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The Application of TiO2/ZrO2-Modified Nanocomposite PES Membrane for Improved Permeability of Textile Dye in Water. 应用 TiO2/ZrO2 改性纳米复合聚醚砜膜提高纺织染料在水中的渗透性
IF 3.3 4区 工程技术 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL Pub Date : 2024-10-21 DOI: 10.3390/membranes14100222
Sibukiso Thobani Nhlengethwa, Charmaine Sesethu Tshangana, Bhekie Brilliance Mamba, Adolph Anga Muleja

This study investigates the modification of polyethersulfone (PES) membranes with 1 wt% titanium dioxide (TiO2), zirconium dioxide (ZrO2) and a nanocomposite of TiO2/ZrO2. The aim was to efficiently remove Rhodamine B (RhB) from water using a threefold approach of adsorption, filtration and photodegradation. Among the modified membranes (TiO2, ZrO2 and TiO2/ZrO2), the TiO2/ZrO2-PES nanocomposite membrane showed a better performance in rejection of RhB than other membranes with the rejection efficiency of 96.5%. The TiO2/ZrO2-PES membrane was found to possess a thicker selective layer and reduced mean pore radius, which contributed to its improved rejection. The TiO2/ZrO2 nanocomposite membrane also showed high bulk porosity and a slightly lower contact angle of 69.88° compared to pristine PES with a value of 73°, indicating an improvement in hydrophilicity. Additionally, the TiO2/ZrO2-PES nanocomposite membrane demonstrated a relatively lower surface roughness (Sa) of 8.53 nm, which offers the membrane antifouling properties. The TiO2/ZrO2-PES membrane showed flux recovery ratio (FRR), total fouling (Rt), reversible fouling (Rr) and irreversible fouling (Rir) of 48.0%, 88.7%, 36,8% and 52.9%, respectively. For the photocatalytic degradation performance, the removal efficiency of RhB followed this order TiO2 > TiO2/ZrO2 > ZrO2 (87.6%, 85.7%, 67.8%). The tensile strength and elongation were found to be compromised with the addition of nanoparticles and nanocomposites. This indicates the necessity to further modify and optimise membrane fabrication to achieve improved mechanical strength of the membranes. At low pressure, the overall findings suggest that the TiO2/ZrO2 nanocomposite has the potential to offer significant improvements in membrane performance (water flux) compared to other modifications.

本研究探讨了用 1 wt% 的二氧化钛 (TiO2)、二氧化锆 (ZrO2) 和 TiO2/ZrO2 纳米复合材料对聚醚砜 (PES) 膜进行改性的问题。其目的是利用吸附、过滤和光降解三重方法有效去除水中的罗丹明 B(RhB)。在改性膜(TiO2、ZrO2 和 TiO2/ZrO2)中,TiO2/ZrO2-PES 纳米复合膜对 RhB 的去除效果优于其他膜,去除率达到 96.5%。研究发现,TiO2/ZrO2-PES 膜具有更厚的选择层和更小的平均孔半径,这有助于提高其抑制性能。TiO2/ZrO2 纳米复合膜还显示出较高的孔隙率,与原始 PES 的 73°接触角相比,TiO2/ZrO2 纳米复合膜的接触角略低,为 69.88°,这表明其亲水性有所改善。此外,TiO2/ZrO2-PES 纳米复合膜的表面粗糙度(Sa)相对较低,为 8.53 nm,这为膜提供了防污性能。TiO2/ZrO2-PES 膜的通量回收率(FRR)、总污垢率(Rt)、可逆污垢率(Rr)和不可逆污垢率(Rir)分别为 48.0%、88.7%、36.8% 和 52.9%。在光催化降解性能方面,RhB 的去除率依次为 TiO2 > TiO2/ZrO2 > ZrO2(87.6%、85.7%、67.8%)。添加纳米粒子和纳米复合材料后,拉伸强度和伸长率受到影响。这表明有必要进一步修改和优化膜的制造,以提高膜的机械强度。在低压条件下,总体研究结果表明,与其他改性方法相比,TiO2/ZrO2 纳米复合材料有可能显著改善膜的性能(水通量)。
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引用次数: 0
Fouling of Reverse Osmosis (RO) and Nanofiltration (NF) Membranes by Low Molecular Weight Organic Compounds (LMWOCs), Part 1: Fundamentals and Mechanism. 低分子量有机化合物 (LMWOC) 对反渗透 (RO) 和纳滤 (NF) 膜的污垢,第 1 部分:基本原理与机理。
IF 3.3 4区 工程技术 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL Pub Date : 2024-10-17 DOI: 10.3390/membranes14100221
Yasushi Maeda

Reverse osmosis (RO) and nanofiltration (NF) are ubiquitous technologies in modern water treatment, finding applications across various sectors. However, the availability of high-quality water suitable for RO/NF feed is diminishing due to droughts caused by global warming, increasing demand, and water pollution. As concerns grow over the depletion of precious freshwater resources, a global movement is gaining momentum to utilize previously overlooked or challenging water sources, collectively known as "marginal water". Fouling is a serious concern when treating marginal water. In RO/NF, biofouling, organic and colloidal fouling, and scaling are particularly problematic. Of these, organic fouling, along with biofouling, has been considered difficult to manage. The major organic foulants studied are natural organic matter (NOM) for surface water and groundwater and effluent organic matter (EfOM) for municipal wastewater reuse. Polymeric substances such as sodium alginate, humic acid, and proteins have been used as model substances of EfOM. Fouling by low molecular weight organic compounds (LMWOCs) such as surfactants, phenolics, and plasticizers is known, but there have been few comprehensive reports. This review aims to shed light on fouling behavior by LMWOCs and its mechanism. LMWOC foulants reported so far are summarized, and the role of LMWOCs is also outlined for other polymeric membranes, e.g., UF, gas separation membranes, etc. Regarding the mechanism of fouling, it is explained that the fouling is caused by the strong interaction between LMWOC and the membrane, which causes the water permeation to be hindered by LMWOCs adsorbed on the membrane surface (surface fouling) and sorbed inside the membrane pores (internal fouling). Adsorption amounts and flow loss caused by the LMWOC fouling were well correlated with the octanol-water partition coefficient (log P). In part 2, countermeasures to solve this problem and applications using the LMWOCs will be outlined.

反渗透(RO)和纳滤(NF)是现代水处理中无处不在的技术,在各个领域都有应用。然而,由于全球变暖导致的干旱、日益增长的需求和水污染,适合反渗透/纳滤进水的优质水源正在减少。随着人们对珍贵淡水资源枯竭的担忧与日俱增,一场利用以前被忽视或具有挑战性的水源(统称为 "边际水")的全球运动正在蓄势待发。在处理边际水时,污垢是一个严重的问题。在反渗透/纳滤过程中,生物污垢、有机污垢和胶体污垢以及结垢问题尤为严重。其中,有机污垢和生物污垢一直被认为是难以处理的问题。所研究的主要有机污垢是地表水和地下水中的天然有机物(NOM)以及城市污水回用中的污水有机物(EfOM)。海藻酸钠、腐殖酸和蛋白质等高分子物质被用作 EfOM 的模型物质。低分子量有机化合物(LMWOCs)(如表面活性剂、酚类和增塑剂)造成的污垢已为人所知,但全面的报道却很少。本综述旨在阐明 LMWOC 的污垢行为及其机理。本文总结了迄今为止报道的 LMWOC 污垢剂,并概述了 LMWOC 对其他聚合物膜(如超滤膜、气体分离膜等)的作用。关于污垢的机理,解释了污垢是由 LMWOC 与膜之间的强烈相互作用引起的,这种作用导致膜表面吸附的 LMWOC(表面污垢)和膜孔内吸附的 LMWOC(内部污垢)阻碍了水的渗透。LMWOC 污垢造成的吸附量和流量损失与辛醇-水分配系数(log P)密切相关。第二部分将概述解决这一问题的对策以及使用 LMWOCs 的应用。
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引用次数: 0
The Influence of Cholesterol on Membrane Targeted Bioactive Peptides: Modulating Peptide Activity Through Changes in Bilayer Biophysical Properties. 胆固醇对膜靶向生物活性肽的影响:胆固醇对膜靶向生物活性肽的影响:通过改变双分子层的生物物理特性调节肽的活性。
IF 3.3 4区 工程技术 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL Pub Date : 2024-10-17 DOI: 10.3390/membranes14100220
Juan M Giraldo-Lorza, Chad Leidy, Marcela Manrique-Moreno

Cholesterol is a biological molecule that is essential for cellular life. It has unique features in terms of molecular structure and function, and plays an important role in determining the structure and properties of cell membranes. One of the most recognized functions of cholesterol is its ability to increase the level of lipid packing and rigidity of biological membranes while maintaining high levels of lateral mobility of the bulk lipids, which is necessary to sustain biochemical signaling events. There is increased interest in designing bioactive peptides that can act as effective antimicrobial agents without causing harm to human cells. For this reason, it becomes relevant to understand how cholesterol can affect the interaction between bioactive peptides and lipid membranes, in particular by modulating the peptides' ability to penetrate and disrupt the membranes through these changes in membrane rigidity. Here we discuss cholesterol and its role in modulating lipid bilayer properties and discuss recent evidence showing how cholesterol modulates bioactive peptides to different degrees.

胆固醇是细胞生命不可或缺的生物分子。它在分子结构和功能方面具有独特的特征,在决定细胞膜的结构和特性方面发挥着重要作用。胆固醇最公认的功能之一是能够增加生物膜的脂质堆积和刚性,同时保持大量脂质的高水平横向流动性,这是维持生化信号事件所必需的。人们对设计生物活性肽的兴趣与日俱增,这种肽可以作为有效的抗菌剂,同时不会对人体细胞造成伤害。因此,了解胆固醇如何影响生物活性肽与脂质膜之间的相互作用,特别是通过膜刚性的变化调节肽穿透和破坏膜的能力,就变得非常重要。在此,我们将讨论胆固醇及其在调节脂质双分子层特性方面的作用,并讨论最近显示胆固醇如何在不同程度上调节生物活性肽的证据。
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引用次数: 0
Computational Fluid Dynamics Modelling of Hydrogen Production via Water Splitting in Oxygen Membrane Reactors. 氧膜反应器中通过水分离制氢的计算流体动力学模型。
IF 3.3 4区 工程技术 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL Pub Date : 2024-10-17 DOI: 10.3390/membranes14100219
Kai Bittner, Nikolaos Margaritis, Falk Schulze-Küppers, Jörg Wolters, Ghaleb Natour

The utilization of oxygen transport membranes enables the production of high-purity hydrogen by the thermal decomposition of water below 1000 °C. This process is based on a chemical potential gradient across the membrane, which is usually achieved by introducing a reducing gas. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) can be used to model reactors based on this concept. In this study, a modelling approach for water splitting is presented in which oxygen transport through the membrane acts as the rate-determining process for the overall reaction. This transport step is implemented in the CFD simulation. Both gas compartments are modelled in the simulations. Hydrogen and methane are used as reducing gases. The model is validated using experimental data from the literature and compared with a simplified perfect mixing modelling approach. Although the main focus of this work is to propose an approach to implement the water splitting in CFD simulations, a simulation study was conducted to exemplify how CFD modelling can be utilized in design optimization. Simplified 2-dimensional and rotational symmetric reactor geometries were compared. This study shows that a parallel overflow of the membrane in an elongated reactor is advantageous, as this reduces the back diffusion of the reaction products, which increases the mean driving force for oxygen transport through the membrane.

利用氧传输膜可在 1000 °C 以下通过水的热分解生产高纯度氢气。这一过程基于膜上的化学势梯度,通常通过引入还原气体来实现。计算流体动力学(CFD)可用于模拟基于这一概念的反应器。本研究介绍了一种水分离建模方法,其中氧气通过膜的传输是整个反应的速率决定过程。这一传输步骤是在 CFD 模拟中实现的。模拟中对两个气体室都进行了建模。氢气和甲烷被用作还原气体。利用文献中的实验数据对模型进行了验证,并与简化的完全混合建模方法进行了比较。尽管这项工作的主要重点是提出一种在 CFD 模拟中实现水分离的方法,但还是进行了一项模拟研究,以示范如何在设计优化中利用 CFD 建模。对简化的二维和旋转对称反应器几何结构进行了比较。这项研究表明,在拉长的反应器中,膜的平行溢流是有利的,因为这减少了反应产物的反向扩散,从而增加了氧通过膜传输的平均驱动力。
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引用次数: 0
Cell Type-Specific Anti- and Pro-Oxidative Effects of Punica granatum L. Ellagitannins. 石榴鞣花单宁对细胞类型的特异性抗氧化和促氧化作用
IF 3.3 4区 工程技术 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL Pub Date : 2024-10-15 DOI: 10.3390/membranes14100218
Ewa Olchowik-Grabarek, Szymon Sekowski, Iga Mierzwinska, Izabela Zukowska, Nodira Abdulladjanova, Vadim Shlyonsky, Maria Zamaraeva

Pomegranate and its by-products contain a broad spectrum of phytochemicals, such as flavonoids, phenolic acids and tannins, having pleiotropic preventive and prophylactic properties in health disorders related to oxidative stress and microbial contamination. Here, we examined the biological effects of a pomegranate peel ellagitannins-enriched (>90%) extract, PETE. In vitro studies revealed that PETE has a strong antiradical action towards synthetic radicals and biologically relevant ROS surpassing or comparable to that of Trolox. In cellular models, it showed concentration-dependent (25-100 µg/mL) yet opposing effects depending on the cell membrane type and exposure conditions. In erythrocytes, PETE protected membrane integrity in the presence of the strong oxidant HClO and restored reduced glutathione levels to up to 85% of the control value while having much weaker acute and long-term intrinsic effects. Such protection persisted even after the removal of the extract from cells, indicating strong membrane interaction. In HeLa cancer cells, and at concentrations lower than those used for red blood cells, PETE induced robust potentiation of ROS production and mitochondrial potential dissipation, leading to autophagy-like membrane morphology changes and cell death. In S. aureus, the growth arrest and bacterial death in the presence of PETE (with MIC = 31.25 µg/mL and MBC = 125 µg/mL, respectively) can be linked to the tripled ROS induction by the extract in the same concentration range. This study indicates a specificity of ROS production by the pomegranate extract depending on the type of cell, the concentration of the extract and the time of incubation. This specificity witnesses a strong potential of the extract components as candidates in antioxidant and pro-oxidant therapy.

石榴及其副产品含有广泛的植物化学物质,如黄酮类、酚酸和单宁酸,对氧化应激和微生物污染引起的健康问题具有多方面的预防作用。在此,我们研究了富含鞣花单宁(大于 90%)的石榴皮提取物 PETE 的生物效应。体外研究表明,PETE 对合成自由基和生物相关的 ROS 具有很强的抗自由基作用,超过或相当于 Trolox 的作用。在细胞模型中,它表现出浓度依赖性(25-100 µg/mL),但根据细胞膜类型和暴露条件的不同,效果也截然相反。在红细胞中,PETE 可在强氧化剂 HClO 的存在下保护细胞膜的完整性,并将还原型谷胱甘肽的水平恢复到对照值的 85%,而其急性和长期内在效应要弱得多。即使将提取物从细胞中移除,这种保护作用仍然存在,这表明它具有很强的膜相互作用。在 HeLa 癌细胞中,当 PETE 的浓度低于用于红细胞的浓度时,PETE 会诱导 ROS 的产生和线粒体电位的耗散,导致类似自噬的膜形态变化和细胞死亡。在金黄色葡萄球菌中,PETE(MIC = 31.25 µg/mL 和 MBC = 125 µg/mL)会导致生长停止和细菌死亡,这与该提取物在相同浓度范围内诱导三倍的 ROS 有关。这项研究表明,石榴提取物产生 ROS 的特异性取决于细胞类型、提取物浓度和培养时间。这种特异性见证了石榴提取物成分在抗氧化和促氧化治疗中的巨大潜力。
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引用次数: 0
Efficient Removal of PFASs Using Photocatalysis, Membrane Separation and Photocatalytic Membrane Reactors. 利用光催化、膜分离和光催化膜反应器高效去除全氟辛烷磺酸。
IF 3.3 4区 工程技术 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL Pub Date : 2024-10-14 DOI: 10.3390/membranes14100217
Nonhle Siphelele Neliswa Mabaso, Charmaine Sesethu Tshangana, Adolph Anga Muleja

Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are persistent compounds characterized by stable C-F bonds giving them high thermal and chemical stability. Numerous studies have highlighted the presence of PFASs in the environment, surface waters and animals and humans. Exposure to these chemicals has been found to cause various health effects and has necessitated the need to develop methods to remove them from the environment. To date, the use of photocatalytic degradation and membrane separation to remove PFASs from water has been widely studied; however, these methods have drawbacks hindering them from being applied at full scale, including the recovery of the photocatalyst, uneven light distribution and membrane fouling. Therefore, to overcome some of these challenges, there has been research involving the coupling of photocatalysis and membrane separation to form photocatalytic membrane reactors which facilitate in the recovery of the photocatalyst, ensuring even light distribution and mitigating fouling. This review not only highlights recent advancements in the removal of PFASs using photocatalysis and membrane separation but also provides comprehensive information on the integration of photocatalysis and membrane separation to form photocatalytic membrane reactors. It emphasizes the performance of immobilized and slurry systems in PFAS removal while also addressing the associated challenges and offering recommendations for improvement. Factors influencing the performance of these methods will be comprehensively discussed, as well as the nanomaterials used for each technology. Additionally, knowledge gaps regarding the removal of PFASs using integrated photocatalytic membrane systems will be addressed, along with a comprehensive discussion on how these technologies can be applied in real-world applications.

全氟烷基和多氟烷基物质(PFASs)是一种持久性化合物,其特点是稳定的 C-F 键使其具有很高的热稳定性和化学稳定性。大量研究表明,全氟烷基和多氟烷基物质存在于环境、地表水、动物和人类体内。研究发现,暴露于这些化学物质会对健康造成各种影响,因此有必要开发从环境中去除这些物质的方法。迄今为止,利用光催化降解和膜分离去除水中的全氟辛烷磺酸的方法已得到广泛研究;然而,这些方法都存在一些缺点,包括光催化剂的回收、光分布不均和膜堵塞等,阻碍了它们的全面应用。因此,为了克服其中的一些挑战,研究人员将光催化与膜分离结合起来,形成光催化膜反应器,以促进光催化剂的回收,确保光分布均匀并减少污垢。本综述不仅重点介绍了利用光催化和膜分离技术去除全氟辛烷磺酸的最新进展,还全面介绍了如何将光催化和膜分离技术相结合,形成光催化膜反应器。报告强调了固定化系统和浆料系统在去除全氟辛烷磺酸方面的性能,同时也探讨了相关的挑战,并提出了改进建议。将全面讨论影响这些方法性能的因素,以及每种技术所使用的纳米材料。此外,还将探讨使用集成光催化膜系统去除 PFAS 方面的知识差距,并全面讨论如何将这些技术应用于现实世界。
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引用次数: 0
Controlled Growth of ZIF-8 Membranes on GO-Coated α-Alumina Supports via ZnO Atomic Layer Deposition for Improved Gas Separation. 通过氧化锌原子层沉积在 GO 涂层α-氧化铝载体上可控生长 ZIF-8 膜,以改进气体分离。
IF 3.3 4区 工程技术 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL Pub Date : 2024-10-14 DOI: 10.3390/membranes14100216
Nahyeon Lee, Yun-Ho Ahn, Jaheon Kim, Kiwon Eum

This study presents a novel approach for fabricating ZIF-8 membranes supported on α-alumina hollow fibers through the introduction of a graphene oxide (GO) gutter layer and the application of zinc oxide (ZnO) Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD). The method successfully addressed key challenges, including excessive precursor penetration and membrane thickness. The introduction of the GO layer and subsequent ZnO ALD treatment significantly reduced membrane thickness to approximately 300 nm and eliminated delamination issues between the GO layer and the alumina support. The optimized membranes demonstrated enhanced propylene permeance, with values approximately three times higher than those of membranes without GO, and achieved higher separation factors, indicating minimal inter-crystalline defects. Notably, the GO layer influenced the microstructure, leading to an increase in permeance with rising temperatures. These findings highlight the potential of this strategy for developing high-performance ZIF-8 membranes for gas separation applications.

本研究提出了一种新方法,通过引入氧化石墨烯 (GO) 沟槽层和应用氧化锌 (ZnO) 原子层沉积 (ALD),在 α 氧化铝中空纤维上制造 ZIF-8 膜。该方法成功地解决了一些关键难题,包括前驱体过度渗透和膜厚度问题。GO 层的引入和随后的氧化锌 ALD 处理大大降低了膜厚度,使其达到约 300 纳米,并消除了 GO 层和氧化铝支撑之间的分层问题。优化后的膜提高了丙烯的渗透率,其值约为不含 GO 的膜的三倍,并实现了更高的分离因子,表明结晶间缺陷最小。值得注意的是,GO 层影响了微观结构,导致渗透率随温度升高而增加。这些发现凸显了这种策略在开发用于气体分离应用的高性能 ZIF-8 膜方面的潜力。
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引用次数: 0
Electroformation of Giant Unilamellar Vesicles from Damp Films in Conditions Involving High Cholesterol Contents, Charged Lipids, and Saline Solutions. 在高胆固醇含量、带电脂质和生理盐水溶液条件下,湿膜中巨型单拉美米尔囊泡的电形成。
IF 3.3 4区 工程技术 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL Pub Date : 2024-10-12 DOI: 10.3390/membranes14100215
Ivan Mardešić, Zvonimir Boban, Marija Raguz

Giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) are frequently used as membrane models in studies of membrane properties. They are most often produced using the electroformation method. However, there are a number of parameters that can influence the success of the procedure. Some of the most common conditions that have been shown to have a negative effect on GUV electroformation are the presence of high cholesterol (Chol) concentrations, the use of mixtures containing charged lipids, and the solutions with an elevated ionic strength. High Chol concentrations are problematic for the traditional electroformation protocol as it involves the formation of a dry lipid film by complete evaporation of the organic solvent from the lipid mixture. During drying, anhydrous Chol crystals form. They are not involved in the formation of the lipid bilayer, resulting in a lower Chol concentration in the vesicle bilayer compared to the original lipid mixture. Motivated primarily by the issue of artifactual Chol demixing, we have modified the electroformation protocol by incorporating the techniques of rapid solvent exchange (RSE), ultrasonication, plasma cleaning, and spin-coating for reproducible production of GUVs from damp lipid films. Aside from decreasing Chol demixing, we have shown that the method can also be used to produce GUVs from lipid mixtures with charged lipids and in ionic solutions used as internal solutions. A high yield of GUVs was obtained for Chol/1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC) samples with mixing ratios ranging from 0 to 2.5. We also succeeded in preparing GUVs from mixtures containing up to 60 mol% of the charged lipid 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-L-serine (POPS) and in NaCl solutions with low ionic strength (<25 mM).

在膜特性研究中,巨型单淀粉囊泡经常被用作膜模型。它们最常用的是电形成法。然而,有许多参数会影响该过程的成功与否。已证明会对 GUV 电形成产生负面影响的一些最常见的条件包括胆固醇(Chol)浓度过高、使用含有带电脂质的混合物以及离子强度过高的溶液。高浓度胆固醇对传统的电铸工艺来说是个问题,因为它需要通过完全蒸发脂质混合物中的有机溶剂来形成干燥的脂质膜。在干燥过程中,会形成无水胆醇晶体。它们不参与脂质双分子层的形成,因此与原始脂质混合物相比,囊泡双分子层中的胆醇浓度较低。我们主要是受人造胆醇脱混问题的启发,对电铸方案进行了修改,将快速溶剂交换(RSE)、超声波处理、等离子清洗和旋涂等技术结合在一起,以便从潮湿的脂质薄膜中可重复地生产出 GUV。除了减少 Chol 脱混现象,我们还证明该方法还可用于从带电脂质混合物中以及在用作内部溶液的离子溶液中生产 GUV。在混合比为 0 至 2.5 的 Chol/1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC) 样品中,我们获得了高产率的 GUV。我们还成功地在低离子强度的氯化钠溶液中从含有高达 60 摩尔%的带电荷脂质 1-棕榈酰-2-油酰基-正-甘油-3-磷-L-丝氨酸(POPS)的混合物中制备出了 GUV。
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引用次数: 0
The Efficiency of Polyester-Polysulfone Membranes, Coated with Crosslinked PVA Layers, in the Water Desalination by Pervaporation. 涂有交联 PVA 层的聚酯-聚砜膜在透气法脱盐中的效率。
IF 3.3 4区 工程技术 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL Pub Date : 2024-10-07 DOI: 10.3390/membranes14100213
Izabela Gortat, Jerzy J Chruściel, Joanna Marszałek, Renata Żyłła, Paweł Wawrzyniak

Composite polymer membranes were obtained using the so-called dry phase inversion and were used for desalination of diluted saline water solutions by pervaporation (PV) method. The tests used a two-layer backing, porous, ultrafiltration commercial membrane (PS20), which consisted of a supporting polyester layer and an active polysulfone layer. The active layer of PV membranes was obtained in an aqueous environment, in the presence of a surfactant, by cross-linking a 5 wt.% aqueous solution of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-using various amounts of cross-linking substances: 50 wt.% aqueous solutions of glutaraldehyde (GA) or citric acid (CA) or a 40 wt.% aqueous solution of glyoxal. An ethylene glycol oligomer (PEG 200) was also used to prepare active layers on PV membranes. Witch its help a chemically cross-linked hydrogel with PVA and cross-linking reagents (CA or GA) was formed and used as an active layer. The manufactured PV membranes (PVA/PSf/PES) were used in the desalination of water with a salinity of 35‱, which corresponds to the average salinity of oceans. The pervaporation method was used to examine the efficiency (productivity and selectivity) of the desalination process. The PV was carried at a temperature of 60 °C and a feed flow rate of 60 dm3/h while the membrane area was 0.005 m2. The following characteristic parameters of the membranes were determined: thickness, hydrophilicity (based on contact angle measurements), density, degree of swelling and cross-linking density and compared with the analogous properties of the initial PS20 backing membrane. The physical microstructure of the cross-section of the membranes was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) method.

利用所谓的干相反转法获得了复合聚合物膜,并通过渗透蒸发(PV)法用于稀释盐水溶液的脱盐。试验使用了一种双层背衬、多孔、超滤商用膜(PS20),它由支撑聚酯层和活性聚砜层组成。聚砜膜的活性层是在有表面活性剂存在的水环境中,通过交联 5 wt.% 的聚乙烯醇(PVA)水溶液(使用不同量的交联物质)获得的:50 重量份的戊二醛(GA)或柠檬酸(CA)水溶液或 40 重量份的乙二醛水溶液。乙二醇低聚物(PEG 200)也用于制备光伏膜上的活性层。在它的帮助下,PVA 和交联试剂(CA 或 GA)形成了化学交联水凝胶,并用作活性层。制成的 PV 膜(PVA/PSf/PES)用于盐度为 35‱(相当于海洋的平均盐度)的海水淡化。采用渗透法考察海水淡化过程的效率(生产率和选择性)。渗透蒸发的温度为 60 °C,进料流速为 60 dm3/h,膜面积为 0.005 m2。测定了膜的以下特征参数:厚度、亲水性(基于接触角测量)、密度、溶胀度和交联密度,并与初始 PS20 背膜的类似特性进行了比较。使用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)方法分析了膜横截面的物理微观结构。
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引用次数: 0
Typical Heterotrophic and Autotrophic Nitrogen Removal Process Coupled with Membrane Bioreactor: Comparison of Fouling Behavior and Characterization. 与膜生物反应器耦合的典型异养和自养脱氮过程:污垢行为和特征的比较。
IF 3.3 4区 工程技术 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL Pub Date : 2024-10-07 DOI: 10.3390/membranes14100214
Qiushan Liu, Tong Zhou, Yuru Liu, Wenjun Wu, Yufei Wang, Guohan Liu, Na Wei, Guangshuo Yin, Jin Guo

There is limited research on the relationship between membrane fouling and microbial metabolites in the nitrogen removal process coupled with membrane bioreactors (MBRs). In this study, we compared anoxic-oxic (AO) and partial nitritation-anammox (PNA), which were selected as representative heterotrophic and autotrophic biological nitrogen removal-coupled MBR processes for their fouling behavior. At the same nitrogen loading rate of 100 mg/L and mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) concentration of 4000 mg/L, PNA-MBR exhibited more severe membrane fouling compared to AO-MBR, as evidenced by monitoring changes in transmembrane pressure (TMP). In the autotrophic nitrogen removal process, without added organic carbon, the supernatant of PNA-MBR had higher concentrations of protein, polysaccharides, and low-molecular-weight humic substances, leading to a rapid flux decline. Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) extracted from suspended sludge and cake sludge in PNA-MBR also contributed to more severe membrane fouling than in AO-MBR. The EPS subfractions of PNA-MBR exhibited looser secondary structures in protein and stronger surface hydrophobicity, particularly in the cake sludge, which contained higher contents of humic substances with lower molecular weights. The higher abundances of Candidatus Brocadia and Chloroflexi in PNA-MBR could lead to the production of more hydrophobic organics and humic substances. Hydrophobic metabolism products as well as anammox bacteria were deposited on the hydrophobic membrane surface and formed serious fouling. Therefore, hydrophilic membrane modification is more urgently needed to mitigate membrane fouling when running PNA-MBR than AO-MBR.

关于膜生物反应器(MBR)耦合脱氮过程中膜污垢与微生物代谢物之间关系的研究十分有限。在本研究中,我们比较了缺氧-缺氧(AO)和部分亚硝酸盐化-anammox(PNA)的污垢行为,这两种工艺被选为具有代表性的异养和自养生物脱氮耦合 MBR 工艺。在相同的氮负荷率(100 毫克/升)和混合液悬浮固体(MLSS)浓度(4000 毫克/升)条件下,PNA-MBR 与 AO-MBR 相比表现出更严重的膜堵塞,这可以通过监测跨膜压力(TMP)的变化来证明。在不添加有机碳的自养脱氮过程中,PNA-MBR 的上清液中蛋白质、多糖和低分子量腐殖质的浓度较高,导致通量迅速下降。与 AO-MBR 相比,PNA-MBR 中从悬浮污泥和饼状污泥中提取的胞外高分子物质(EPS)也导致了更严重的膜堵塞。PNA-MBR 的 EPS 子馏分的蛋白质二级结构更松散,表面疏水性更强,尤其是在饼状污泥中,含有更多分子量较低的腐殖质。在 PNA-MBR 中,Candidatus Brocadia 和 Chloroflexi 的含量较高,这可能会导致产生更多的疏水性有机物和腐殖质。疏水性代谢产物和厌氧菌沉积在疏水膜表面,形成严重污垢。因此,与 AO-MBR 相比,在运行 PNA-MBR 时更迫切需要对亲水膜进行改性,以减轻膜污垢。
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引用次数: 0
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