Pub Date : 2023-08-28DOI: 10.24425/mms.2023.144872
W. Skrzeczanowski, M. Skórczakowski, W. Zendzian
In the paper results of single-and double-pulse LIBS (Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy) measurements in collinear geometry are described. The experiments were performed using a unique self-made Nd:YAG laser operating in the Q-switching regime, where the laser transmission losses are switched. Such a laser allowed for an easy and quick change of the operating mode (one and two pulses), free shaping of the energy ratio of the two pulses (division of the energy of a single pulse into two parts) and a smooth change of the delay time between pulses in the range from 200 ns to 10 μ s. To our knowledge, such a laser was used in LIBS measurements for the first time. LIBS experiments revealed strong self-absorption depending on energy ratios carried out in the first and second laser pulse in the double-pulse mode. This was confirmed also by statistical factorial analysis of LIBS spectra. Plasma temperature and LIBS signal enhancement were measured both for energy proportions between the first and the second laser pulse and for the first-to-second-pulse delay.
{"title":"Collinear double-pulse laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy using Nd:YAG laser generating two nanosecond pulses of regulated energy ratios","authors":"W. Skrzeczanowski, M. Skórczakowski, W. Zendzian","doi":"10.24425/mms.2023.144872","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24425/mms.2023.144872","url":null,"abstract":"In the paper results of single-and double-pulse LIBS (Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy) measurements in collinear geometry are described. The experiments were performed using a unique self-made Nd:YAG laser operating in the Q-switching regime, where the laser transmission losses are switched. Such a laser allowed for an easy and quick change of the operating mode (one and two pulses), free shaping of the energy ratio of the two pulses (division of the energy of a single pulse into two parts) and a smooth change of the delay time between pulses in the range from 200 ns to 10 μ s. To our knowledge, such a laser was used in LIBS measurements for the first time. LIBS experiments revealed strong self-absorption depending on energy ratios carried out in the first and second laser pulse in the double-pulse mode. This was confirmed also by statistical factorial analysis of LIBS spectra. Plasma temperature and LIBS signal enhancement were measured both for energy proportions between the first and the second laser pulse and for the first-to-second-pulse delay.","PeriodicalId":18394,"journal":{"name":"Metrology and Measurement Systems","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45110363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-28DOI: 10.24425/mms.2023.144874
Fu-Qiang Wei, Zejian Huang, X. Dai, Xiang Fang, Shang-Zhong Jin
Online quantitative analysis of reaction gases or exhaust in industrial production is of great significance to improve the production capacity and process. A novel method is developed for the online quantitative analysis of reaction gases or exhaust using quantitative mathematical models combined with the linear regression algorithm of machine learning. After accurately estimating the component gases and their contents in the reaction gases or exhaust, a ratio matrix is constructed to separate the relevant overlapping peaks. The ratio andcalibrationstandardgasesaredetected,filtered,normalized,andlinearlyregressedwithanonlineprocess massspectrometertocorrecttheratiomatricesandobtaintherelativesensitivitymatrices.Aquantitative mathematicalmodelcanbeestablishedtoobtainthecontentofeachcomponentofthereactiongasesor exhaustinrealtime.Themaximumquantificationerrorandrelativestandarddeviationofthemethodare within0.3%and1%,afteronlinequantificationoftherepresentativeyeastfermentertailgas.
{"title":"Quantitative analysis of reaction gases or exhaust using an online process mass spectrometer","authors":"Fu-Qiang Wei, Zejian Huang, X. Dai, Xiang Fang, Shang-Zhong Jin","doi":"10.24425/mms.2023.144874","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24425/mms.2023.144874","url":null,"abstract":"Online quantitative analysis of reaction gases or exhaust in industrial production is of great significance to improve the production capacity and process. A novel method is developed for the online quantitative analysis of reaction gases or exhaust using quantitative mathematical models combined with the linear regression algorithm of machine learning. After accurately estimating the component gases and their contents in the reaction gases or exhaust, a ratio matrix is constructed to separate the relevant overlapping peaks. The ratio andcalibrationstandardgasesaredetected,filtered,normalized,andlinearlyregressedwithanonlineprocess massspectrometertocorrecttheratiomatricesandobtaintherelativesensitivitymatrices.Aquantitative mathematicalmodelcanbeestablishedtoobtainthecontentofeachcomponentofthereactiongasesor exhaustinrealtime.Themaximumquantificationerrorandrelativestandarddeviationofthemethodare within0.3%and1%,afteronlinequantificationoftherepresentativeyeastfermentertailgas.","PeriodicalId":18394,"journal":{"name":"Metrology and Measurement Systems","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44066601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-28DOI: 10.24425/mms.2023.144875
J. Leyko, K. Surmiński, D. Batory, K. Jastrzębski, Ł. Kaczmarek, W. Kaczorowski, P. Kula
Hydrogen storage for the purposes of the automotive industry in a form other than under high pressure or cryo conditions has been under careful investigation by researchers over past decades. One of the arising methods is the usage of powdered/granulated beds that contain metal hydrides and/or carbon materials to take advantage of the “spillover” phenomenon. Handling and characterization of such material can be troublesome, which is why the experimental setup needs careful investigation. The apparatus for the analysis of hydrogen sorption/desorption characteristics has been successfully designed and described based on the constructed unit within the scope of this article. The full functionality of that setup covered fuelling the bed as well as the examination of sorption/desorption potential. Moreover, the proposed experimental device can clarify many uncertainties about further development and optimization of hydrogen storage materials.
{"title":"An experimental device for evaluation of hydrogen sorption","authors":"J. Leyko, K. Surmiński, D. Batory, K. Jastrzębski, Ł. Kaczmarek, W. Kaczorowski, P. Kula","doi":"10.24425/mms.2023.144875","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24425/mms.2023.144875","url":null,"abstract":"Hydrogen storage for the purposes of the automotive industry in a form other than under high pressure or cryo conditions has been under careful investigation by researchers over past decades. One of the arising methods is the usage of powdered/granulated beds that contain metal hydrides and/or carbon materials to take advantage of the “spillover” phenomenon. Handling and characterization of such material can be troublesome, which is why the experimental setup needs careful investigation. The apparatus for the analysis of hydrogen sorption/desorption characteristics has been successfully designed and described based on the constructed unit within the scope of this article. The full functionality of that setup covered fuelling the bed as well as the examination of sorption/desorption potential. Moreover, the proposed experimental device can clarify many uncertainties about further development and optimization of hydrogen storage materials.","PeriodicalId":18394,"journal":{"name":"Metrology and Measurement Systems","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45506433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-28DOI: 10.24425/mms.2023.144870
Jianjun Lan
A new solar tracking sensor based on image recognition is proposed and designed to solve the problem of low accuracy of photoelectric tracking in photovoltaic power generation. The sensor can directly output its angular deviation from the sun, and its mechanical structure and working principle are analysed in detail. We use a high-precision camera to collect the image of the two slots on the projector surface and use the Hough transform to identify the image of the light seam. After obtaining the linear equation for the two slots, the coordinate of the intersection point is found, and the calculation of the solar altitude and azimuth can be realized. We have improved the Hough transform scheme by using the skeleton image of the slots instead of the edge image. The improvement of the scheme has been proved to effectively improve the detection accuracy. A calibration test board is used to test the sensor and experimental results show that the scheme can achieve the measurement of azimuth and altitude with the accuracy of be 0.05 ° , which can meet the detection accuracy requirements of the solar tracking in photovoltaic power generation and many other photoelectric tracking implementations.
{"title":"Development and performance test of a novel solar tracking sensor","authors":"Jianjun Lan","doi":"10.24425/mms.2023.144870","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24425/mms.2023.144870","url":null,"abstract":"A new solar tracking sensor based on image recognition is proposed and designed to solve the problem of low accuracy of photoelectric tracking in photovoltaic power generation. The sensor can directly output its angular deviation from the sun, and its mechanical structure and working principle are analysed in detail. We use a high-precision camera to collect the image of the two slots on the projector surface and use the Hough transform to identify the image of the light seam. After obtaining the linear equation for the two slots, the coordinate of the intersection point is found, and the calculation of the solar altitude and azimuth can be realized. We have improved the Hough transform scheme by using the skeleton image of the slots instead of the edge image. The improvement of the scheme has been proved to effectively improve the detection accuracy. A calibration test board is used to test the sensor and experimental results show that the scheme can achieve the measurement of azimuth and altitude with the accuracy of be 0.05 ° , which can meet the detection accuracy requirements of the solar tracking in photovoltaic power generation and many other photoelectric tracking implementations.","PeriodicalId":18394,"journal":{"name":"Metrology and Measurement Systems","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46158795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-28DOI: 10.24425/mms.2023.144868
Amin Eidi
The properties of a mechanical resonator provide a valuable ability to measure liquid density and viscosity. The viscosity of liquids is of interest to researchers in both industry and medicine. In this paper, a viscosity sensor for liquids is proposed, which is designed based on an electromechanical resonator. In the proposed sensor, a capacitor is used as an electrostatic actuator. The capacitor is also used to monitor the frequency changes of the proposed resonator. The range of displacement of the resonator and capacitor in response to different fluids under test varies according to their viscosity. The design of the proposed sensor and its electrostatic and mechanical simulations are reported in this paper. Also, the effect of viscosity of several different liquids on its performance has been analyzed and presented experimentally using a prototype.
{"title":"Fabricated electromechanical resonator sensor for liquid viscosity measurement","authors":"Amin Eidi","doi":"10.24425/mms.2023.144868","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24425/mms.2023.144868","url":null,"abstract":"The properties of a mechanical resonator provide a valuable ability to measure liquid density and viscosity. The viscosity of liquids is of interest to researchers in both industry and medicine. In this paper, a viscosity sensor for liquids is proposed, which is designed based on an electromechanical resonator. In the proposed sensor, a capacitor is used as an electrostatic actuator. The capacitor is also used to monitor the frequency changes of the proposed resonator. The range of displacement of the resonator and capacitor in response to different fluids under test varies according to their viscosity. The design of the proposed sensor and its electrostatic and mechanical simulations are reported in this paper. Also, the effect of viscosity of several different liquids on its performance has been analyzed and presented experimentally using a prototype.","PeriodicalId":18394,"journal":{"name":"Metrology and Measurement Systems","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46395662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-28DOI: 10.24425/mms.2023.144873
Sławomir Janas, M. Kowalska
Trueness and precision of a method for determining the water content (%) of food and chemical products based on infrared radiation with a wavelength in the range (2 . 70 ÷ 7 . 21 μ m) was evaluated. The most accurate measurements for food products were obtained when the heat source was a radiant heater with a radiation wavelength of 7 . 21 μ m, a trueness deviation of 0.01%. When heated with radiation with wavelengths (from 3 . 32 μ m to 7 . 21 μ m), the trueness of the measurement ranged (0 . 03% ÷ 0 . 13%) for chemical products. The shortest analysis time for food products was found when the analysis was carried out using an IR source with a wavelength of 7 . 21 μ m, while for chemical products, a heat source with a wavelength of 2 . 70 ÷ 7 . 21 μ m was optimal. According to the results of the analysis, the use of IR radiation with a wavelength range of 3 . 32 ÷ 7 . 21 μ m is an alternative for accurate measurements.
{"title":"Accuracy of drying selected products using a moisture analyzer method based on infrared radiation","authors":"Sławomir Janas, M. Kowalska","doi":"10.24425/mms.2023.144873","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24425/mms.2023.144873","url":null,"abstract":"Trueness and precision of a method for determining the water content (%) of food and chemical products based on infrared radiation with a wavelength in the range (2 . 70 ÷ 7 . 21 μ m) was evaluated. The most accurate measurements for food products were obtained when the heat source was a radiant heater with a radiation wavelength of 7 . 21 μ m, a trueness deviation of 0.01%. When heated with radiation with wavelengths (from 3 . 32 μ m to 7 . 21 μ m), the trueness of the measurement ranged (0 . 03% ÷ 0 . 13%) for chemical products. The shortest analysis time for food products was found when the analysis was carried out using an IR source with a wavelength of 7 . 21 μ m, while for chemical products, a heat source with a wavelength of 2 . 70 ÷ 7 . 21 μ m was optimal. According to the results of the analysis, the use of IR radiation with a wavelength range of 3 . 32 ÷ 7 . 21 μ m is an alternative for accurate measurements.","PeriodicalId":18394,"journal":{"name":"Metrology and Measurement Systems","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42640653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The current solutions for pose estimation problems using coplanar feature points (PnP problems) can be divided into non-iterative and iterative solutions. The accuracy, stability, and efficiency of iterative methods are unsatisfactory. Therefore, non-iterative methods have become more popular. However, the non-iterative methods only consider the correspondence of the feature points with their 2D projections. They ignore the constraints formed between feature points. This results in lower pose estimation accuracy and stability. In this work, we proposed an accurate and stable pose estimation method considering the line constraints between every two feature points. Our method has two steps. In the first step, we solved the pose non-iteratively, considering the correspondence of the 3D feature points with their 2D projections and the line constraints formed by every two feature points. In the second step, the pose was refined by minimizing the re-projection errors with one iteration, further improving accuracy and stability. Simulation and actual experiment results show that our method’s accuracy, stability, and computational efficiency are better than the other existing pose estimation methods. In the − 45 ◦ to + 45 ◦ measuring range, the maximum angle measurement error is no more than 0 . 039 ◦ , and the average angle measurement error is no more than 0 . 016 ◦ . In the 0 mm to 30 mm measuring range, the maximum displacement measurement error is no more than 0.049 mm, and the average displacement measurement error is no more than 0.012 mm. Compared to other current pose estimation methods, our method is the most efficient based on guaranteeing measurement accuracy and stability.
目前基于共面特征点的位姿估计问题的解可分为非迭代解和迭代解。迭代法的精度、稳定性和效率都不理想。因此，非迭代方法变得越来越流行。而非迭代方法只考虑特征点与其二维投影的对应关系。它们忽略了特征点之间形成的约束。这导致姿态估计精度和稳定性降低。在这项工作中，我们提出了一种考虑每两个特征点之间的线约束的准确稳定的姿态估计方法。我们的方法有两个步骤。在第一步中，我们考虑三维特征点与其二维投影的对应关系以及每两个特征点形成的线约束，非迭代地求解姿态。第二步，通过一次迭代最小化重投影误差对姿态进行细化，进一步提高姿态精度和稳定性。仿真和实际实验结果表明，该方法的精度、稳定性和计算效率均优于现有的姿态估计方法。−45◦~ + 45◦测量范围内，最大角度测量误差不大于0。039◦，平均角度测量误差不大于0。016◦在0 mm ~ 30 mm测量范围内，最大位移测量误差不大于0.049 mm，平均位移测量误差不大于0.012 mm。与现有的姿态估计方法相比，该方法在保证测量精度和稳定性的基础上是最有效的。
{"title":"An accurate and stable pose estimation method for planar cases considering the line constraints between every two points","authors":"Zimiao Zhang, Zhang Hao, Zhang Fumin, Shihai Zhang","doi":"10.24425/mms.2023.144871","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24425/mms.2023.144871","url":null,"abstract":"The current solutions for pose estimation problems using coplanar feature points (PnP problems) can be divided into non-iterative and iterative solutions. The accuracy, stability, and efficiency of iterative methods are unsatisfactory. Therefore, non-iterative methods have become more popular. However, the non-iterative methods only consider the correspondence of the feature points with their 2D projections. They ignore the constraints formed between feature points. This results in lower pose estimation accuracy and stability. In this work, we proposed an accurate and stable pose estimation method considering the line constraints between every two feature points. Our method has two steps. In the first step, we solved the pose non-iteratively, considering the correspondence of the 3D feature points with their 2D projections and the line constraints formed by every two feature points. In the second step, the pose was refined by minimizing the re-projection errors with one iteration, further improving accuracy and stability. Simulation and actual experiment results show that our method’s accuracy, stability, and computational efficiency are better than the other existing pose estimation methods. In the − 45 ◦ to + 45 ◦ measuring range, the maximum angle measurement error is no more than 0 . 039 ◦ , and the average angle measurement error is no more than 0 . 016 ◦ . In the 0 mm to 30 mm measuring range, the maximum displacement measurement error is no more than 0.049 mm, and the average displacement measurement error is no more than 0.012 mm. Compared to other current pose estimation methods, our method is the most efficient based on guaranteeing measurement accuracy and stability.","PeriodicalId":18394,"journal":{"name":"Metrology and Measurement Systems","volume":"82 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41282522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Touch-trigger probes for CNC milling machines usually use wireless communication in the radio or IR band. Additionally they enable triggering signal filtering in order to avoid false triggers of the probe. These solutions cause a delay in trigger signal transmission from the probe to the machine tool controller. This delay creates an additional pre-travel component, which is directly proportional to the measurement speed and which is the cause of a previously observed but not explained increase of the pre-travel with the increase of the measurement speed. In the paper, a method of testing the delay time of triggering signal is described, an example of delay time testing results is presented and the previous, unexplained results of other researchers are analysed in terms of signal transmission delay.
{"title":"Testing of the delay time of wireless communication of CNC machine tools’ probes and controller","authors":"M. Jankowski, A. Woźniak","doi":"10.24425/119559","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24425/119559","url":null,"abstract":"Touch-trigger probes for CNC milling machines usually use wireless communication in the radio or IR band. Additionally they enable triggering signal filtering in order to avoid false triggers of the probe. These solutions cause a delay in trigger signal transmission from the probe to the machine tool controller. This delay creates an additional pre-travel component, which is directly proportional to the measurement speed and which is the cause of a previously observed but not explained increase of the pre-travel with the increase of the measurement speed. In the paper, a method of testing the delay time of triggering signal is described, an example of delay time testing results is presented and the previous, unexplained results of other researchers are analysed in terms of signal transmission delay.","PeriodicalId":18394,"journal":{"name":"Metrology and Measurement Systems","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42694589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-20DOI: 10.24425/mms.2020.134846
J. Jakubowski
HPM meters are required for the assessment of fields generated by sources of high-power microwaves. Finding the inverse calibration curves for such instruments is important for ensuring accuracy. The procedure is relatively simple for meters consisting of linear devices but there can also be hardware solutions implementing nonlinear ones. The objective of the present work was to develop a convenient procedure to allow finding such a curve when the meter uses a D-dot probe and a power detector. For that purpose, the results of low voltage measurements describing the properties of the detector were first analysed. Then a software code was developed to estimate the RMS value of an incident field based on measured output and frequency response. The response was estimated with very low electric field. And finally, the performance of the proposed procedure was verified by tests conducted with high electric field in a TEM cell. High conformity of the output of the meter with fields of known values was demonstrated. The maximum error related to the meter range did not exceed 4%.
{"title":"A study on the calibration of an HPM meter based on a D-dot sensor and logarithmic RF power detector","authors":"J. Jakubowski","doi":"10.24425/mms.2020.134846","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24425/mms.2020.134846","url":null,"abstract":"HPM meters are required for the assessment of fields generated by sources of high-power microwaves. Finding the inverse calibration curves for such instruments is important for ensuring accuracy. The procedure is relatively simple for meters consisting of linear devices but there can also be hardware solutions implementing nonlinear ones. The objective of the present work was to develop a convenient procedure to allow finding such a curve when the meter uses a D-dot probe and a power detector. For that purpose, the results of low voltage measurements describing the properties of the detector were first analysed. Then a software code was developed to estimate the RMS value of an incident field based on measured output and frequency response. The response was estimated with very low electric field. And finally, the performance of the proposed procedure was verified by tests conducted with high electric field in a TEM cell. High conformity of the output of the meter with fields of known values was demonstrated. The maximum error related to the meter range did not exceed 4%.","PeriodicalId":18394,"journal":{"name":"Metrology and Measurement Systems","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48137160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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