Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.31044/1684-2499-2022-0-9-36-41
I. Nekrasov, A. A. Fedulov, V. Parshin
{"title":"INVESTIGATION OF FRICTION EFFECT ON STRESS-STRAIN STATE OF METAL DURING FORGING OF RODS ON LEVER RADIAL- FORGING MACHINE","authors":"I. Nekrasov, A. A. Fedulov, V. Parshin","doi":"10.31044/1684-2499-2022-0-9-36-41","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31044/1684-2499-2022-0-9-36-41","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18409,"journal":{"name":"Metals technology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90883563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.31044/1684-2499-2020-0-1-31-37
E. Smyrnov, V. Skliar, D. Bogadevich, A. N. Smyrnov, V. Belevitin, Alloys
{"title":"ESTIMATION OF POWER PARAMETERS OF MSR TECHNOLOGY IMPLEMENTATION UNDER CONDITIONS OF CONTINUOUS CASTING SECTION MACHINE WITH ADDITIONAL SHEAR EFFECT","authors":"E. Smyrnov, V. Skliar, D. Bogadevich, A. N. Smyrnov, V. Belevitin, Alloys","doi":"10.31044/1684-2499-2020-0-1-31-37","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31044/1684-2499-2020-0-1-31-37","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18409,"journal":{"name":"Metals technology","volume":"68 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75455244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Allain, G. Geandier, J. Hell, M. Soler, F. Danoix, M. Gouné
We report the first ultra-fast time-resolved quantitative information on the quenching and partitioning process of conventional high-strength steel by an in situ high-energy X-ray diffraction (HEXRD) experiment. The time and temperature evolutions of phase fractions, their carbon content, and internal stresses were determined and discussed for different process parameters. It is shown that the austenite-to-martensite transformation below the martensite start temperature Ms is followed by a stage of fast carbon enrichment in austenite during isothermal holding at both 400 and 450 °C. The analysis proposed supports the concurrent bainite transformation and carbon diffusion from martensite to austenite as the main mechanisms of this enrichment. Furthermore, we give evidence that high hydrostatic tensile stresses in austenite are produced during the final quenching, and must be taken into account for the estimation of the carbon content in austenite. Finally, a large amount of carbon is shown to be trapped in the microstructure.
{"title":"Effects of Q&P Processing Conditions on Austenite Carbon Enrichment Studied by In Situ High-Energy X-ray Diffraction Experiments","authors":"S. Allain, G. Geandier, J. Hell, M. Soler, F. Danoix, M. Gouné","doi":"10.3390/MET7070232","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/MET7070232","url":null,"abstract":"We report the first ultra-fast time-resolved quantitative information on the quenching and partitioning process of conventional high-strength steel by an in situ high-energy X-ray diffraction (HEXRD) experiment. The time and temperature evolutions of phase fractions, their carbon content, and internal stresses were determined and discussed for different process parameters. It is shown that the austenite-to-martensite transformation below the martensite start temperature Ms is followed by a stage of fast carbon enrichment in austenite during isothermal holding at both 400 and 450 °C. The analysis proposed supports the concurrent bainite transformation and carbon diffusion from martensite to austenite as the main mechanisms of this enrichment. Furthermore, we give evidence that high hydrostatic tensile stresses in austenite are produced during the final quenching, and must be taken into account for the estimation of the carbon content in austenite. Finally, a large amount of carbon is shown to be trapped in the microstructure.","PeriodicalId":18409,"journal":{"name":"Metals technology","volume":"49 1","pages":"232"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91550188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1984-01-01DOI: 10.1179/030716984803275052
R. Denman, C. Thwaites
AbstractProcesses have been developed to produce single-phase copper–tin coatings of either the terminal solid solution or the Cu3Sn (e) intermetallic compound on a copper substrate by a method not involving electrolytic codeposit ion. A ‘precoating’ was deposited which consisted generally of one or more pairs of alternate 1 μ thick electroplated layers of tin and copper. Heat treatments were chosen to promote diffusion between molten tin and solid copper. The preferred technique was to use a copper top layer as part of the precoating to prevent dewetting of the tin. The alternate-layer method significantly reduced the time required to produce 10 μm coatings of Cu3Sn by partitioning the tin into several separate diffusion systems.
{"title":"Preparation of tin diffusion coatings on copper","authors":"R. Denman, C. Thwaites","doi":"10.1179/030716984803275052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/030716984803275052","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractProcesses have been developed to produce single-phase copper–tin coatings of either the terminal solid solution or the Cu3Sn (e) intermetallic compound on a copper substrate by a method not involving electrolytic codeposit ion. A ‘precoating’ was deposited which consisted generally of one or more pairs of alternate 1 μ thick electroplated layers of tin and copper. Heat treatments were chosen to promote diffusion between molten tin and solid copper. The preferred technique was to use a copper top layer as part of the precoating to prevent dewetting of the tin. The alternate-layer method significantly reduced the time required to produce 10 μm coatings of Cu3Sn by partitioning the tin into several separate diffusion systems.","PeriodicalId":18409,"journal":{"name":"Metals technology","volume":"104 1","pages":"334-340"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1984-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79334321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1984-01-01DOI: 10.1179/030716984803274260
T. Eyre
AbstractCastings have been and will continue to be used widely for applications involving wear in the internal-combustion engine. There is, however, a trend towards more sophisticated requirements as the demands on critical components increase. These demands particularly require the use of components with low friction, long wear life, greater temperature stability, and, wherever possible, reduced weight. Light alloys, suitably reinforced and/or surface treated, will become more widely used. However, more traditional materials, including cast iron and steel, will find widespread use for many years, particularly as more durable surface treatments become widely used. Available evidence indicates that surface treatments are used more widely in Europe and Japan than in the UK. Wear occurs by a number of different mechanisms, each of which requires a separate countermeasure. The conditions in the engine are such that, on occasions, a number of different wear mechanisms occur simultaneously, and these may combin...
{"title":"Wear characteristics of castings used in internalcombustion engines","authors":"T. Eyre","doi":"10.1179/030716984803274260","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/030716984803274260","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractCastings have been and will continue to be used widely for applications involving wear in the internal-combustion engine. There is, however, a trend towards more sophisticated requirements as the demands on critical components increase. These demands particularly require the use of components with low friction, long wear life, greater temperature stability, and, wherever possible, reduced weight. Light alloys, suitably reinforced and/or surface treated, will become more widely used. However, more traditional materials, including cast iron and steel, will find widespread use for many years, particularly as more durable surface treatments become widely used. Available evidence indicates that surface treatments are used more widely in Europe and Japan than in the UK. Wear occurs by a number of different mechanisms, each of which requires a separate countermeasure. The conditions in the engine are such that, on occasions, a number of different wear mechanisms occur simultaneously, and these may combin...","PeriodicalId":18409,"journal":{"name":"Metals technology","volume":"24 1","pages":"81-90"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1984-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85437322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1984-01-01DOI: 10.1179/030716984803274369
G. Durber, M. Boneham
AbstractUndesirable trace elements in Ni superalloys are classified, and the advanced methods of analytical detection described. The improvement in analytical techniques for these trace elements, together with more stringent user operating demands, has resulted in a progressive tightening of material specifications over the past decade. Control of these elements in Ni superalloy melting practice based on ‘state of the art’ producer experience is discussed, together with the importance of raw material selection. The levels of trace elements in virgin raw materials, as used for cast remelt bar and wrought alloy manufacture in the authors' company, are detailed, together with the problems associated with the recycling of scrap from foundries and end users. The effectiveness of secondary melting by vacuum arc remelting, electroslag remelting, and electron-beam remelting, in terms of chemical refinement, is discussed and contrasted with that of vacuum induction melting.
{"title":"Trace element control in vacuum induction and consumable–electrode melted Ni superalloys","authors":"G. Durber, M. Boneham","doi":"10.1179/030716984803274369","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/030716984803274369","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractUndesirable trace elements in Ni superalloys are classified, and the advanced methods of analytical detection described. The improvement in analytical techniques for these trace elements, together with more stringent user operating demands, has resulted in a progressive tightening of material specifications over the past decade. Control of these elements in Ni superalloy melting practice based on ‘state of the art’ producer experience is discussed, together with the importance of raw material selection. The levels of trace elements in virgin raw materials, as used for cast remelt bar and wrought alloy manufacture in the authors' company, are detailed, together with the problems associated with the recycling of scrap from foundries and end users. The effectiveness of secondary melting by vacuum arc remelting, electroslag remelting, and electron-beam remelting, in terms of chemical refinement, is discussed and contrasted with that of vacuum induction melting.","PeriodicalId":18409,"journal":{"name":"Metals technology","volume":"39 1","pages":"428-437"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1984-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85552826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1984-01-01DOI: 10.1179/030716984803274783
B. Baroux, M. Orlandi, P. Maitrepierre
AbstractStainless steel bar is generally used in the ‘quench-and-annealed’ condition, obtained by cooling rapidly from the solution-treatment temperature, the purpose of which is to obviate sensitization to intergranular corrosion, yet very little information is available on the effects of rate of cooling on such sensitization. The authors have therefore looked at a number of type 304L and 304 steels with various concentrations of carbon and nitrogen. After solution heat treatment at 1050°C, the steels were cooled at different rates. Various methods were then used to determine their ability to withstand intergranular corrosion. For each steel a critical rate of cooling was determined, and was found to depend on carbon and nitrogen concentrations. Observed critical cooling rates were slower than expected: e.g. for concentrations of 0·080%C and 0·040%N the rate was 400 Kh−1, corresponding to the rate of cooling in air of 80 mm dia. bar. Nitrogen concentrations of up to 0·030% were found to be beneficial in ...
{"title":"Sensitization of continuously cooled austenitic stainless steels","authors":"B. Baroux, M. Orlandi, P. Maitrepierre","doi":"10.1179/030716984803274783","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/030716984803274783","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractStainless steel bar is generally used in the ‘quench-and-annealed’ condition, obtained by cooling rapidly from the solution-treatment temperature, the purpose of which is to obviate sensitization to intergranular corrosion, yet very little information is available on the effects of rate of cooling on such sensitization. The authors have therefore looked at a number of type 304L and 304 steels with various concentrations of carbon and nitrogen. After solution heat treatment at 1050°C, the steels were cooled at different rates. Various methods were then used to determine their ability to withstand intergranular corrosion. For each steel a critical rate of cooling was determined, and was found to depend on carbon and nitrogen concentrations. Observed critical cooling rates were slower than expected: e.g. for concentrations of 0·080%C and 0·040%N the rate was 400 Kh−1, corresponding to the rate of cooling in air of 80 mm dia. bar. Nitrogen concentrations of up to 0·030% were found to be beneficial in ...","PeriodicalId":18409,"journal":{"name":"Metals technology","volume":"9 1","pages":"378-382"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1984-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73278551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1984-01-01DOI: 10.1179/030716984803275223
J. A. Shercliff
AbstractMolten metals are heated and stirred by alternating currents and magnetic fields in a wide range of industrial devices. In this paper, the problem of identifying efficient and accurate methods of calculating the mean magnetic force field and its curl (the stirring-force density) from given magnetic-field data, in order to allow analysis of the resulting fluid motions in cases where there is axisymmetry, is considered. In one case the currents are azimuthal, in the other case the magnetic fields are azimuthal. Some surprisingly convenient and illuminating expressions can be found for the stirring force, or its dominant part in the high-frequency case of small skin depth.
{"title":"Stirring forces produced by alternating electromagnetic fields in molten metals under axisymmetric conditions","authors":"J. A. Shercliff","doi":"10.1179/030716984803275223","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/030716984803275223","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractMolten metals are heated and stirred by alternating currents and magnetic fields in a wide range of industrial devices. In this paper, the problem of identifying efficient and accurate methods of calculating the mean magnetic force field and its curl (the stirring-force density) from given magnetic-field data, in order to allow analysis of the resulting fluid motions in cases where there is axisymmetry, is considered. In one case the currents are azimuthal, in the other case the magnetic fields are azimuthal. Some surprisingly convenient and illuminating expressions can be found for the stirring force, or its dominant part in the high-frequency case of small skin depth.","PeriodicalId":18409,"journal":{"name":"Metals technology","volume":"35 1","pages":"71-76"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1984-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88070318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1984-01-01DOI: 10.1179/030716984803275124
E. Ruibal, J. J. Urcola, M. Fuentes
AbstractThe high-temperature deformation of a low-alloy steel has been studied by torsion testing at temperatures in the range 850–1150°C and at constant strain rates in the range 0·6 × 10−3 to 5·3 S−1. The stress-strain curves obtained were characteristic of the occurrence of dynamic recrystallization over the entire range of testing conditions. Analysis of flow-stress data before the peak, at the peak, and during steady state gives a constant activation energy for deformation of 315 kJ mol- 1, indicating that the activation energies for dynamic recovery and dynamic recrystallization are the same. Correlations of the strains to the peak flow stress and to steady state and also of the dynamically recrystallized grain size with the Zener-Hollomon parameter and original grain size have been obtained. By using these correlations the interrelating parameter between the strain to the peak flow stress and the critical strain for the onset of recrystallization has been obtained. It is shown that the ‘relative gr...
{"title":"Transition from regular oscillations in flow stress to single peak during high-temperature torsional deformation of a low-alloy steel","authors":"E. Ruibal, J. J. Urcola, M. Fuentes","doi":"10.1179/030716984803275124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/030716984803275124","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractThe high-temperature deformation of a low-alloy steel has been studied by torsion testing at temperatures in the range 850–1150°C and at constant strain rates in the range 0·6 × 10−3 to 5·3 S−1. The stress-strain curves obtained were characteristic of the occurrence of dynamic recrystallization over the entire range of testing conditions. Analysis of flow-stress data before the peak, at the peak, and during steady state gives a constant activation energy for deformation of 315 kJ mol- 1, indicating that the activation energies for dynamic recovery and dynamic recrystallization are the same. Correlations of the strains to the peak flow stress and to steady state and also of the dynamically recrystallized grain size with the Zener-Hollomon parameter and original grain size have been obtained. By using these correlations the interrelating parameter between the strain to the peak flow stress and the critical strain for the onset of recrystallization has been obtained. It is shown that the ‘relative gr...","PeriodicalId":18409,"journal":{"name":"Metals technology","volume":"56 1","pages":"189-195"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1984-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79744845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1984-01-01DOI: 10.1179/030716984803275061
R. Carruthers, M. Collins
{"title":"Relative stabilities of Mo2C and V4C3 carbides in a low-alloy ferritic steel at ∼6OO°C","authors":"R. Carruthers, M. Collins","doi":"10.1179/030716984803275061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/030716984803275061","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18409,"journal":{"name":"Metals technology","volume":"26 1","pages":"207-207"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1984-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84464422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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