Pub Date : 1983-01-01DOI: 10.1179/030716983803291749
S. Bhale, J. Billingham
AbstractCommercial HSLA steel plates having different process routes, compositions, and microstructures have been welded at heat inputs from 1·5 to 9 kJ mm−1. Charpy V-notch tests were used to characterize the toughness of the resulting HAZ in the as-welded and post-weld heat-treated conditions. In general, increasing the heat input lowered the low-temperature impact toughness through the formation of high-temperature transformation products such as proeutectoid ferrite, Widmanstatten ferrite, and upper bainite. However, a controlled-rolled low-carbon HSLA steel containing nickel and molybdenum exhibited good impact toughness in all welding conditions, this being attributable to a HAZ consisting mostly of acicular ferrite. Low-carbon controlled-rolled steels had better impact characteristics than quenched-and-tempered steels. Stress relief after welding generally had no significant effect on the low-temperature toughness. Hardness values in the HAZ indicated that the steels were unlikely to be susceptible...
{"title":"Effect of heat input on HAZ toughness in HSLA steels","authors":"S. Bhale, J. Billingham","doi":"10.1179/030716983803291749","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/030716983803291749","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractCommercial HSLA steel plates having different process routes, compositions, and microstructures have been welded at heat inputs from 1·5 to 9 kJ mm−1. Charpy V-notch tests were used to characterize the toughness of the resulting HAZ in the as-welded and post-weld heat-treated conditions. In general, increasing the heat input lowered the low-temperature impact toughness through the formation of high-temperature transformation products such as proeutectoid ferrite, Widmanstatten ferrite, and upper bainite. However, a controlled-rolled low-carbon HSLA steel containing nickel and molybdenum exhibited good impact toughness in all welding conditions, this being attributable to a HAZ consisting mostly of acicular ferrite. Low-carbon controlled-rolled steels had better impact characteristics than quenched-and-tempered steels. Stress relief after welding generally had no significant effect on the low-temperature toughness. Hardness values in the HAZ indicated that the steels were unlikely to be susceptible...","PeriodicalId":18409,"journal":{"name":"Metals technology","volume":"10 1","pages":"363-367"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1983-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84357971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1983-01-01DOI: 10.1179/030716983803291695
S. Chan, M. Martínez-Madrid, J. A. Charles
AbstractTests have been carried out to compare the reproducibility of potentiostatic and galvanostatic electrolytic methods, and the NACE corrosion-solution method for the introduction of hydrogen into iron specimens. It is concluded that the NACE solution gives the most consistent results, particularly at high hydrogen concentrations where the electrolytic techniques are likely to produce blistering.
{"title":"Evaluation of three different test methods for charging hydrogen into iron","authors":"S. Chan, M. Martínez-Madrid, J. A. Charles","doi":"10.1179/030716983803291695","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/030716983803291695","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractTests have been carried out to compare the reproducibility of potentiostatic and galvanostatic electrolytic methods, and the NACE corrosion-solution method for the introduction of hydrogen into iron specimens. It is concluded that the NACE solution gives the most consistent results, particularly at high hydrogen concentrations where the electrolytic techniques are likely to produce blistering.","PeriodicalId":18409,"journal":{"name":"Metals technology","volume":"54 1","pages":"464-470"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1983-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84483704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1983-01-01DOI: 10.1179/030716983803291613
S. R. Tittagala, P. Beeley, A. Bramley
Abstract A wear-test programme carried out using a newly developed hot-work tool-wear simulation technique is described. Recently developed cast die steels containing coarse carbide dispersions have been assessed by comparison with orthodox hotwork steels. The new materials showed favourable wear properties under hotworking conditions. The relative wear resistances obtained for the materials Show good agreement with the results of previous hot-forging wear tests. Qualitative results from associated wear-surface observations and tool-workpiece compatibility studies are discussed to highlight the role of the technique in the overall assessment of a new tool material.
{"title":"Evaluation of some new cast hot-work die steels using simulation wear test","authors":"S. R. Tittagala, P. Beeley, A. Bramley","doi":"10.1179/030716983803291613","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/030716983803291613","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract A wear-test programme carried out using a newly developed hot-work tool-wear simulation technique is described. Recently developed cast die steels containing coarse carbide dispersions have been assessed by comparison with orthodox hotwork steels. The new materials showed favourable wear properties under hotworking conditions. The relative wear resistances obtained for the materials Show good agreement with the results of previous hot-forging wear tests. Qualitative results from associated wear-surface observations and tool-workpiece compatibility studies are discussed to highlight the role of the technique in the overall assessment of a new tool material.","PeriodicalId":18409,"journal":{"name":"Metals technology","volume":"44 1","pages":"257-263"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1983-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81524841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1983-01-01DOI: 10.1179/030716983803291532
B. Amiot, J. Despujols
Abstract If not used within a few days of the last skin pass, low- and extra-low-carbon steel coils often give formed parts with stretcher-strain markings. These defects are caused by the phenomenon of strain aging occurring within the metal. By the use of mechanical tests, such as hardness and tensile tests, it is possible to follow the way in which the strength and ductility of the steel vary with time. X-ray diffraction studies were also conducted and gave results that do not appear to be influenced by the displacement of interstitial elements, but reveal compressive strains perpendicular to the sheet, and enable an average root mean square displacement of the atomic planes in question and an average dislocation density to he estimated. By considering the absolute plastic deformation imposed on the individual steel grains, it might be possible to link the random variation of the stresses with the distribution of dislocations. There may also be a connection between the stored plastic energy and the abso...
{"title":"Strains in extra-low-carbon steel sheets after weak (skin-pass) rolling","authors":"B. Amiot, J. Despujols","doi":"10.1179/030716983803291532","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/030716983803291532","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract If not used within a few days of the last skin pass, low- and extra-low-carbon steel coils often give formed parts with stretcher-strain markings. These defects are caused by the phenomenon of strain aging occurring within the metal. By the use of mechanical tests, such as hardness and tensile tests, it is possible to follow the way in which the strength and ductility of the steel vary with time. X-ray diffraction studies were also conducted and gave results that do not appear to be influenced by the displacement of interstitial elements, but reveal compressive strains perpendicular to the sheet, and enable an average root mean square displacement of the atomic planes in question and an average dislocation density to he estimated. By considering the absolute plastic deformation imposed on the individual steel grains, it might be possible to link the random variation of the stresses with the distribution of dislocations. There may also be a connection between the stored plastic energy and the abso...","PeriodicalId":18409,"journal":{"name":"Metals technology","volume":"111 1","pages":"161-166"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1983-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79213563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1983-01-01DOI: 10.1179/030716983803291505
C. Fowler, R. Taylor, R. Rolls
AbstractThe thermal diffusivities of oxide scales on iron, certain binary iron alloys, and selected commercial steels have been determined in situ at temperatures from 473 to 1273 K with a laser flash-pulse technique. The results confirmed that the thermal diffusivities were a function of the type of oxide and of its growth morphology. The greater the proportion of magnetite (Fe304) and free iron in a scale, the higher is the thermal diffusivity obtained (up to ∼ 9 x 10−7 m2 s−1). A scale/metal interfacial gap constitutes a thermal barrier possessing a correspondingly lower apparent thermal diffusivity (<1 X 10−7 m2 S−1). Consideration is given to the practical problem that the cooling rate for a blistered, scaled surface may be a factor of 5-50 times slower than that for a descaled steel surface.
摘要用激光闪烁脉冲技术在473 ~ 1273 K温度范围内原位测定了铁、某些二元铁合金和某些商品钢表面氧化皮的热扩散系数。结果证实，热扩散系数是氧化物类型及其生长形态的函数。磁铁矿(Fe304)和游离铁的比例越大，获得的热扩散系数越高(高达~ 9 x 10−7 m2 s−1)。水垢/金属界面间隙构成热障，具有相应较低的表观热扩散系数(<1 X 10−7 m2 S−1)。考虑到一个实际问题，即一个起泡的、有鳞的表面的冷却速度可能比一个无鳞的钢表面的冷却速度慢5-50倍。
{"title":"Thermal diffusivities of oxide scales on iron-base binary alloys and steels","authors":"C. Fowler, R. Taylor, R. Rolls","doi":"10.1179/030716983803291505","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/030716983803291505","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractThe thermal diffusivities of oxide scales on iron, certain binary iron alloys, and selected commercial steels have been determined in situ at temperatures from 473 to 1273 K with a laser flash-pulse technique. The results confirmed that the thermal diffusivities were a function of the type of oxide and of its growth morphology. The greater the proportion of magnetite (Fe304) and free iron in a scale, the higher is the thermal diffusivity obtained (up to ∼ 9 x 10−7 m2 s−1). A scale/metal interfacial gap constitutes a thermal barrier possessing a correspondingly lower apparent thermal diffusivity (<1 X 10−7 m2 S−1). Consideration is given to the practical problem that the cooling rate for a blistered, scaled surface may be a factor of 5-50 times slower than that for a descaled steel surface.","PeriodicalId":18409,"journal":{"name":"Metals technology","volume":"87 1","pages":"96-104"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1983-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80802155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1983-01-01DOI: 10.1179/030716983803291307
L. Myllykoski, N. Suutala
The effects of solidification mode and ferrite content on the hot ductility of austenitic stainless steels were investigated by means of hot bend testing. The test materials were continuously cast ...
通过热弯曲试验，研究了凝固方式和铁素体含量对奥氏体不锈钢热塑性的影响。试验材料是连续铸造的。
{"title":"Effect of solidification mode on hot ductility of austenitic stainless steels","authors":"L. Myllykoski, N. Suutala","doi":"10.1179/030716983803291307","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/030716983803291307","url":null,"abstract":"The effects of solidification mode and ferrite content on the hot ductility of austenitic stainless steels were investigated by means of hot bend testing. The test materials were continuously cast ...","PeriodicalId":18409,"journal":{"name":"Metals technology","volume":"9 1","pages":"453-460"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1983-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91248596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1983-01-01DOI: 10.1179/030716983803291181
P. W. Shelton, A. Wronski
AbstractExamination of both wrought and sintered T6 and M2 high-speed-steel cutting tools used in continuous-turning tests at cutting speeds of 15-60 m min−1 has revealed the presence of microcracking at the tool nose. In wet-cutting conditions, the maximum average steady-state flank-wear rates at cutting speeds of 20–30 m min−1 coincide with the appearance of cracks extending across the matrix through several carbides. At higher cutting speeds only individual carbides were broken, with little extension into the matrix. In dry-cutting conditions the wear land is smaller than in wet cutting, but consists of a rough cracked area. The cracks were present beneath the built-up edge, or just below it on the flank face. The generation of cracks under both wet- and dry-cutting conditions is discussed in terms of cutting speed, built-up-edge stability, and cutting temperature.
在切削速度为15-60 m / min - 1的连续车削试验中，对锻造和烧结的T6和M2高速钢刀具进行了检查，发现刀尖处存在微裂纹。在湿切削条件下，切削速度为20-30 m min - 1时，最大平均稳态翼面磨损率与裂纹的出现一致，裂纹通过几种碳化物在基体上延伸。在较高的切削速度下，只有个别碳化物被破坏，很少延伸到基体中。在干切削条件下，磨损面积比湿切削条件下小，但由粗糙的裂纹区域组成。裂缝出现在堆积的边缘下面，或者就在侧面的边缘下面。从切削速度、累积边缘稳定性和切削温度等方面讨论了干湿切削条件下裂纹的产生。
{"title":"Microcracking of high-speed-steel tools during cutting","authors":"P. W. Shelton, A. Wronski","doi":"10.1179/030716983803291181","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/030716983803291181","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractExamination of both wrought and sintered T6 and M2 high-speed-steel cutting tools used in continuous-turning tests at cutting speeds of 15-60 m min−1 has revealed the presence of microcracking at the tool nose. In wet-cutting conditions, the maximum average steady-state flank-wear rates at cutting speeds of 20–30 m min−1 coincide with the appearance of cracks extending across the matrix through several carbides. At higher cutting speeds only individual carbides were broken, with little extension into the matrix. In dry-cutting conditions the wear land is smaller than in wet cutting, but consists of a rough cracked area. The cracks were present beneath the built-up edge, or just below it on the flank face. The generation of cracks under both wet- and dry-cutting conditions is discussed in terms of cutting speed, built-up-edge stability, and cutting temperature.","PeriodicalId":18409,"journal":{"name":"Metals technology","volume":"22 1","pages":"308-314"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1983-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90426636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1983-01-01DOI: 10.1179/030716983803291668
A. Melander, K. Olsson
AbstractCarbon-manganese steel wire rods were produced using hot rolling followed by cooling at two different rates to give ferritic-pearlitic and ferritic-martensitic microstructures. The wire rods were then drawn to wires of various diameters. The mechanisms of ductile fracture during tensile testing were studied in the wire rods and wires of two different diameters. Rates of void nucleation and growth at pearlite, cementite, and martensite second-phase particles, and at non-metallic inclusions were evaluated. Models are formulated for the void growth, taking into account the effects of tensile strain and particle deformability. These models are subsequently incorporated into a theory of ductile fracture. This theory, which encompasses void nucleation and growth, and the work hardenability of the material, is used to predict the difference in fracture strain between the ferritic-pearlitic and ferritic-martensitic steels, as well as the effect of wiredrawing strain on the fracture strain during tensile t...
{"title":"Mechanisms of ductile fracture in ferritic-pearlitic and ferritic-martensitic steels","authors":"A. Melander, K. Olsson","doi":"10.1179/030716983803291668","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/030716983803291668","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractCarbon-manganese steel wire rods were produced using hot rolling followed by cooling at two different rates to give ferritic-pearlitic and ferritic-martensitic microstructures. The wire rods were then drawn to wires of various diameters. The mechanisms of ductile fracture during tensile testing were studied in the wire rods and wires of two different diameters. Rates of void nucleation and growth at pearlite, cementite, and martensite second-phase particles, and at non-metallic inclusions were evaluated. Models are formulated for the void growth, taking into account the effects of tensile strain and particle deformability. These models are subsequently incorporated into a theory of ductile fracture. This theory, which encompasses void nucleation and growth, and the work hardenability of the material, is used to predict the difference in fracture strain between the ferritic-pearlitic and ferritic-martensitic steels, as well as the effect of wiredrawing strain on the fracture strain during tensile t...","PeriodicalId":18409,"journal":{"name":"Metals technology","volume":"81 1","pages":"424-434"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1983-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81741977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1983-01-01DOI: 10.1179/030716983803291514
H. Sundquist, E. H. Sirvio, M. Kurkinen
AbstractThe tribological properties of ion-plated titanium nitride coatings have been studied in pin-on-disc, dry sand +rubber wheel, and bending-under-tension friction tests. These results are compared with the performance of tools having these coatings in industrial metal-working processes. The coatings were found to increase the life of the tools by two to ten times compared with uncoated tools with the same cutting parameters. The increase in life in the metal-forming processes studied was even longer.
{"title":"Wear of metal-working tools ion plated with titanium nitride","authors":"H. Sundquist, E. H. Sirvio, M. Kurkinen","doi":"10.1179/030716983803291514","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/030716983803291514","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractThe tribological properties of ion-plated titanium nitride coatings have been studied in pin-on-disc, dry sand +rubber wheel, and bending-under-tension friction tests. These results are compared with the performance of tools having these coatings in industrial metal-working processes. The coatings were found to increase the life of the tools by two to ten times compared with uncoated tools with the same cutting parameters. The increase in life in the metal-forming processes studied was even longer.","PeriodicalId":18409,"journal":{"name":"Metals technology","volume":"61 1","pages":"130-134"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1983-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72896170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1983-01-01DOI: 10.1179/030716983803291802
E. Feest, I. Cook
AbstractThe sequence of phase formation through the solidification range of BS 1400: AB2 nickel-aluminium bronze has been studied using both a controlled unidirectional solidification technique and isothermal treatments. Two different forms of iron-rich k1-phase were seen to be precipitated from the liquid at above the liquidus temperature for the primary copper-based solid solution. One of these forms k1-phase was shown to be a strong nucleant for the primary solid solution, and is therefore a potent grain refiner. The amounts and formation temperatures of these pre-primary k1-phases were seen to depend on alloy composition within the AB2 specification range.
{"title":"Pre-primary phase formation in solidification of nickel-aluminium bronze","authors":"E. Feest, I. Cook","doi":"10.1179/030716983803291802","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/030716983803291802","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractThe sequence of phase formation through the solidification range of BS 1400: AB2 nickel-aluminium bronze has been studied using both a controlled unidirectional solidification technique and isothermal treatments. Two different forms of iron-rich k1-phase were seen to be precipitated from the liquid at above the liquidus temperature for the primary copper-based solid solution. One of these forms k1-phase was shown to be a strong nucleant for the primary solid solution, and is therefore a potent grain refiner. The amounts and formation temperatures of these pre-primary k1-phases were seen to depend on alloy composition within the AB2 specification range.","PeriodicalId":18409,"journal":{"name":"Metals technology","volume":"26 1","pages":"121-124"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1983-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73747538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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