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Engineering Phosphatidylserine Containing Asymmetric Giant Unilamellar Vesicles. 含磷脂酰丝氨酸的不对称巨型单拉米尔囊泡工程。
IF 3.3 4区 工程技术 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL Pub Date : 2024-08-23 DOI: 10.3390/membranes14090181
Jake McDonough, Trevor A Paratore, Hannah M Ketelhohn, Bella C DeCilio, Alonzo H Ross, Arne Gericke

The plasma membrane lipid distribution is asymmetric, with several anionic lipid species located in its inner leaflet. Among these, phosphatidylserine (PS) plays a crucial role in various important physiological functions. Over the last decade several methods have been developed that allow for the fabrication of large or giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) with an asymmetric lipid composition. Investigating the physicochemical properties of PS in such asymmetric lipid bilayers and studying its interactions with proteins necessitates the reliable fabrication of asymmetric GUVs (aGUVs) with a high degree of asymmetry that exhibit PS in the outer leaflet so that the interaction with peptides and proteins can be studied. Despite progress, achieving aGUVs with well-defined PS asymmetry remains challenging. Recently, a Ca2+-initiated hemifusion method has been introduced, utilizing the fusion of symmetric GUVs (sGUVs) with a supported lipid bilayer (SLB) for the fabrication of aGUVs. We extend this approach to create aGUVs with PS in the outer bilayer leaflet. Comparing the degree of asymmetry between aGUVs obtained via Ca2+ or Mg2+ initiated hemifusion of a phosphatidylcholine (PC) sGUVwith a PC/PS-supported lipid bilayer, we observe for both bivalent cations a significant number of aGUVs with near-complete asymmetry. The degree of asymmetry distribution is narrower for physiological salt conditions than at lower ionic strengths. While Ca2+ clusters PS in the SLB, macroscopic domain formation is absent in the presence of Mg2+. However, the clustering of PS upon the addition of Ca2+ is apparently too slow to have a negative effect on the quality of the obtained aGUVs. We introduce a data filtering method to select aGUVs that are best suited for further investigation.

质膜脂质的分布是不对称的,有几种阴离子脂质位于质膜的内叶。其中,磷脂酰丝氨酸(PS)在各种重要生理功能中发挥着关键作用。在过去的十年中,已经开发出了几种方法,可以制造出具有不对称脂质成分的大型或巨型单层膜囊泡 (GUV)。要研究 PS 在这种不对称脂质双分子层中的理化性质并研究其与蛋白质的相互作用,就必须可靠地制造出具有高度不对称性的不对称 GUVs(aGUVs),这种 GUVs 的外叶显示出 PS,从而可以研究 PS 与肽和蛋白质的相互作用。尽管取得了进展,但实现具有明确的 PS 不对称性的 aGUVs 仍然具有挑战性。最近,有人提出了一种 Ca2+ 引发的半融合方法,利用对称 GUV(sGUV)与支撑脂质双分子层(SLB)的融合来制造 aGUV。我们将这一方法扩展到在双分子层外叶片中加入 PS 的 aGUV。通过比较由 Ca2+ 或 Mg2+ 引发的磷脂酰胆碱(PC)sGUV 与 PC/PS 支持的脂质双分子层的半灌注所得到的 aGUV 之间的不对称程度,我们观察到这两种二价阳离子都有大量接近完全不对称的 aGUV。与离子强度较低时相比,生理盐条件下的不对称分布程度较窄。虽然 Ca2+ 会在 SLB 中聚集 PS,但在 Mg2+ 存在的情况下不会形成宏观畴。不过,加入 Ca2+ 时 PS 的聚类速度显然太慢,不会对获得的 aGUV 质量产生负面影响。我们引入了一种数据筛选方法,以选出最适合进一步研究的 aGUVs。
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引用次数: 0
New Insights on Y, La, Nd, and Sm Extraction with Bifunctional Ionic Liquid Cyphos IL 104 Incorporated in a Polymer Inclusion Membrane. 双功能离子液体 Cyphos IL 104 与聚合物包合膜结合萃取 Y、La、Nd 和 Sm 的新见解。
IF 3.3 4区 工程技术 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL Pub Date : 2024-08-23 DOI: 10.3390/membranes14090182
Mohamed Malki, Lynda Mitiche, Amar Sahmoune, Clàudia Fontàs

In this study, an ionic liquid-based polymer inclusion membrane (IL-PIM) made of (50% polymer-50% CyphosIL104) was used to extract and separate the rare earth elements (REEs) Y, La, Nd, and Sm in chloride solutions. The effect of extraction time and pH was studied to optimize the extraction and separation conditions. The four REEs were effectively extracted at pH 4-5 from both single and mixed metals solutions. However, at pH 2, only Y was extracted. The recovery of the extracted REEs from the loaded PIM was achieved using HNO3 and H2SO4. In the case of La, it was quantitatively back-extracted with H2SO4 after a contact time of 1 h, while up to 4 h was necessary to recover 70% of the extracted Y, Sm, and Nd. Extraction isotherms were studied, and the Freundlich isotherm model was the most adequate to describe the interaction between the PIM and the REEs. Finally, the developed PIM was investigated for the extraction of REEs from mixtures containing other metals, which showed great selectivity for the REEs.

本研究利用由(50% 聚合物-50% CyphosIL104)制成的离子液体基聚合物包涵膜(IL-PIM)来萃取和分离氯化物溶液中的稀土元素(REEs)Y、La、Nd 和 Sm。研究了萃取时间和 pH 值的影响,以优化萃取和分离条件。在 pH 值为 4-5 时,四种稀土元素都能从单一金属和混合金属溶液中有效萃取出来。然而,在 pH 值为 2 时,只有钇被萃取出来。使用 HNO3 和 H2SO4 可以从负载的 PIM 中回收萃取的 REEs。就 La 而言,用 H2SO4 进行定量反萃取的接触时间为 1 小时,而要回收所萃取的 70% 的 Y、Sm 和 Nd 则需要长达 4 小时。对萃取等温线进行了研究,发现 Freundlich 等温线模型最适合描述 PIM 与 REEs 之间的相互作用。最后,研究了所开发的 PIM 从含有其他金属的混合物中萃取 REEs 的情况,结果表明该 PIM 对 REEs 具有很高的选择性。
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引用次数: 0
Thermodynamic Considerations on the Biophysical Interaction between Low-Energy Electromagnetic Fields and Biosystems. 低能量电磁场与生物系统之间的生物物理相互作用的热力学考虑。
IF 3.3 4区 工程技术 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL Pub Date : 2024-08-22 DOI: 10.3390/membranes14080179
Umberto Lucia, Giulia Grisolia

A general theory explaining how electromagnetic waves affect cells and biological systems has not been completely accepted yet; nevertheless, extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMFs) can interfere with and modify several molecular cellular processes. The therapeutic effect of EMFs has been investigated in several clinical conditions with promising results: in this context a better understanding of mechanisms by which ELF-EMF influences cellular events is necessary and it could lead to more extended and specific clinical applications in different pathological conditions. This paper develops a thermodynamic model to explain how ELF-EMF directly interferes with the cellular membrane, inducing a biological response related to a cellular energy conversion and modification of flows across cell membranes. Indeed, energy, irreversibly consumed by cellular metabolism, is converted into entropy variation. The proposed thermodynamic model views living systems as adaptative open systems, analysing the changes in energy and matter moving in and out of the cell.

解释电磁波如何影响细胞和生物系统的一般理论尚未被完全接受;然而,极低频电磁场(ELF-EMFs)可以干扰和改变多种细胞分子过程。电磁场的治疗效果已在几种临床病症中进行了研究,并取得了令人鼓舞的结果:在这种情况下,有必要更好地了解 ELF-EMF 对细胞事件的影响机制,这可能会导致在不同病症中更广泛、更具体的临床应用。本文建立了一个热力学模型,以解释 ELF-EMF 如何直接干扰细胞膜,诱发与细胞能量转换和改变细胞膜流动有关的生物反应。事实上,细胞新陈代谢不可逆转地消耗的能量会转化为熵变。所提出的热力学模型将生命系统视为适应性开放系统,分析进出细胞的能量和物质的变化。
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引用次数: 0
Removal of Heavy Metals from Wastewaters and Other Aqueous Streams by Pressure-Driven Membrane Technologies: An Outlook on Reverse Osmosis, Nanofiltration, Ultrafiltration and Microfiltration Potential from a Bibliometric Analysis. 利用压力驱动膜技术去除废水和其他水流中的重金属:通过文献计量分析展望反渗透、纳滤、超滤和微滤的潜力。
IF 3.3 4区 工程技术 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL Pub Date : 2024-08-22 DOI: 10.3390/membranes14080180
Katherinne Castro, Ricardo Abejón

A bibliometric study to analyze the scientific documents released until 2024 in the database Scopus related to the use of pressure-driven membrane technologies (microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration and reverse osmosis) for heavy metal removal was conducted. The work aimed to assess the primary quantitative attributes of the research in this field during the specified period. A total of 2205 documents were identified, and the corresponding analysis indicated an exponential growth in the number of publications over time. The contribution of the three most productive countries (China, India and USA) accounts for more than 47.1% of the total number of publications, with Chinese institutions appearing as the most productive ones. Environmental Science was the most frequent knowledge category (51.9% contribution), followed by Chemistry and Chemical Engineering. The relative frequency of the keywords and a complete bibliometric network analysis allowed the conclusion that the low-pressure technologies (microfiltration and ultrafiltration) have been more deeply investigated than the high-pressure technologies (nanofiltration and reverse osmosis). Although porous low-pressure membranes are not adequate for the removal of dissolved heavy metals in ionic forms, the incorporation of embedded adsorbents within the membrane structure and the use of auxiliary chemicals to form metallic complexes or micelles that can be retained by this type of membrane are promising approaches. High-pressure membranes can achieve rejection percentages above 90% (99% in the case of reverse osmosis), but they imply lower permeate productivity and higher costs due to the required pressure gradients.

一项文献计量学研究分析了截至 2024 年在 Scopus 数据库中发布的与使用压力驱动膜技术(微滤、超滤、纳滤和反渗透)去除重金属有关的科学文献。这项工作旨在评估特定时期内该领域研究的主要量化属性。共确定了 2205 份文件,相应的分析表明,随着时间的推移,出版物的数量呈指数增长。三个最有成果的国家(中国、印度和美国)的论文数量占论文总数的 47.1%以上,其中中国机构的论文数量最多。环境科学是最常见的知识类别(占 51.9%),其次是化学和化学工程。根据关键词的相对频率和完整的文献计量学网络分析可以得出结论,低压技术(微滤和超滤)比高压技术(纳滤和反渗透)得到了更深入的研究。虽然多孔低压膜不足以去除离子形式的溶解重金属,但在膜结构中加入嵌入式吸附剂,以及使用辅助化学物质形成可被这类膜截留的金属复合物或胶束,都是很有前景的方法。高压膜可以达到 90% 以上的截留率(反渗透为 99%),但由于所需的压力梯度,它们意味着较低的渗透生产率和较高的成本。
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引用次数: 0
Performance and Enhanced Efficiency Induced by Cold Plasma on SAPO-34 Membranes for CO2 and CH4 Mixtures. 冷等离子体在 SAPO-34 膜上诱导 CO2 和 CH4 混合物的性能和增效。
IF 3.3 4区 工程技术 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL Pub Date : 2024-08-20 DOI: 10.3390/membranes14080178
Fnu Gorky, Vashanti Storr, Grace Jones, Apolo Nambo, Jacek B Jasinski, Maria L Carreon

In this study, we investigate the influence of cold-plasma-induced enhanced performance and efficiency of SAPO-34 membranes in the separation of CO2 and CH4 mixtures. Placing the herein presented research in a broader context, we aim to address the question of whether cold plasma can significantly impact the membrane performance. We subjected SAPO-34 membranes to plasma mild disturbances and analyzed their performance in separating CO2 and CH4. Our findings reveal a notable enhancement in membrane efficiency and sustained performance when exposed to cold plasma. The pulsed plasma separation displayed improved structural integrity, and the experimental results indicated that the linear structure of CO₂ facilitates the distortion of electron clouds in response to the electric field, a property known as polarizability, which aids in effective separation. Plausible mechanistic insight indicated that the intermolecular forces facilitated an integral role in SAPO-34 membranes exhibiting strong electrostatic interactions. In conclusion, our research highlights the potential of cold plasma as a promising technique for improving the performance of SAPO-34 membranes in gas mixtures at atmospheric pressures, providing valuable insights for optimizing membrane technology in carbon capture and gas separation applications.

在本研究中,我们调查了冷等离子体对 SAPO-34 膜在分离二氧化碳和甲烷混合物时性能和效率增强的影响。将本文介绍的研究置于更广泛的背景下,我们旨在解决冷等离子体是否会显著影响膜性能的问题。我们将 SAPO-34 膜置于等离子体的轻微干扰下,分析其分离二氧化碳和甲烷的性能。我们的研究结果表明,当暴露在冷等离子体中时,膜的效率和持续性能明显提高。脉冲等离子分离显示出更好的结构完整性,实验结果表明 CO₂ 的线性结构有利于电子云在电场作用下变形,这种特性被称为极化性,有助于有效分离。合理的机理分析表明,分子间作用力在 SAPO-34 膜中发挥了不可或缺的作用,表现出强烈的静电相互作用。总之,我们的研究强调了冷等离子体作为一种有前途的技术,在大气压力下改善 SAPO-34 膜在气体混合物中的性能的潜力,为优化碳捕获和气体分离应用中的膜技术提供了宝贵的见解。
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引用次数: 0
Stability and Performance of Commercial Membranes in High-Temperature Organic Flow Batteries. 商用膜在高温有机液流电池中的稳定性和性能。
IF 3.3 4区 工程技术 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL Pub Date : 2024-08-15 DOI: 10.3390/membranes14080177
Chiari J Van Cauter, Yun Li, Sander Van Herck, Ivo F J Vankelecom

Redox flow batteries (RFB) often operate at extreme pH conditions and may require cooling to prevent high temperatures. The stability of the battery membranes at these extreme pH-values at high temperatures is still largely unknown. In this paper, a systematic screening of the performance and stability of nine commercial membranes at pH 14 and pH ≤ 0 with temperatures up to 80 °C is conducted in an organic aqueous RFB. Swelling, area resistance, diffusion crossover, battery performance and membrane stability after 40-80 °C temperature treatment are shown, after which a recommendation is made for different user scenarios. The Aquivion E98-05 membrane performed best for both the Tiron/2,7-AQDS battery and the DHPS/Fe(CN)6 battery at 40 mA/cm2, with stable results after 1 week of storage at 80 °C. At 80 mA/cm2, E-620-PE performed best in the DHPS/Fe(CN)6 battery, while Sx-050DK performed best in the Tiron/2,7-AQDS battery.

氧化还原液流电池(RFB)通常在极端 pH 值条件下工作,可能需要冷却以防止高温。电池膜在这些极端 pH 值和高温条件下的稳定性在很大程度上仍是未知数。本文在有机水基 RFB 中对九种商用膜在 pH 值为 14 和 pH 值≤0、温度高达 80 °C 时的性能和稳定性进行了系统筛选。结果显示了经过 40-80 °C 温度处理后的膨胀、面积电阻、扩散交叉、电池性能和膜稳定性,然后针对不同的用户情况提出了建议。Aquivion E98-05 隔膜在 Tiron/2,7-AQDS 电池和 DHPS/Fe(CN)6 电池中的 40 mA/cm2 下表现最佳,在 80 °C 下存放一周后结果稳定。在 80 mA/cm2 下,E-620-PE 在 DHPS/Fe(CN)6 电池中表现最佳,而 Sx-050DK 在 Tiron/2,7-AQDS 电池中表现最佳。
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引用次数: 0
Optimized Sulfonated Poly(Ether Ether Ketone) Membranes for In-House Produced Small-Sized Vanadium Redox Flow Battery Set-Up. 用于自制小型钒氧化还原液流电池装置的优化磺化聚醚醚酮膜。
IF 3.3 4区 工程技术 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL Pub Date : 2024-08-14 DOI: 10.3390/membranes14080176
Antonino Rizzuti, Elena Dilonardo, Gennaro Cozzolino, Fabio Matera, Alessandra Carbone, Biagia Musio, Piero Mastrorilli

The ionic exchange membranes represent a core component of redox flow batteries. Their features strongly affect the performance, durability, cost, and efficiency of these energy systems. Herein, the operating conditions of a lab-scale single-cell vanadium flow battery (VRFB) were optimized in terms of membrane physicochemical features and electrolyte composition, as a way to translate such conditions into a large-scale five-cell VRFB stack system. The effects of the sulfonation degree (SD) and the presence of a filler on the performances of sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) ion-selective membranes were investigated, using the commercial perfluorosulfonic-acid Nafion 115 membrane as a reference. Furthermore, the effect of a chloride-based electrolyte was evaluated by comparing it to the commonly used standard sulfuric acid electrolyte. Among the investigated membranes, the readily available SPEEK50-0 (SD = 50%; filler = 0%) resulted in it being permeable and selective to vanadium. Improved coulombic efficiency (93.4%) compared to that of Nafion 115 (88.9%) was achieved when SPEEK50-0, in combination with an optimized chloride-based electrolyte, was employed in a single-cell VRFB at a current density of 20 mA·cm-2. The optimized conditions were successfully applied for the construction of a five-cell VRFB stack system, exhibiting a satisfactory coulombic efficiency of 94.5%.

离子交换膜是氧化还原液流电池的核心部件。离子交换膜的特性对这些能源系统的性能、耐用性、成本和效率有很大影响。本文从膜的物理化学特征和电解质组成方面优化了实验室规模单芯钒液流电池(VRFB)的操作条件,并将这些条件转化为大规模五芯钒液流电池堆系统。以商用全氟磺酸 Nafion 115 膜为参考,研究了磺化度(SD)和填料的存在对磺化聚醚醚酮(SPEEK)离子选择膜性能的影响。此外,通过与常用的标准硫酸电解质进行比较,评估了氯基电解质的效果。在所研究的膜中,现成的 SPEEK50-0(SD = 50%;填料 = 0%)对钒具有渗透性和选择性。与 Nafion 115(88.9%)相比,当 SPEEK50-0 与优化的氯基电解质结合应用于电流密度为 20 mA-cm-2 的单电池 VRFB 时,库仑效率(93.4%)得到了提高。在构建五室 VRFB 叠层系统时,成功应用了优化条件,库仑效率达到 94.5%,令人满意。
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引用次数: 0
Elucidating the Mechanism of Electro-Adsorption on Electrically Conductive Ultrafiltration Membranes via Modified Poisson-Boltzmann Equation. 通过修正的泊松-波尔兹曼方程阐明导电超滤膜上的电吸附机理
IF 3.3 4区 工程技术 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL Pub Date : 2024-08-10 DOI: 10.3390/membranes14080175
Muhammad Usman, Shahrokh Vahedi, Sarah Glass, Volkan Filiz, Mathias Ernst

Electrically conductive membranes (ECMs) were prepared by coating porous ethylenediamine-modified polyacrylonitrile (PAN-EDA) UF membranes with an ultrathin layer of platinum (Pt) nanoparticles through magnetron sputtering. These ECMs were used in electrofiltration to study the removal of brilliant blue dye from an aqueous solution under positive electrical potentials (0-2.5 V). Negative electrical potentials (-1.0--2.5 V) were also investigated to regenerate the membrane by desorbing the dye from the ECM surface. At +0 V, the EC PAN-EDA membrane adsorbed the dye due to its intrinsic positive charge. Application of -2.0 V resulted in a maximum of 39% desorption of the dye. A modified Poisson-Boltzmann (MPB) model showed that -2.0 V created a repulsive force within the first 24 nm of the membrane matrix, which had a minimal effect on dye ions adsorbed deeper within the membrane, thus limiting the electro-desorption efficiency to 39%. Moreover, increasing positive potentials from +0.5 V to +2.5 V led to increased dye electro-adsorption by 9.5 times, from 132 mg/m2 to 1112 mg/m2 at pH 8 (equivalent to the membrane's isoelectric point). The MBP simulations demonstrated that increasing electro-adsorption loadings are related to increasing attractive force, indicating electro-adsorption induced by attractive force is the dominant mechanism and the role of other mechanisms (e.g., electrochemical oxidation) is excluded. At pH 5, electro-adsorption further increased to 1390 mg/m2, likely due to the additional positive charge of the membrane (zeta potential = 9.2 mV) compared to pH 8. At pH 8, complete desorption of the dye from the ECM surface was achieved with a significant repulsive force at -2.0 V. However, as pH decreased from 8 to 5, the desorption efficiency decreased by 3.9% due to the membrane's positive charge. These findings help elucidate the mechanisms of electro-adsorption and desorption on ECMs using dye as a model for organic compounds like humic acids.

通过磁控溅射在多孔乙二胺改性聚丙烯腈(PAN-EDA)超滤膜上涂覆一层超薄铂(Pt)纳米粒子,制备了导电膜(ECM)。这些 ECM 被用于电过滤,研究在正电位(0-2.5 V)条件下从水溶液中去除亮蓝染料的情况。此外,还研究了负电位(-1.0--2.5 V),以便通过解吸 ECM 表面的染料来再生膜。在 +0 V 时,EC PAN-EDA 膜因其固有的正电荷而吸附染料。施加 -2.0 V 时,染料的解吸率最高达 39%。修正的泊松-波尔兹曼(MPB)模型显示,-2.0 V 在膜基质的前 24 纳米内产生了排斥力,这对吸附在膜深处的染料离子的影响微乎其微,因此将电解吸效率限制在 39%。此外,将正电位从 +0.5 V 提高到 +2.5 V,可使染料电吸附增加 9.5 倍,在 pH 值为 8(相当于膜的等电点)时,从 132 mg/m2 增加到 1112 mg/m2。MBP 模拟表明,电吸附负载量的增加与吸引力的增加有关,这表明吸引力诱导的电吸附是主要机制,其他机制(如电化学氧化)的作用被排除在外。在 pH 值为 5 时,电吸附进一步增加到 1390 mg/m2,这可能是由于与 pH 值为 8 时相比,膜带有额外的正电荷(zeta 电位 = 9.2 mV)。这些发现有助于阐明以染料为模型的有机化合物(如腐殖酸)在 ECM 上的电吸附和解吸机制。
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引用次数: 0
Treatment of Synthetic Wastewater Containing Polystyrene (PS) Nanoplastics by Membrane Bioreactor (MBR): Study of the Effects on Microbial Community and Membrane Fouling 利用膜生物反应器 (MBR) 处理含有聚苯乙烯 (PS) 纳米塑料的合成废水:研究对微生物群落和膜污垢的影响
IF 3.3 4区 工程技术 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL Pub Date : 2024-08-09 DOI: 10.3390/membranes14080174
Anamary Pompa-Pernía, S. Molina, Laura Cherta, Lorena Martínez-García, J. Landaburu-Aguirre
The persistent presence of micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs) in aquatic environments, particularly via effluents from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), poses significant ecological risks. This study investigated the removal efficiency of polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NPs) using a lab-scale aerobic membrane bioreactor (aMBR) equipped with different membrane types: microfiltration (MF), commercial ultrafiltration (c-UF), and recycled ultrafiltration (r-UF) membranes. Performance was assessed using synthetic urban wastewater spiked with PS-NPs, focusing on membrane efficiency, fouling behavior, and microbial community shifts. All aMBR systems achieved high organic matter removal, exceeding a 97% COD reduction in both the control and PS-exposed reactors. While low concentrations of PS-NPs did not significantly impact the sludge settleability or soluble microbial products initially, a higher accumulation increased the carbohydrate concentrations, indicating a protective bacterial response. The microbial community composition also adapted over time under polystyrene stress. All membrane types exhibited substantial NP removal; however, the presence of nano-sized PS particles negatively affected the membrane performance, enhancing the fouling phenomena and increasing transmembrane pressure. Despite this, the r-UF membrane demonstrated comparable efficiency to c-UF, suggesting its potential for sustainable applications. Advanced characterization techniques including pyrolysis gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) were employed for NP detection and quantification.
微塑料和纳米塑料(MNPs)在水生环境中的持续存在,尤其是通过污水处理厂(WWTPs)排出的废水,对生态环境构成了重大风险。本研究使用实验室规模的好氧膜生物反应器(aMBR)研究了聚苯乙烯纳米塑料(PS-NPs)的去除效率,该反应器配备了不同类型的膜:微滤膜(MF)、商用超滤膜(c-UF)和再生超滤膜(r-UF)。使用添加了 PS-NPs 的合成城市污水对其性能进行了评估,重点关注膜效率、结垢行为和微生物群落变化。所有 aMBR 系统都实现了较高的有机物去除率,在对照组和 PS 暴露反应器中,COD 的去除率都超过了 97%。虽然低浓度的 PS-NPs 最初不会对污泥沉降性或可溶性微生物产物产生重大影响,但较高浓度的 PS-NPs 会增加碳水化合物的浓度,这表明细菌会做出保护性反应。在聚苯乙烯压力下,微生物群落组成也会随着时间的推移而调整。所有类型的膜都能大量去除 NP;然而,纳米级 PS 粒子的存在对膜的性能产生了负面影响,加剧了污垢现象并增加了跨膜压力。尽管如此,r-UF 膜仍表现出与 c-UF 相当的效率,这表明它具有可持续应用的潜力。先进的表征技术包括热解气相色谱/质谱法(Py-GC/MS),用于 NP 的检测和定量。
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引用次数: 0
High-Temperature Water Electrolysis Properties of Membrane Electrode Assemblies with Nafion and Crosslinked Sulfonated Polyphenylsulfone Membranes by Using a Decal Method 采用贴花法研究含 Nafion 膜和交联磺化聚苯砜膜的膜电极组件的高温水电解特性
IF 3.3 4区 工程技术 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL Pub Date : 2024-08-08 DOI: 10.3390/membranes14080173
Je-Deok Kim
To improve the stability of high-temperature water electrolysis, I prepared membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) using a decal method and investigated their water electrolysis properties. Nafion 115 and crosslinked sulfonated polyphenylsulfone (CSPPSU) membranes were used. IrO2 was used as the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalyst, and Pt/C was used as the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) catalyst. The conductivity of the CSPPSU membrane at 80 °C and 90% RH (relative humidity) is about four times lower than that of the Nafion 115 membrane. Single-cell water electrolysis was performed while measuring the current density and performing electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) at cell temperatures from 80 to 150 °C and the stability of the current density over time at 120 °C and 1.7 V. The current density of water electrolysis using Nafion 115 and CSPPSU membranes at 150 °C and 2 V was 1.2 A/cm2 for both. The current density of the water electrolysis using the CSPPSU membrane at 120 °C and 1.7 V was stable for 40 h. The decal method improved the contact between the CSPPSU membrane and the catalyst electrode, and a stable current density was obtained.
为了提高高温水电解的稳定性,我采用贴花法制备了膜电极组件(MEA),并研究了它们的水电解性能。使用了 Nafion 115 和交联磺化聚苯砜 (CSPPSU) 膜。以 IrO2 作为氧进化反应(OER)催化剂,以 Pt/C 作为氢进化反应(HER)催化剂。在 80 °C 和 90% RH(相对湿度)条件下,CSPPSU 膜的电导率比 Nafion 115 膜低约四倍。在 80 至 150 °C 的电池温度下进行了单电池水电解,同时测量了电流密度并进行了电化学阻抗谱分析(EIS),并在 120 °C 和 1.7 V 电压下测量了电流密度随时间变化的稳定性。在 150 °C 和 2 V 条件下,使用 Nafion 115 和 CSPPSU 膜电解水的电流密度均为 1.2 A/cm2 。贴花法改善了 CSPPSU 膜与催化剂电极之间的接触,获得了稳定的电流密度。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Membranes
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