Pub Date : 1983-01-01DOI: 10.1179/030716983803291622
H. Orzechowski, P. Kastner, H. Chromik
AbstractMuch of the copper and copper alloy tube now manufactured is produced from strip by welding, followed by drawing, In this paper are reported the results of an investigation into producing tube by longitudinal TIG and induction welding and subsequent treatment. Five tube materials were used: commercially pure copper, phosphorus-deoxidized copper, Cu- 30Zn, Cu 37Zn, and Cu 1ONi. Microstructural examination and mechanical and corrosion testing showed that it is possible to produce welded tubes of a quality comparable to tubes produced by extrusion, provided that the welding, drawing, and heat treatment are carried out correctly.
{"title":"Production of Cu and Cu alloy tubes from strip by welding","authors":"H. Orzechowski, P. Kastner, H. Chromik","doi":"10.1179/030716983803291622","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/030716983803291622","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractMuch of the copper and copper alloy tube now manufactured is produced from strip by welding, followed by drawing, In this paper are reported the results of an investigation into producing tube by longitudinal TIG and induction welding and subsequent treatment. Five tube materials were used: commercially pure copper, phosphorus-deoxidized copper, Cu- 30Zn, Cu 37Zn, and Cu 1ONi. Microstructural examination and mechanical and corrosion testing showed that it is possible to produce welded tubes of a quality comparable to tubes produced by extrusion, provided that the welding, drawing, and heat treatment are carried out correctly.","PeriodicalId":18409,"journal":{"name":"Metals technology","volume":"44 1","pages":"146-149"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1983-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76855229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1983-01-01DOI: 10.1179/030716983803291578
P. Dearnley
Abstract A new technique has heen developed which allows the temperature distribution developed in cemented carbide inserts during metal cutting to be observed. The technique uses a series of iron- and iron-silicon-bonded carbides; each hinder type transforms to austenite at a characteristic temperature during metal cutting, subsequently forming a transformation product which appears as a heat-affected zone (HAZ) when metallographic sections are etched in nital and viewed between crossed polarizers or under dark-field illumination. Temperature maps were then constructed by tracing the boundary of each HAZ. The technique was used to study the effect of TiN coatings on tool temperatures. When cutting plain-carhon steel En8 (080A40) or Cr--Ni--Mo steel En24 (817M40), tool temperatures were reduced by TiN coatings; this may be because the chip/tool contact length was reduced when using coated inserts. When cutting grey cast iron, tool temperatures were similar for TiN-coated and uncoated inserts because the c...
{"title":"New technique for determining temperature distribution in cemented carbide cutting tools","authors":"P. Dearnley","doi":"10.1179/030716983803291578","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/030716983803291578","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract A new technique has heen developed which allows the temperature distribution developed in cemented carbide inserts during metal cutting to be observed. The technique uses a series of iron- and iron-silicon-bonded carbides; each hinder type transforms to austenite at a characteristic temperature during metal cutting, subsequently forming a transformation product which appears as a heat-affected zone (HAZ) when metallographic sections are etched in nital and viewed between crossed polarizers or under dark-field illumination. Temperature maps were then constructed by tracing the boundary of each HAZ. The technique was used to study the effect of TiN coatings on tool temperatures. When cutting plain-carhon steel En8 (080A40) or Cr--Ni--Mo steel En24 (817M40), tool temperatures were reduced by TiN coatings; this may be because the chip/tool contact length was reduced when using coated inserts. When cutting grey cast iron, tool temperatures were similar for TiN-coated and uncoated inserts because the c...","PeriodicalId":18409,"journal":{"name":"Metals technology","volume":"15 1","pages":"205-214"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1983-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81657677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1983-01-01DOI: 10.1179/030716983803291389
K. Carr, J. Howells, G. McBain
AbstractThe changing pattern of industrial needs brings changes in the style of trading. Delivery services and quality are recognized as the main features of continued and increased attention by steelmakers to their manufacturing-industry customers. The commercial and quality systems pertaining to BSC Strip Products Group are explored and developments illustrative of the attention to customer service are highlighted. Computer-aided systems of commercial order handling, quality and technical disciplines, order progressing, and pre- and post-delilvery technical assistance leading to capital and product improvements are discussed in the context of steel supplies.
{"title":"Service and technical support for strip products","authors":"K. Carr, J. Howells, G. McBain","doi":"10.1179/030716983803291389","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/030716983803291389","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractThe changing pattern of industrial needs brings changes in the style of trading. Delivery services and quality are recognized as the main features of continued and increased attention by steelmakers to their manufacturing-industry customers. The commercial and quality systems pertaining to BSC Strip Products Group are explored and developments illustrative of the attention to customer service are highlighted. Computer-aided systems of commercial order handling, quality and technical disciplines, order progressing, and pre- and post-delilvery technical assistance leading to capital and product improvements are discussed in the context of steel supplies.","PeriodicalId":18409,"journal":{"name":"Metals technology","volume":"1 1","pages":"188-193"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1983-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89454749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1983-01-01DOI: 10.1179/030716983803291794
S. Ahier, A. Singer
AbstractThis paper follows an earlier publication which described the development of strong organically bonded iron ore superconcentrate pellets and their direct reduction to high-purity sponge iron. In the present paper, the processing by hot rolling under a protective atmosphere of these high-purity sponge iron pellets into steel strip which may be further processed by hot and cold rolling in the usual way is described. The main features of the rotary kiln and its associated vertical large-diameter rolling mill are described in some detail and the important hotrolling parameters necessary for successful processing to fully dense material are outlined. The mechanical properties of the ‘direct steel’ strip product were investigated at each stage of processing, i.e. after initial hot rolling and after subsequent hot and cold rolling; continuous improvement of overall properties, particularly ductility, is noted.
{"title":"Processing of high-purity sponge iron pellets to hotand cold-rolled strip","authors":"S. Ahier, A. Singer","doi":"10.1179/030716983803291794","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/030716983803291794","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractThis paper follows an earlier publication which described the development of strong organically bonded iron ore superconcentrate pellets and their direct reduction to high-purity sponge iron. In the present paper, the processing by hot rolling under a protective atmosphere of these high-purity sponge iron pellets into steel strip which may be further processed by hot and cold rolling in the usual way is described. The main features of the rotary kiln and its associated vertical large-diameter rolling mill are described in some detail and the important hotrolling parameters necessary for successful processing to fully dense material are outlined. The mechanical properties of the ‘direct steel’ strip product were investigated at each stage of processing, i.e. after initial hot rolling and after subsequent hot and cold rolling; continuous improvement of overall properties, particularly ductility, is noted.","PeriodicalId":18409,"journal":{"name":"Metals technology","volume":"3 1","pages":"448-451"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1983-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78753774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1983-01-01DOI: 10.1179/030716983803291901
N. Jain, C. G. Nair, K. P. Abraham, Y. Prasad
AbstractThe mechanical properties of electroslag-refined (ESR) En 36 steel have been studied in the temperature range 1140-1520 K and compared with conventionally cast material. The properties included hot workability (hot torsion). and hightemperature tensile and creep properties. The hot ductility in torsion was improved considerably in the ESR material, and the temperature at which peak ductility occurred was 1470 K. There were slight improvements in the hightemperature tensile ductility and creep resistance in the ESR steel. The improvements in the mechanical properties have been attributed essentially to the removal of larger non-metallic inclusions and a reduced sulphur content. From the estimated apparent activation energies, 460 kJ mol−1 for deformation in hot torsion and 270 kJ mol−1 for tensile and creep deformation. a rate-controlling mechanism of dynamic recrystallization and one based on self diffusion, respectively. have been identified.
{"title":"High-temperature deformation of ESR En 36 steel","authors":"N. Jain, C. G. Nair, K. P. Abraham, Y. Prasad","doi":"10.1179/030716983803291901","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/030716983803291901","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractThe mechanical properties of electroslag-refined (ESR) En 36 steel have been studied in the temperature range 1140-1520 K and compared with conventionally cast material. The properties included hot workability (hot torsion). and hightemperature tensile and creep properties. The hot ductility in torsion was improved considerably in the ESR material, and the temperature at which peak ductility occurred was 1470 K. There were slight improvements in the hightemperature tensile ductility and creep resistance in the ESR steel. The improvements in the mechanical properties have been attributed essentially to the removal of larger non-metallic inclusions and a reduced sulphur content. From the estimated apparent activation energies, 460 kJ mol−1 for deformation in hot torsion and 270 kJ mol−1 for tensile and creep deformation. a rate-controlling mechanism of dynamic recrystallization and one based on self diffusion, respectively. have been identified.","PeriodicalId":18409,"journal":{"name":"Metals technology","volume":"7 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1983-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87181055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1983-01-01DOI: 10.1179/030716983803291910
N. Makins
AbstractConstruction, which includes buildings of all types, bridges, and now off-shore structures, illustrates the diverse nature of the steel industry's markets demanding a wide variety of products. The ability to market steel in construction depends on having the right products available and developing new products to meet future customer requirements. Additionally, although steel leaves the producer as a finished product it is only a raw material for other industries and the marketing of steel must, in general, be aimed at influencing the purchasing decision in favour of steel. The construction industry exhibits a major separation of design and purchasing functions unusual in other markets. Many countries have found it necessary to establish a central organisation to act as an interface between the steel maker and the construction industry so that the potential market for steel can be fully exploited. In the UK the British Steel Corporation established CONSTRADO (Contructional Steel Research and Devel...
{"title":"Developing the market for steel products in construction","authors":"N. Makins","doi":"10.1179/030716983803291910","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/030716983803291910","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractConstruction, which includes buildings of all types, bridges, and now off-shore structures, illustrates the diverse nature of the steel industry's markets demanding a wide variety of products. The ability to market steel in construction depends on having the right products available and developing new products to meet future customer requirements. Additionally, although steel leaves the producer as a finished product it is only a raw material for other industries and the marketing of steel must, in general, be aimed at influencing the purchasing decision in favour of steel. The construction industry exhibits a major separation of design and purchasing functions unusual in other markets. Many countries have found it necessary to establish a central organisation to act as an interface between the steel maker and the construction industry so that the potential market for steel can be fully exploited. In the UK the British Steel Corporation established CONSTRADO (Contructional Steel Research and Devel...","PeriodicalId":18409,"journal":{"name":"Metals technology","volume":"27 1","pages":"194-196"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1983-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81203724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1983-01-01DOI: 10.1179/030716983803291776
S. J. Piggs, J. A. Charles
AbstractThe data relating to the production of tapes by chill-block melt spinning of a Ni-based crystalline superalloy (API) are compared with those presented by previous workers for amorphous and low-melting-point crystalline alloys. Comparisons based on fitting the data to established equations shed light upon the physical significance of the parameter vp, the melt-pool viscosity. The effect of changing the alloy composition upon the form of the melt-spun product is also investigated; it is thought that the solidification and surface-tension characteristics of the alloy as well as the substrate material control the dimensions and thus the coherency of the tape produced.
{"title":"Melt spinning Ni-based superalloys","authors":"S. J. Piggs, J. A. Charles","doi":"10.1179/030716983803291776","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/030716983803291776","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractThe data relating to the production of tapes by chill-block melt spinning of a Ni-based crystalline superalloy (API) are compared with those presented by previous workers for amorphous and low-melting-point crystalline alloys. Comparisons based on fitting the data to established equations shed light upon the physical significance of the parameter vp, the melt-pool viscosity. The effect of changing the alloy composition upon the form of the melt-spun product is also investigated; it is thought that the solidification and surface-tension characteristics of the alloy as well as the substrate material control the dimensions and thus the coherency of the tape produced.","PeriodicalId":18409,"journal":{"name":"Metals technology","volume":"3 1","pages":"435-438"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1983-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87953865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1983-01-01DOI: 10.1179/030716983803291398
B. Dodd, A. Atkins
AbstractSwift's theory of diffuse necking and Hill's theory of localized necking in sheets subjected to in-plane biaxial stresses have been generalized to take into account thermal effects. Using a characteristic material constant M which combines the density, specific heat, and rate of thermal softening of the material, it is shown that adiabatic conditions correspond to the M-value approaching zero. At the other extreme, isothermal conditions correspond to an M-value approaching infinity. Practically, a material such as titanium, with a low M-value (M ≤ 2), will be particularly prone to thermally assisted shear instability, whereas materials such as copper, with high M-values, will be resistant to thermally assisted shear instability except at high rates of strain. As the M-value decreases, it is shown that the Swift and Hill instability loci (plotted in terms of principal strains) shrink towards the origin. Thermally assisted shear mechanisms will affect other limit situations for which the Swift or Hi...
{"title":"Effect of thermal softening on Swift and Hill instability limits in forming","authors":"B. Dodd, A. Atkins","doi":"10.1179/030716983803291398","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/030716983803291398","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractSwift's theory of diffuse necking and Hill's theory of localized necking in sheets subjected to in-plane biaxial stresses have been generalized to take into account thermal effects. Using a characteristic material constant M which combines the density, specific heat, and rate of thermal softening of the material, it is shown that adiabatic conditions correspond to the M-value approaching zero. At the other extreme, isothermal conditions correspond to an M-value approaching infinity. Practically, a material such as titanium, with a low M-value (M ≤ 2), will be particularly prone to thermally assisted shear instability, whereas materials such as copper, with high M-values, will be resistant to thermally assisted shear instability except at high rates of strain. As the M-value decreases, it is shown that the Swift and Hill instability loci (plotted in terms of principal strains) shrink towards the origin. Thermally assisted shear mechanisms will affect other limit situations for which the Swift or Hi...","PeriodicalId":18409,"journal":{"name":"Metals technology","volume":"466 1","pages":"304-307"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1983-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84383257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1983-01-01DOI: 10.1179/030716983803291172
R. E. Dolby
AbstractProgress in welding with regard to ferritic, austenitic, and duplex-microstructure grade steels is discussed. In transformable ferritic steels, the influence of second-phase particles on welding behaviour is an important theme and examples given include their effect on: (a) heat affected zone (HAZ) microstructure, hardenability, and toughness; (b) HAZ reheat cracking; (c) weld-metal microstructure and toughness; and (d) weld-pool behaviour during arc welding. The improved quantitative understanding of factors controlling solidification and hydrogen-induced cracking in weld deposits is also discussed. In high-alloy austenitic grades, a greater awareness of the advantages of fabricating low-C grades is noted, together with recognition of the important role of residual stress in the development of intergranular stress-corrosion cracking. Factors controlling the creep properties of austenitic weld metal have been clarified, and methods of producing highly aligned columnar grains in multipass austeniti...
{"title":"Advances in welding metallurgy of steel","authors":"R. E. Dolby","doi":"10.1179/030716983803291172","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/030716983803291172","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractProgress in welding with regard to ferritic, austenitic, and duplex-microstructure grade steels is discussed. In transformable ferritic steels, the influence of second-phase particles on welding behaviour is an important theme and examples given include their effect on: (a) heat affected zone (HAZ) microstructure, hardenability, and toughness; (b) HAZ reheat cracking; (c) weld-metal microstructure and toughness; and (d) weld-pool behaviour during arc welding. The improved quantitative understanding of factors controlling solidification and hydrogen-induced cracking in weld deposits is also discussed. In high-alloy austenitic grades, a greater awareness of the advantages of fabricating low-C grades is noted, together with recognition of the important role of residual stress in the development of intergranular stress-corrosion cracking. Factors controlling the creep properties of austenitic weld metal have been clarified, and methods of producing highly aligned columnar grains in multipass austeniti...","PeriodicalId":18409,"journal":{"name":"Metals technology","volume":"18 1","pages":"349-362"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1983-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78096727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1983-01-01DOI: 10.1179/030716983803291848
F. Nakasato, H. Ohtani
AbstractA study of high-strength Cr-B structural steels as alternatives to Cr-Mo steels was conducted to clarify the effects of chemical composition and cooling rate from the tempering temperature on the notch toughness. As compared with standard Cr-Mo steels, boron grades were found to be more sensitive to reversible temper embrittlement because of the absence of Mo. Alloy additions such as Si and V are not appropriate measures to improve toughness. Phosphorus content and cooling rate from the tempering temperature are the critical factors affecting the impact toughness. Low-phosphorus steels with less than 0·005% P show equivalent toughness to that of standard Cr-Mo grades.
{"title":"Notch toughness of boron-treated high-strength structural steels","authors":"F. Nakasato, H. Ohtani","doi":"10.1179/030716983803291848","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/030716983803291848","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractA study of high-strength Cr-B structural steels as alternatives to Cr-Mo steels was conducted to clarify the effects of chemical composition and cooling rate from the tempering temperature on the notch toughness. As compared with standard Cr-Mo steels, boron grades were found to be more sensitive to reversible temper embrittlement because of the absence of Mo. Alloy additions such as Si and V are not appropriate measures to improve toughness. Phosphorus content and cooling rate from the tempering temperature are the critical factors affecting the impact toughness. Low-phosphorus steels with less than 0·005% P show equivalent toughness to that of standard Cr-Mo grades.","PeriodicalId":18409,"journal":{"name":"Metals technology","volume":"97 1","pages":"333-339"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1983-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83381236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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