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Hydrodynamic Evaluation of a Filtering Hydrocyclone for Solid Particle/Water Separation. 用于固体颗粒/水分离的过滤式水力旋流器的水动力评估。
IF 3.3 4区 工程技术 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL Pub Date : 2024-08-06 DOI: 10.3390/membranes14080171
Daniel C M Cavalcante, Hortência L F Magalhães, Severino R Farias Neto, Ricardo S Gomez, João M P Q Delgado, Antonio G B Lima, Danielle B T Vasconcelos, Márcio J V Silva, Daniel O Farias, Suelyn F A M Queiroz, Antonio C Q Santos, Thâmmara L H Tito, Emmanuel F M Silva

A conventional hydrocyclones is a versatile equipment with a high processing capacity and low maintenance cost. Currently, several studies aim to alter the typical structure of the conventional hydrocyclone in order to modify its performance and purpose. For this, filtering hydrocyclones have emerged, where a porous membrane replaces the conic or cylindrical wall. During the operation of this equipment, in addition to the traditionally observed streams (feed, underflow, and overflow), there is a liquid stream resulting from the filtration process, commonly referred to as filtrate. This work proposes to numerically investigate the solid particle/liquid water separation process in a filtering hydrocyclone using the commercial software Ansys CFX® 15.0. The proposed mathematical model for the study considers three-dimensional, steady state and turbulent flow, using the Eulerian-Eulerian approach and the Shear Stress Transport (SST) turbulence model. This study presents and analyzes the volume fraction, velocity, and pressure fields, along with flowlines and velocity profiles. The results indicate that the proposed model effectively captures the fluid dynamic behavior within the filtering hydrocyclone, highlighting higher pressures near the porous membrane and a higher concentration of solid particles in the conical region, with water being more concentrated in the cylindrical part of the hydrocyclone. Additionally, the findings show that the volumetric flow rate of the filtrate significantly influences the internal flow dynamics, with conventional hydrocyclones demonstrating higher pressure gradients compared to the proposed filtering hydrocyclone.

传统水力旋流器是一种多功能设备,具有处理能力强、维护成本低的特点。目前,一些研究旨在改变传统水力旋流器的典型结构,以改变其性能和用途。为此,出现了过滤式水力旋流器,用多孔膜代替锥形或圆柱形壁。在这种设备的运行过程中,除了传统观察到的液流(进料、底流和溢流)外,还有过滤过程中产生的液流,通常称为滤液。本研究拟使用商业软件 Ansys CFX® 15.0 对过滤式水力旋流器中的固体颗粒/液体水分离过程进行数值研究。研究中提出的数学模型考虑了三维、稳态和湍流,采用了欧拉-欧拉方法和剪应力传输(SST)湍流模型。本研究介绍并分析了体积分数、速度和压力场,以及流线和速度剖面。结果表明,所提出的模型能有效捕捉过滤水力旋流器内的流体动力学行为,突出显示多孔膜附近的压力较高,锥形区域的固体颗粒浓度较高,水在水力旋流器的圆柱形部分浓度较高。此外,研究结果表明,滤液的体积流量对内部流动动力学有显著影响,与拟议的过滤式水力旋流器相比,传统水力旋流器显示出更高的压力梯度。
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引用次数: 0
Removal of Microplastics in a Hybrid Treatment Process of Ceramic Microfiltration and Photocatalyst-Mounted PES Spheres with Air Backwashing. 在陶瓷微过滤和安装了光催化剂的聚醚砜球与空气反冲洗的混合处理过程中去除微塑料。
IF 3.3 4区 工程技术 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL Pub Date : 2024-07-31 DOI: 10.3390/membranes14080169
Minjoo Song, Jin Yong Park

Microplastics (MPs), which are defined as plastics with a size of less than 5 mm, cannot be treated completely in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and discharged to a water body because they are too small in size. It has been reported that MPs can have adverse effects on human beings and water ecosystems. There is a need to combine existing drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) and WWTPs with the traditional treatment process and technology with high removal efficiency of MPs or to develop a new technology to separate MPs from water and wastewater. In this study, the effects of MPs (polyethylene (PE), 125 μm) and organic matter (humic acid) were researched in a hybrid treatment process of ceramic microfiltration (MF) and photocatalyst (TiO2)-mounted polyether sulfone (PES) spheres with air backwashing. The roles of the MF, photooxidation, and adsorption of PES spheres were confirmed in a single MF process (MF), an MF process with UV irradiation (MF+UV), MF and PES sphere adsorption without UV irradiation (MF+PES), and a hybrid process incorporating MF and PES spheres with UV irradiation (MF+PES+UV). The impact of the air backwashing cycle (filtration time, FT) on filtration characteristics and treatment efficiencies in the hybrid process was studied. In the MF process, membrane fouling increased with increasing organic matter (HA, humic acid). The treatment efficiency of MPs increased; however, that of dissolved organic matter (DOM) decreased with increasing HA. As MPs increased, the membrane fouling decreased; however, total filtration volume (VT) remained almost constant. The treatment efficiency of MPs increased a little, and that of DOM showed a dropping trend. In the hybrid process, the membrane fouling was controlled via the adsorption and UV photooxidation of the PES spheres, and the DOM treatment efficiency increased by combining processes from MF to MF+PES+UV. The optimal FT was 10 min at BT 10 s in this hybrid process. The results could be applied to separate MPs effectively in DWTPs/WWTPs.

微塑料(MPs)是指尺寸小于 5 毫米的塑料,由于尺寸太小,无法在污水处理厂(WWTPs)中完全处理并排放到水体中。据报道,MPs 会对人类和水生态系统造成不利影响。因此,有必要将现有的饮用水处理厂(DWTP)和污水处理厂与传统的处理工艺和技术相结合,以实现对 MPs 的高效去除,或者开发一种新技术,将 MPs 从水和废水中分离出来。本研究研究了陶瓷微滤(MF)和光催化剂(TiO2)安装的聚醚砜(PES)球体与空气反冲洗的混合处理工艺对 MPs(聚乙烯(PE),125 μm)和有机物(腐植酸)的影响。在单一微滤工艺(MF)、带有紫外线照射的微滤工艺(MF+UV)、不带有紫外线照射的微滤和聚醚砜球吸附工艺(MF+PES)以及带有紫外线照射的微滤和聚醚砜球混合工艺(MF+PES+UV)中,确认了微滤、光氧化和聚醚砜球吸附的作用。在混合工艺中,研究了空气反冲洗周期(过滤时间,FT)对过滤特性和处理效率的影响。在 MF 工艺中,膜污垢随着有机物(HA、腐殖酸)的增加而增加。MPs 的处理效率提高了,但溶解有机物(DOM)的处理效率却随着 HA 的增加而降低。随着 MPs 的增加,膜污垢减少;但总过滤量(VT)几乎保持不变。MPs 的处理效率略有提高,而 DOM 的处理效率呈下降趋势。在混合工艺中,通过 PES 球体的吸附和紫外光氧化作用控制了膜污垢,并通过从 MF 到 MF+PES+UV 的组合工艺提高了 DOM 的处理效率。在这种混合工艺中,最佳的 FT 为 10 分钟,BT 为 10 秒。该结果可用于有效分离污水处理厂/污水处理厂中的 MPs。
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引用次数: 0
Lipid-Based Catalysis Demonstrated by Bilayer-Enabled Ester Hydrolysis. 双分子层催化酯类水解所展示的脂基催化作用
IF 3.3 4区 工程技术 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL Pub Date : 2024-07-30 DOI: 10.3390/membranes14080168
Shu Liu, Kiran Kumar, Tracey Bell, Ayyalusamy Ramamoorthy, David Van Winkle, Steven Lenhert

Lipids have not traditionally been considered likely candidates for catalyzing reactions in biological systems. However, there is significant evidence that aggregates of amphiphilic compounds are capable of catalyzing reactions in synthetic organic chemistry. Here, we demonstrate the potential for the hydrophobic region of a lipid bilayer to provide an environment suitable for catalysis by means of a lipid aggregate capable of speeding up a chemical reaction. By bringing organic molecules into the nonpolar or hydrophobic region of a lipid bilayer, reactions can be catalyzed by individual or collections of small, nonpolar, or amphiphilic molecules. We demonstrate this concept by the ester hydrolysis of calcein-AM to produce a fluorescent product, which is a widely used assay for esterase activity in cells. The reaction was first carried out in a two-phase octanol-water system, with the organic phase containing the cationic amphiphiles cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) or octadecylamine. The octanol phase was then replaced with phospholipid vesicles in water, where the reaction was also found to be carried out. The reaction was monitored using quantitative fluorescence, which revealed catalytic turnover numbers on a scale of 10-7 to 10-8 s-1 for each system, which is much slower than enzymatic catalysis. The reaction product was characterized by 1H-NMR measurements, which were consistent with ester hydrolysis. The implications of thinking about lipids and lipid aggregates as catalytic entities are discussed in the context of biochemistry, pharmacology, and synthetic biology.

传统上,人们认为脂质不可能催化生物系统中的反应。然而,有大量证据表明,两亲化合物的聚集体能够催化合成有机化学中的反应。在这里,我们证明了脂质双分子层的疏水区域有可能通过能够加速化学反应的脂质聚集体提供适合催化反应的环境。通过将有机分子带入脂质双分子层的非极性或疏水区域,可以由单个或集合的小分子、非极性分子或两性分子催化反应。我们通过钙黄绿素-AM 的酯水解产生荧光产物来证明这一概念,这是细胞中酯酶活性的一种广泛应用的检测方法。反应首先在正辛醇-水两相体系中进行,有机相中含有阳离子两性化合物十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)或十八胺。然后用水中的磷脂囊泡取代正辛醇相,发现反应也在水中进行。利用定量荧光对反应进行了监测,结果显示每个体系的催化周转次数为 10-7 至 10-8 s-1,比酶催化反应慢得多。反应产物通过 1H-NMR 测量进行表征,结果与酯水解一致。本文从生物化学、药理学和合成生物学的角度讨论了将脂质和脂质聚集体视为催化实体的意义。
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引用次数: 0
Revisiting the Effect of the Resistance to Gas Accumulation in Constant Volume Systems on the Membrane Time Lag. 重新审视恒容系统中气体积聚阻力对薄膜时滞的影响。
IF 3.3 4区 工程技术 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL Pub Date : 2024-07-30 DOI: 10.3390/membranes14080167
Peter Jr Leszczynski, Siamak Lashkari, Boguslaw Kruczek

The time-lag method is commonly used to determine membrane permeability, diffusivity and solubility in a single gas permeation experiment in a constant volume system. An unwritten assumption on which this method relies is that there is no resistance to gas accumulation in the downstream receiver of the system. However, this is not the case, even with the specially designed receiver used in this study when, in addition to tubing, the receiver utilizes an additional accumulation tank. The resistance to gas accumulation originates from a finite diffusivity (Knudsen diffusion) of gases in tubing, which are magnified by "resistance-free" accumulation tank(s). As a result of the resistance to gas accumulation, the time lag of the membrane is underestimated, which leads to an overestimation of gas diffusivity in the membrane. The experimentally predicted resistances in different configurations of the receiver, expressed by the difference in the time lag at two different receiver locations, were several times greater than the theoretically predicted values. A high molecular PPO membrane was used to demonstrate this effect. The time lags measured at different locations differed by as much as 30%. The diffusivity of nitrogen in a PPO of 4.04 × 10-12 m2/s determined at the optimum configuration of the receiver is at least 50% lower than the literature-reported values.

时滞法通常用于在恒定体积系统中的一次气体渗透实验中确定膜渗透性、扩散性和溶解性。这种方法所依赖的一个不成文的假设是,在系统的下游接收器中没有气体积聚的阻力。然而,事实并非如此,即使是本研究中使用的特殊设计的接收器,除管道外,接收器还使用了一个额外的积聚罐。气体积聚的阻力来自管路中气体的有限扩散率(克努森扩散),而 "无阻力 "积聚罐放大了这一阻力。由于气体积聚的阻力,膜的时滞被低估,从而导致膜中气体扩散率被高估。实验预测的不同配置接收器的阻力(以两个不同接收器位置的时滞差表示)比理论预测值大几倍。高分子 PPO 膜被用来证明这种效应。在不同位置测得的时滞相差高达 30%。在接收器的最佳配置下测定的 PPO 中氮的扩散率为 4.04 × 10-12 m2/s,比文献报道的值至少低 50%。
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引用次数: 0
Influence of Feed Composition on the Separation Factor during Nanofiltration of Organic Acids. 有机酸纳滤过程中进料成分对分离因子的影响
IF 3.3 4区 工程技术 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL Pub Date : 2024-07-28 DOI: 10.3390/membranes14080166
Gustavo Tottoli, Sylvain Galier, Hélène Roux-de Balmann

In this study, nanofiltration experiments using synthetic solutions containing acetate, butyrate, and lactate are carried out to assess the impact of the feed composition, i.e., feed concentration and feed proportions, on the separation factor of couples of solutes in binary and ternary solutions. In binary solutions, no influence of the solute proportions in the feed was pointed out, whatever the couple of solutes. The separation factor of acetate/butyrate and acetate/lactate was found to decrease with increasing feed concentration, while that of lactate/butyrate remained constant. The separation factors of acetate/lactate and lactate/butyrate were identical in ternary solutions compared to binary ones, showing no impact of the addition of the third solute. In ternary solutions, the presence of lactate decreased the separation factor of acetate/butyrate, but this decrease was not influenced by the proportion of lactate.

本研究使用含有醋酸盐、丁酸盐和乳酸盐的合成溶液进行纳滤实验,以评估进料成分(即进料浓度和进料比例)对二元和三元溶液中溶质耦合分离因子的影响。在二元溶液中,无论溶质对偶如何,进料中的溶质比例都没有影响。乙酸盐/丁酸盐和乙酸盐/乳酸盐的分离因数随着进料浓度的增加而降低,而乳酸盐/丁酸盐的分离因数保持不变。与二元溶液相比,三元溶液中醋酸酯/乳酸酯和乳酸酯/丁酸酯的分离因数相同,表明添加第三种溶质没有影响。在三元溶液中,乳酸盐的存在降低了醋酸盐/丁酸盐的分离因数,但这种降低不受乳酸盐比例的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Carbon-Based Nanocomposite Membranes for Membrane Distillation: Progress, Problems and Future Prospects. 用于膜蒸馏的碳基纳米复合膜:进展、问题和未来展望》。
IF 3.3 4区 工程技术 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL Pub Date : 2024-07-20 DOI: 10.3390/membranes14070160
Chhabilal Regmi, Yuwaraj K Kshetri, S Ranil Wickramasinghe

The development of an ideal membrane for membrane distillation (MD) is of the utmost importance. Enhancing the efficiency of MD by adding nanoparticles to or onto a membrane's surface has drawn considerable attention from the scientific community. It is crucial to thoroughly examine state-of-the-art nanomaterials-enabled MD membranes with desirable properties, as they greatly enhance the efficiency and reliability of the MD process. This, in turn, opens up opportunities for achieving a sustainable water-energy-environment nexus. By introducing carbon-based nanomaterials into the membrane's structure, the membrane gains excellent separation abilities, resistance to various feed waters, and a longer lifespan. Additionally, the use of carbon-based nanomaterials in MD has led to improved membrane performance characteristics such as increased permeability and a reduced fouling propensity. These nanomaterials have also enabled novel membrane capabilities like in situ foulant degradation and localized heat generation. Therefore, this review offers an overview of how the utilization of different carbon-based nanomaterials in membrane synthesis impacts the membrane characteristics, particularly the liquid entry pressure (LEP), hydrophobicity, porosity, and membrane permeability, as well as reduced fouling, thereby advancing the MD technology for water treatment processes. Furthermore, this review also discusses the development, challenges, and research opportunities that arise from these findings.

开发用于膜蒸馏(MD)的理想膜至关重要。通过在膜表面添加纳米颗粒来提高 MD 的效率已引起科学界的极大关注。彻底研究具有理想特性的最先进纳米材料支持 MD 膜至关重要,因为它们大大提高了 MD 过程的效率和可靠性。这反过来又为实现可持续的水-能源-环境关系提供了机会。通过在膜结构中引入碳基纳米材料,膜可获得出色的分离能力、对各种进水的耐受性以及更长的使用寿命。此外,在 MD 中使用碳基纳米材料还能改善膜的性能特征,如增加渗透性和降低污垢倾向。这些纳米材料还实现了新的膜功能,如原位污物降解和局部发热。因此,本综述概述了在膜合成中使用不同的碳基纳米材料如何影响膜特性,特别是液体进入压力(LEP)、疏水性、孔隙率和膜渗透性,以及如何减少污垢,从而推进水处理过程中的 MD 技术。此外,本综述还讨论了这些发现带来的发展、挑战和研究机会。
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引用次数: 0
Electrophysiological Insights into Antibiotic Translocation and Resistance: The Impact of Outer Membrane Proteins. 抗生素转运和耐药性的电生理学启示:外膜蛋白的影响。
IF 3.3 4区 工程技术 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL Pub Date : 2024-07-20 DOI: 10.3390/membranes14070161
Ishan Ghai

The alarming rise of antibiotic resistance in Gram-negative bacteria has emerged as a major global health challenge. A key factor contributing to this crisis is the low permeability of the bacterial outer membrane, which acts as a barrier that prevents antibiotics from entering the cell. Protein channels embedded in this outer membrane selectively regulate the influx of hydrophilic compounds, including antibiotics. To combat antibiotic resistance, understanding the molecular mechanisms governing antibiotic permeability through bacterial membrane channels is crucial. This knowledge is key towards elucidating their roles in studing antibiotic resistance. By compiling and analysing the flux data from multiple electrophysiological reversal potential experimental studies, which involves measuring zero-current potentials and the corresponding single-channel conductance, we can calculate the flux of charged antibiotics/compounds across different Gram-negative bacterial outer membrane channels. Through this comprehensive synthesis, this review aims to advance our understanding and stimulate discussions about the physicochemical factors influencing the flux of antibiotics through bacterial membrane protein channels, ultimately enhancing our knowledge in this area.

革兰氏阴性细菌中抗生素耐药性的惊人增长已成为全球健康的一大挑战。导致这一危机的一个关键因素是细菌外膜的低渗透性,它是阻止抗生素进入细胞的屏障。嵌入外膜的蛋白通道可选择性地调节亲水性化合物(包括抗生素)的流入。要对抗抗生素耐药性,了解通过细菌膜通道调节抗生素渗透性的分子机制至关重要。这些知识对于阐明它们在研究抗生素耐药性方面的作用至关重要。通过汇编和分析多项电生理反转电位实验研究的通量数据(包括测量零电流电位和相应的单通道电导),我们可以计算出带电抗生素/化合物通过不同革兰氏阴性细菌外膜通道的通量。这篇综述旨在通过全面的综述,加深我们对影响抗生素通过细菌膜蛋白通道的物理化学因素的理解并激发讨论,最终增进我们在这一领域的知识。
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引用次数: 0
Cleaning of Ultrafiltration Membranes: Long-Term Treatment of Car Wash Wastewater as a Case Study. 超滤膜的清洁:洗车废水的长期处理案例研究。
IF 3.3 4区 工程技术 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL Pub Date : 2024-07-19 DOI: 10.3390/membranes14070159
Wirginia Tomczak, Piotr Woźniak, Marek Gryta, Joanna Grzechulska-Damszel, Monika Daniluk

Car wash wastewaters (CWWs) contain various pollutants with different contents. Hence, selecting an appropriate process for their treatment is a great challenge. Undoubtedly, the ultrafiltration (UF) process is one of the most interesting and reliable choices. Therefore, the main aim of the current study was to investigate the performance of the UF membranes used for the long-term treatment of real CWWs. For this purpose, two polyethersulfone (PES) membranes with molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) values equal to 10 and 100 kDa were applied. As expected, a significant decrease in the permeate flux during the UF run was observed. However, it was immediately demonstrated that the systematic cleaning of membranes (every day) with Insect agent (pH = 11.5) prevented a further decline in the process's performance. In addition, this study focused on the relative flux during the process run with breaks lasting a few days when the UF installation was filled with distilled water. The results of this research indicated that aqueous media favor microorganism adherence to the surface which leads to the formation of biofilms inside processing installations. As a consequence, many attempts have been made to restore the initial membrane performance. It has been found that the application of several chemical agents is required. More precisely, the use of an Insect solution, P3 Ultrasil 11 agent, and phosphoric acid increases the relative flux to a value of 0.8. Finally, it has been indicated that the membranes used in this work are resistant to the long-term exposure to bacteria and chemical agents. However, during the separation of CWWs for the membrane with an MWCO of 10 kDa, a lesser fouling influence and higher effectiveness of cleaning were obtained. Finally, the present study demonstrates a novel analysis and innovative implications towards applying the UF process for the CWW treatment.

洗车废水(CWW)含有各种不同含量的污染物。因此,选择合适的工艺对其进行处理是一项巨大的挑战。毫无疑问,超滤(UF)工艺是最有趣、最可靠的选择之一。因此,本研究的主要目的是调查用于长期处理实际化武废水的超滤膜的性能。为此,研究人员使用了两种分子量截断值(MWCO)分别为 10 和 100 kDa 的聚醚砜(PES)膜。不出所料,在超滤运行期间观察到渗透通量明显下降。不过,研究立即证明,用昆虫剂(pH = 11.5)对膜进行系统清洗(每天)可防止工艺性能进一步下降。此外,这项研究还重点关注了工艺运行期间的相对通量,当超滤装置中充满蒸馏水时,通量会有几天的间歇期。研究结果表明,水介质有利于微生物附着在表面,从而在处理装置内形成生物膜。因此,人们尝试了许多方法来恢复膜的初始性能。人们发现,需要使用多种化学制剂。更确切地说,使用昆虫溶液、P3 Ultrasil 11 药剂和磷酸可将相对通量提高到 0.8。最后,研究表明,这项工作中使用的膜可以抵御细菌和化学试剂的长期侵蚀。然而,在截留分子量为 10 kDa 的膜分离 CWWs 的过程中,污垢影响较小,清洗效果较好。最后,本研究为将超滤工艺用于化武处理提供了新的分析和创新意义。
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引用次数: 0
Comparative Analysis of the Impact of Protein on Virus Retention for Different Virus Removal Filters. 不同病毒去除过滤器中蛋白质对病毒滞留影响的比较分析
IF 3.3 4区 工程技术 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL Pub Date : 2024-07-17 DOI: 10.3390/membranes14070158
Mohammad A Afzal, Joshua Peles, Andrew L Zydney

The performance of virus filters is often determined by the extent of protein fouling, which can affect both filtrate flux and virus retention. However, the mechanisms governing changes in virus retention in the presence of proteins are still not well understood. The objective of this work was to examine the effect of proteins on virus retention by both asymmetric (Viresolve® NFP and Viresolve® Pro) and relatively homogeneous (Ultipor® DV20 and PegasusTM SV4) virus filtration membranes. Experiments were performed with bacteriophage ϕX174 as a model parvovirus and human serum immunoglobulin G (hIgG) as a model protein. The virus retention in 1 g/L hIgG solutions was consistently less than that in a protein-free buffer solution by between 1 to 3 logs for the different virus filters. The virus retention profiles for the two homogeneous membranes were very similar, with the virus retention being highly correlated with the extent of flux decline. Membranes prefouled with hIgG and then challenged with phages also showed much lower virus retention, demonstrating the importance of membrane fouling; the one exception was the Viresolve® Pro membrane, which showed a similar virus retention for the prefouled and pristine membranes. Experiments in which the protein was filtered after the virus challenge demonstrated that hIgG can displace previously captured viruses from within a filter. The magnitude of these effects significantly varied for the different virus filters, likely due to differences in membrane morphology, pore size distribution, and chemistry, providing important insights into the development/application of virus filtration in bioprocessing.

病毒过滤器的性能通常取决于蛋白质结垢的程度,蛋白质结垢会影响滤液通量和病毒截留率。然而,人们对蛋白质存在时病毒截留率的变化机制仍不甚了解。这项工作的目的是研究蛋白质对非对称(Viresolve® NFP 和 Viresolve® Pro)和相对均质(Ultipor® DV20 和 PegasusTM SV4)病毒过滤膜截留病毒的影响。实验以噬菌体ϕX174 为 parvovirus 模型,以人血清免疫球蛋白 G (hIgG) 为模型蛋白。对于不同的病毒过滤器,病毒在 1 g/L hIgG 溶液中的滞留率始终比在不含蛋白质的缓冲溶液中低 1 至 3 logs。两种均质膜的病毒滞留曲线非常相似,病毒滞留与通量下降的程度高度相关。用 hIgG 预污后再用噬菌体挑战的膜也显示出更低的病毒截留率,这证明了膜结垢的重要性;Viresolve® Pro 膜是一个例外,它在预污膜和原始膜上显示出相似的病毒截留率。在病毒挑战后过滤蛋白质的实验表明,hIgG 能将先前捕获的病毒从过滤器中置换出来。这些效应的大小在不同的病毒过滤器中存在显著差异,这可能是由于膜的形态、孔径分布和化学性质不同造成的,为生物处理中病毒过滤的开发/应用提供了重要的启示。
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引用次数: 0
Cellulose Membranes: Synthesis and Applications for Water and Gas Separation and Purification. 纤维素膜:水和气体分离与净化的合成与应用》。
IF 3.3 4区 工程技术 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL Pub Date : 2024-06-30 DOI: 10.3390/membranes14070148
Jinwu Wang, Syed Comail Abbas, Ling Li, Colleen C Walker, Yonghao Ni, Zhiyong Cai

Membranes are a selective barrier that allows certain species (molecules and ions) to pass through while blocking others. Some rely on size exclusion, where larger molecules get stuck while smaller ones permeate through. Others use differences in charge or polarity to attract and repel specific species. Membranes can purify air and water by allowing only air and water molecules to pass through, while preventing contaminants such as microorganisms and particles, or to separate a target gas or vapor, such as H2 and CO2, from other gases. The higher the flux and selectivity, the better a material is for membranes. The desirable performance can be tuned through material type (polymers, ceramics, and biobased materials), microstructure (porosity and tortuosity), and surface chemistry. Most membranes are made from plastic from petroleum-based resources, contributing to global climate change and plastic pollution. Cellulose can be an alternative sustainable resource for making renewable membranes. Cellulose exists in plant cell walls as natural fibers, which can be broken down into smaller components such as cellulose fibrils, nanofibrils, nanocrystals, and cellulose macromolecules through mechanical and chemical processing. Membranes made from reassembling these particles and molecules have variable pore architecture, porosity, and separation properties and, therefore, have a wide range of applications in nano-, micro-, and ultrafiltration and forward osmosis. Despite their advantages, cellulose membranes face some challenges. Improving the selectivity of membranes for specific molecules often comes at the expense of permeability. The stability of cellulose membranes in harsh environments or under continuous operation needs further improvement. Research is ongoing to address these challenges and develop advanced cellulose membranes with enhanced performance. This article reviews the microstructures, fabrication methods, and potential applications of cellulose membranes, providing some critical insights into processing-structure-property relationships for current state-of-the-art cellulosic membranes that could be used to improve their performance.

膜是一种选择性屏障,允许某些物种(分子和离子)通过,同时阻挡其他物种。有些膜依靠尺寸排阻,较大的分子会被卡住,而较小的分子则会渗透过去。还有一些则利用电荷或极性的不同来吸引和排斥特定物种。膜可以净化空气和水,只允许空气和水分子通过,同时阻止微生物和颗粒等污染物,或者从其他气体中分离出目标气体或蒸汽,如 H2 和 CO2。通量和选择性越高,膜材料就越好。理想的性能可通过材料类型(聚合物、陶瓷和生物基材料)、微观结构(孔隙率和迂回度)和表面化学来调整。大多数膜都是用石油资源中的塑料制成的,这加剧了全球气候变化和塑料污染。纤维素是制造可再生膜的另一种可持续资源。纤维素以天然纤维的形式存在于植物细胞壁中,可通过机械和化学处理分解成纤维素纤维、纳米纤维、纳米晶体和纤维素大分子等更小的成分。由这些颗粒和分子重新组合而成的膜具有不同的孔隙结构、孔隙率和分离性能,因此在纳米、微米、超滤和正渗透领域有着广泛的应用。尽管纤维素膜有其优势,但也面临着一些挑战。提高膜对特定分子的选择性往往以牺牲渗透性为代价。纤维素膜在恶劣环境或连续操作下的稳定性需要进一步提高。为应对这些挑战并开发出性能更强的先进纤维素膜,相关研究正在进行中。本文回顾了纤维素膜的微观结构、制造方法和潜在应用,为当前最先进的纤维素膜的加工-结构-性能关系提供了一些重要的见解,这些见解可用来提高纤维素膜的性能。
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