":"Metrology and Measurement Systems","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49101978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-20DOI: 10.24425/mms.2021.137133
Baofeng He, Siyuan Ding, Zhaoyao Shi
Surface roughness has an important influence on the service performance and life of parts. Areal surface roughness has the advantage of accurately and comprehensively characterizing surface microtopography. Understanding the relationship and distinction between profile and areal surface roughness is conducive to deepening the study of areal surface roughness and improving its application. In this paper, the concepts, development, and applications of surface roughness in the profile and the areal are summarized from the aspect of evaluation parameters. The relationships and differences between surface roughness in the profile and the areal are analyzed for each aspect, and future development trends are identified.
{"title":"A comparison between profile and areal surface roughness parameters","authors":"Baofeng He, Siyuan Ding, Zhaoyao Shi","doi":"10.24425/mms.2021.137133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24425/mms.2021.137133","url":null,"abstract":"Surface roughness has an important influence on the service performance and life of parts. Areal surface roughness has the advantage of accurately and comprehensively characterizing surface microtopography. Understanding the relationship and distinction between profile and areal surface roughness is conducive to deepening the study of areal surface roughness and improving its application. In this paper, the concepts, development, and applications of surface roughness in the profile and the areal are summarized from the aspect of evaluation parameters. The relationships and differences between surface roughness in the profile and the areal are analyzed for each aspect, and future development trends are identified.","PeriodicalId":18394,"journal":{"name":"Metrology and Measurement Systems","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45093464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. Kisała, K. Skorupski, S. Cięszczyk, P. Panas, J. Klimek
The paper presents a method of measuring the angle of rotation and twist using a tilted fibre Bragg grating (TFBG) periodic structure with a tilt angle of 6◦, written into a single-mode optical fibre. It has been shown that the rotation of the sensor by 180◦ causes a change in the transmission coefficient from 0.5 to 0.84 at a wavelength of 1541.2 nm. As a result of measurements it was determined that the highest sensitivity can be obtained for angles from 30◦ to 70◦ in relation to the basic orientation. The change in the transmission spectrum occurs for cladding modes that change their intensity with the change in the polarization of light propagating through the grating. The same structure can also be used to measure the twist angle. The possibility of obtaining a TFBG twist by 200◦ over a length of 10 mm has been proved. This makes it possible to monitor both the angle of rotation and the twist of an optical fibre with the fabricated TFBG.
{"title":"Rotation and twist measurement using tilted fibre bragg gratings","authors":"P. Kisała, K. Skorupski, S. Cięszczyk, P. Panas, J. Klimek","doi":"10.24425/123893","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24425/123893","url":null,"abstract":"The paper presents a method of measuring the angle of rotation and twist using a tilted fibre Bragg grating (TFBG) periodic structure with a tilt angle of 6◦, written into a single-mode optical fibre. It has been shown that the rotation of the sensor by 180◦ causes a change in the transmission coefficient from 0.5 to 0.84 at a wavelength of 1541.2 nm. As a result of measurements it was determined that the highest sensitivity can be obtained for angles from 30◦ to 70◦ in relation to the basic orientation. The change in the transmission spectrum occurs for cladding modes that change their intensity with the change in the polarization of light propagating through the grating. The same structure can also be used to measure the twist angle. The possibility of obtaining a TFBG twist by 200◦ over a length of 10 mm has been proved. This makes it possible to monitor both the angle of rotation and the twist of an optical fibre with the fabricated TFBG.","PeriodicalId":18394,"journal":{"name":"Metrology and Measurement Systems","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44247087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-20DOI: 10.24425/MMS.2019.130566
Rong Guo, Xueyun Wang, Jingjuan Zhang, Tianxiao Song
Rotation modulation can significantly improve the navigation accuracies of an inertial navigation system (INS) and a strap-down configuration dominating in this type of INS. However, this style of construction is not a good scheme since it has no servo loop to counteract a vehicle manoeuvre. This paper proposes a rotary upgrading method for a rotational INS based on an inertially stabilized platform. The servo control loop is reconstructed on a four-gimbal platform, and it has the functions of providing both a level stability relative to the navigation frame and an azimuth rotation at a speed of 1.2◦/s. With the platform’s rotation, the observability and the convergence speed of the estimation for the initial alignment can be improved, as well as the biases of the gyroscopes and accelerometers be modulated into zero-mean periodic values. An open-loop initial alignment method is designed, and its detailed algorithms are delivered. The experiment result shows that the newly designed rotational INS has reached an accuracy of 0.38 n mile/h (CEP, circular error probable). The feasibility and engineering applicability of the designed scheme have been validated.
{"title":"Rotary upgrading method and its experimental study of an inertially stabilized platform","authors":"Rong Guo, Xueyun Wang, Jingjuan Zhang, Tianxiao Song","doi":"10.24425/MMS.2019.130566","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24425/MMS.2019.130566","url":null,"abstract":"Rotation modulation can significantly improve the navigation accuracies of an inertial navigation system (INS) and a strap-down configuration dominating in this type of INS. However, this style of construction is not a good scheme since it has no servo loop to counteract a vehicle manoeuvre. This paper proposes a rotary upgrading method for a rotational INS based on an inertially stabilized platform. The servo control loop is reconstructed on a four-gimbal platform, and it has the functions of providing both a level stability relative to the navigation frame and an azimuth rotation at a speed of 1.2◦/s. With the platform’s rotation, the observability and the convergence speed of the estimation for the initial alignment can be improved, as well as the biases of the gyroscopes and accelerometers be modulated into zero-mean periodic values. An open-loop initial alignment method is designed, and its detailed algorithms are delivered. The experiment result shows that the newly designed rotational INS has reached an accuracy of 0.38 n mile/h (CEP, circular error probable). The feasibility and engineering applicability of the designed scheme have been validated.","PeriodicalId":18394,"journal":{"name":"Metrology and Measurement Systems","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44278607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-20DOI: 10.24425/MMS.2019.128355
F. Witos, Z. Opilski, G. Szerszeń, M. Setkiewicz
A computer measurement system, designed and built by authors, dedicated to location and description of partial discharges (PD) in oil power transformers examined by means of the acoustic emission (AE) method is presented. The measurement system is equipped with 8 measurement channels and ensures: monitoring of signals, registration of data in real time within a band of 25–1000 kHz in laboratory and real conditions, basic and advanced analysis of recorded signals. The basic analysis carried out in the time, frequency and time-frequency domains deals with general properties of the AE signals coming from PDs. The advanced analysis, performed in the discrimination threshold domain, results in identification of signals coming from different acoustic sources as well as location of these sources in the examined transformers in terms of defined by authors descriptors and maps of these descriptors on the side walls of the tested transformer tank. Examples of typical results of laboratory tests carried out with the use of the built-in measurement system are presented.
{"title":"The 8AE-PD computer measurement system for registration and analysis of acoustic emission signals generated by partial discharges in oil power transformers","authors":"F. Witos, Z. Opilski, G. Szerszeń, M. Setkiewicz","doi":"10.24425/MMS.2019.128355","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24425/MMS.2019.128355","url":null,"abstract":"A computer measurement system, designed and built by authors, dedicated to location and description of partial discharges (PD) in oil power transformers examined by means of the acoustic emission (AE) method is presented. The measurement system is equipped with 8 measurement channels and ensures: monitoring of signals, registration of data in real time within a band of 25–1000 kHz in laboratory and real conditions, basic and advanced analysis of recorded signals. The basic analysis carried out in the time, frequency and time-frequency domains deals with general properties of the AE signals coming from PDs. The advanced analysis, performed in the discrimination threshold domain, results in identification of signals coming from different acoustic sources as well as location of these sources in the examined transformers in terms of defined by authors descriptors and maps of these descriptors on the side walls of the tested transformer tank. Examples of typical results of laboratory tests carried out with the use of the built-in measurement system are presented.","PeriodicalId":18394,"journal":{"name":"Metrology and Measurement Systems","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46274336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-20DOI: 10.24425/mms.2019.128365
K. Achtenberg, J. Mikołajczyk, D. Szabra, A. Prokopiuk, Z. Bielecki
The paper presents verification of a peak detection method cooperating with infrared radiation detector module applications. The work has been divided into parts including SPICE simulations and presentation of results obtained with the constructed prototype. The design of the peak detector dedicated to applications with very short pulses requires a different approach than that for standard solutions. It is mainly caused due to the ratio of pulse width and time period. In the described application this ratio is less than 10%. The paper shows testing of an analogue circuit which is capable to be inserted in these applications.
{"title":"Peak detection unit for Free-Space-Optics receiver","authors":"K. Achtenberg, J. Mikołajczyk, D. Szabra, A. Prokopiuk, Z. Bielecki","doi":"10.24425/mms.2019.128365","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24425/mms.2019.128365","url":null,"abstract":"The paper presents verification of a peak detection method cooperating with infrared radiation detector module applications. The work has been divided into parts including SPICE simulations and presentation of results obtained with the constructed prototype. The design of the peak detector dedicated to applications with very short pulses requires a different approach than that for standard solutions. It is mainly caused due to the ratio of pulse width and time period. In the described application this ratio is less than 10%. The paper shows testing of an analogue circuit which is capable to be inserted in these applications.","PeriodicalId":18394,"journal":{"name":"Metrology and Measurement Systems","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46926413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-20DOI: 10.24425/mms.2019.129579
Zhiyu Shao, Juan Wu, Qiangqiang Ouyang
Quality evaluation is very important for haptic rendering. In this paper, an objective evaluation method for a haptic rendering system based on haptic perception features is proposed. In the method, the haptic rendering process is compared to the real world perception process in a simple standardized procedure based on feature extraction and data analysis. A complete evaluation process for a simple haptic rendering task of pressing a virtual spring is presented as an example to explain the method in detail. Compared with the traditional objective method based on error statistics, the method is more concerned about the consistency of human subjective feelings rather than physical parameters, which makes the evaluation process more consistent with the haptic perception mechanism. The results of comparative analysis show that the method presented in this paper is simple, gives reliable results reflecting the consistency with subjective feeling and has a better discrimination ability for different kinds of devices and algorithms compared with the traditional evaluation methods.
{"title":"An objective quality evaluation method for haptic rendering system: taking hardness rendering as an example","authors":"Zhiyu Shao, Juan Wu, Qiangqiang Ouyang","doi":"10.24425/mms.2019.129579","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24425/mms.2019.129579","url":null,"abstract":"Quality evaluation is very important for haptic rendering. In this paper, an objective evaluation method for a haptic rendering system based on haptic perception features is proposed. In the method, the haptic rendering process is compared to the real world perception process in a simple standardized procedure based on feature extraction and data analysis. A complete evaluation process for a simple haptic rendering task of pressing a virtual spring is presented as an example to explain the method in detail. Compared with the traditional objective method based on error statistics, the method is more concerned about the consistency of human subjective feelings rather than physical parameters, which makes the evaluation process more consistent with the haptic perception mechanism. The results of comparative analysis show that the method presented in this paper is simple, gives reliable results reflecting the consistency with subjective feeling and has a better discrimination ability for different kinds of devices and algorithms compared with the traditional evaluation methods.","PeriodicalId":18394,"journal":{"name":"Metrology and Measurement Systems","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48243033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-20DOI: 10.24425/MMS.2019.129581
T. Marciniak, Agnieszka Stankiewicz, A. Dabrowski, M. Stopa, Piotr Rakowicz, Elzbieta Marciniak
In this paper methods and their examination results for automatic segmentation and parameterization of vessels based on spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) of the retina are presented. We present three strategies for morphologic image processing of a fundus image reconstructed from OCT scans. A specificity of initial image processing for fundus reconstruction is analysed. Then, the parameterization step is performed based on the vessels segmented with the proposed algorithm. The influence of various methods on the vessel segmentation and fully automatic vessel measurement is analysed. Experiments were carried out with a set of 3D OCT scans obtained from 24 eyes (12 healthy volunteers) with the use of an Avanti RTvue OCT device. The results of automatic vessel segmentation were numerically compared with those prepared manually by the medical doctor experts.
{"title":"Measurement of retina vessels by segmentation of images reconstructed from optical coherence tomography data","authors":"T. Marciniak, Agnieszka Stankiewicz, A. Dabrowski, M. Stopa, Piotr Rakowicz, Elzbieta Marciniak","doi":"10.24425/MMS.2019.129581","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24425/MMS.2019.129581","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper methods and their examination results for automatic segmentation and parameterization of vessels based on spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) of the retina are presented. We present three strategies for morphologic image processing of a fundus image reconstructed from OCT scans. A specificity of initial image processing for fundus reconstruction is analysed. Then, the parameterization step is performed based on the vessels segmented with the proposed algorithm. The influence of various methods on the vessel segmentation and fully automatic vessel measurement is analysed. Experiments were carried out with a set of 3D OCT scans obtained from 24 eyes (12 healthy volunteers) with the use of an Avanti RTvue OCT device. The results of automatic vessel segmentation were numerically compared with those prepared manually by the medical doctor experts.","PeriodicalId":18394,"journal":{"name":"Metrology and Measurement Systems","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48308338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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