Films were prepared in a low-frequency (2.5-kHz) glow discharge diode system from hexamethyldisiloxane vapors at a pressure of 0.25 torr. Ramp and step tests were carried out to obtain voltage breakdown data. Statistical analysis of the weak-spot breakdown data shows that dielectric information can be extracted from their field functional dependence. As a consequence, these data cannot be considered as an extrinsic artefact but rather as a property of the film itself.<>
{"title":"On the weak spot concept in the dielectric breakdown of thin polymer films","authors":"A. Saba, C. Laurent, Y. Segui","doi":"10.1109/ICSD.1989.69164","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSD.1989.69164","url":null,"abstract":"Films were prepared in a low-frequency (2.5-kHz) glow discharge diode system from hexamethyldisiloxane vapors at a pressure of 0.25 torr. Ramp and step tests were carried out to obtain voltage breakdown data. Statistical analysis of the weak-spot breakdown data shows that dielectric information can be extracted from their field functional dependence. As a consequence, these data cannot be considered as an extrinsic artefact but rather as a property of the film itself.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":184126,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Conduction and Breakdown in Solid Dielectrics","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132307144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The partial discharge and breakdown characteristics of polymer-film/silicone-oil composite dielectrics were studied using a needle-plane electrode system. In most of the experiments, DC voltage was applied at 0.5 kV/s until breakdown. Some tests were performed at rates of voltage increase of 1.5 and 3.0 kV/s. It is shown that with the needle positive, breakdown initiates in the oil from the needle tip and the polymer barrier increases the system's breakdown voltage. With the needle negative, the breakdown of the composite system occurs just after the partial discharge is initiated, indicating that partial-discharge inception is closely related to the breakdown of the composite system. The breakdown voltage is dependent on the negative accumulated charges on the film. These create a high stress across the film and cause breakdown of the composite system.<>
{"title":"Partial discharge and breakdown characteristics of silicone oil/polymer film composite dielectrics","authors":"K. Kudo, N. Narasaki","doi":"10.1109/ICSD.1989.69226","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSD.1989.69226","url":null,"abstract":"The partial discharge and breakdown characteristics of polymer-film/silicone-oil composite dielectrics were studied using a needle-plane electrode system. In most of the experiments, DC voltage was applied at 0.5 kV/s until breakdown. Some tests were performed at rates of voltage increase of 1.5 and 3.0 kV/s. It is shown that with the needle positive, breakdown initiates in the oil from the needle tip and the polymer barrier increases the system's breakdown voltage. With the needle negative, the breakdown of the composite system occurs just after the partial discharge is initiated, indicating that partial-discharge inception is closely related to the breakdown of the composite system. The breakdown voltage is dependent on the negative accumulated charges on the film. These create a high stress across the film and cause breakdown of the composite system.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":184126,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Conduction and Breakdown in Solid Dielectrics","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123902142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Mahmoodian, I. Kemp, A. Eastwood, R.A. Fouracre
Changes in the infrared absorption spectra of various polymers under the application of a high DC electric field have been reported by various research groups. The authors chart their work in this field and place their most recent results for iodine-doped cellulose acetate in the context of both earlier investigations and their own investigations. Results on polyethylene and polypropylene are reviewed as background. In the authors' investigation it was found that no changes occurred in the infrared absorption spectrum of iodine-doped cellulose acetate irrespective of the applied field. Since the range of fields utilized encompassed both ohmic and space-charge-limited regimes and charge injection was present, it is concluded that the changes in infrared absorption in polymers under high DC electric field stressing cannot be simply attributed to charge injection.<>
{"title":"On the correlation between high electric field stressing and changes in infra-red absorption in polymers","authors":"A. Mahmoodian, I. Kemp, A. Eastwood, R.A. Fouracre","doi":"10.1109/ICSD.1989.69242","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSD.1989.69242","url":null,"abstract":"Changes in the infrared absorption spectra of various polymers under the application of a high DC electric field have been reported by various research groups. The authors chart their work in this field and place their most recent results for iodine-doped cellulose acetate in the context of both earlier investigations and their own investigations. Results on polyethylene and polypropylene are reviewed as background. In the authors' investigation it was found that no changes occurred in the infrared absorption spectrum of iodine-doped cellulose acetate irrespective of the applied field. Since the range of fields utilized encompassed both ohmic and space-charge-limited regimes and charge injection was present, it is concluded that the changes in infrared absorption in polymers under high DC electric field stressing cannot be simply attributed to charge injection.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":184126,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Conduction and Breakdown in Solid Dielectrics","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115322503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The transport of electrons in polystyrene has been studied by charging thin films of the polymer with a low-energy (2 keV) electron beam and observing the decay of the resulting surface potential. This potential decays logarithmically with time, indicating that the electrons are detrapped over a long period. A time-dependent demarcation energy is used to analyze the detrapping process, and from this analysis information is obtained about the energy distribution of electron traps in the polymer. Above the glass transition temperature, detrapping is enhanced by the diffusion of defects at a rate determined by the micro-Brownian motion of the polymer chains.<>
{"title":"Electron transport in thin films of polystyrene","authors":"P. Watson","doi":"10.1109/ICSD.1989.69205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSD.1989.69205","url":null,"abstract":"The transport of electrons in polystyrene has been studied by charging thin films of the polymer with a low-energy (2 keV) electron beam and observing the decay of the resulting surface potential. This potential decays logarithmically with time, indicating that the electrons are detrapped over a long period. A time-dependent demarcation energy is used to analyze the detrapping process, and from this analysis information is obtained about the energy distribution of electron traps in the polymer. Above the glass transition temperature, detrapping is enhanced by the diffusion of defects at a rate determined by the micro-Brownian motion of the polymer chains.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":184126,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Conduction and Breakdown in Solid Dielectrics","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115833806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Charge transport in additive-free low-density polyethylene (LDPE) was investigated by examining the behavior of both steady-state and transient currents as well as thermally stimulated discharge currents (TSDCs). The transient current behavior indicated space-charge-limited current (SCLC). The carrier mobility calculated from the transient SCLC curves was in agreement with other measurements and was found to increase with the square of the applied voltage. log I versus log V plots of isochronal measurements showed a straight line of gradient 3. This would appear to indicate an SCLC process. TSDC and transient discharge current results revealed that double injection can occur in LDPE, which could influence the variation of carrier mobility with applied voltage and would be characterized by curvature in the log I versus log V plots at high fields.<>
{"title":"Electrical conduction in low-density polyethylene","authors":"G. Chen, H. M. Banford, R. Fouracre, D. Tedford","doi":"10.1109/ICSD.1989.69204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSD.1989.69204","url":null,"abstract":"Charge transport in additive-free low-density polyethylene (LDPE) was investigated by examining the behavior of both steady-state and transient currents as well as thermally stimulated discharge currents (TSDCs). The transient current behavior indicated space-charge-limited current (SCLC). The carrier mobility calculated from the transient SCLC curves was in agreement with other measurements and was found to increase with the square of the applied voltage. log I versus log V plots of isochronal measurements showed a straight line of gradient 3. This would appear to indicate an SCLC process. TSDC and transient discharge current results revealed that double injection can occur in LDPE, which could influence the variation of carrier mobility with applied voltage and would be characterized by curvature in the log I versus log V plots at high fields.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":184126,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Conduction and Breakdown in Solid Dielectrics","volume":"368 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131646106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Kawamoto, Y. Suzuoki, T. Ikejiri, T. Mizutani, M. Ieda
The authors prepared epoxy-alumina two-layer composite films as models of a polymer-filler interface and studied the effect of interfaces on electronic conduction by measuring photocurrents and thermally stimulated currents (TSC). It is shown that, at high fields and low temperatures, holes are more mobile than electrons in epoxy-alumina composites, independent of mechanical stress. Most of the holes in the epoxy layer can pass through the epoxy-alumina interface and move in the alumina bulk, increasing the conduction current in the alumina by about two orders of magnitude. This interfacial phenomenon cannot be explained by the conventional Maxwell-Wagner model. TSC measurements on the composite showed that some of the holes were trapped at the epoxy-alumina interface, in the alumina bulk or the epoxy bulk near the interface, and gave rise to new TSC peaks. At high fields and room temperature, the photoconduction is governed by the alumina layer and is well explained by Maxwell-Wagner model. The dark current in the composite is governed by the epoxy layer.<>
{"title":"Photocurrents and thermally stimulated currents in epoxy resin composites","authors":"A. Kawamoto, Y. Suzuoki, T. Ikejiri, T. Mizutani, M. Ieda","doi":"10.1109/ICSD.1989.69155","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSD.1989.69155","url":null,"abstract":"The authors prepared epoxy-alumina two-layer composite films as models of a polymer-filler interface and studied the effect of interfaces on electronic conduction by measuring photocurrents and thermally stimulated currents (TSC). It is shown that, at high fields and low temperatures, holes are more mobile than electrons in epoxy-alumina composites, independent of mechanical stress. Most of the holes in the epoxy layer can pass through the epoxy-alumina interface and move in the alumina bulk, increasing the conduction current in the alumina by about two orders of magnitude. This interfacial phenomenon cannot be explained by the conventional Maxwell-Wagner model. TSC measurements on the composite showed that some of the holes were trapped at the epoxy-alumina interface, in the alumina bulk or the epoxy bulk near the interface, and gave rise to new TSC peaks. At high fields and room temperature, the photoconduction is governed by the alumina layer and is well explained by Maxwell-Wagner model. The dark current in the composite is governed by the epoxy layer.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":184126,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Conduction and Breakdown in Solid Dielectrics","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131651853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The authors present data on the PD (partial discharge) resistance of styrene copolymers containing a number of different styrene monomers with electron-withdrawing and electron-donating substituents. The presence of pentafluorostyrene (PFS) in the polymer chain is shown to have a clearly negative influence on the resistance to PD. Preliminary results show that polystyrene itself has a very good stability with respect to PD. The electron-donating p-methoxystyrene monomer has a clearly negative influence on the PD stability. P-methylstyrene and p-chlorostyrene do not differ appreciably from styrene regarding PD resistance.<>
{"title":"Influence of chemical structure in styrene copolymers subjected to partial discharges","authors":"A. Gustafsson, U. Gedde","doi":"10.1109/ICSD.1989.69238","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSD.1989.69238","url":null,"abstract":"The authors present data on the PD (partial discharge) resistance of styrene copolymers containing a number of different styrene monomers with electron-withdrawing and electron-donating substituents. The presence of pentafluorostyrene (PFS) in the polymer chain is shown to have a clearly negative influence on the resistance to PD. Preliminary results show that polystyrene itself has a very good stability with respect to PD. The electron-donating p-methoxystyrene monomer has a clearly negative influence on the PD stability. P-methylstyrene and p-chlorostyrene do not differ appreciably from styrene regarding PD resistance.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":184126,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Conduction and Breakdown in Solid Dielectrics","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132251482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The authors develop a mathematical model that can describe the electrical breakdown due to electrical treeing growth in point-plane electrode specimens of thermoplastic polymers subjected to AC voltage ramps. The damage due to the tree growth is modeled as a conductive sphere, allowing an easy computation of the geometrical field in front of it. The breakdown voltage V/sub BD/, the radius of the sphere R/sub b/, and the electric field on the sphere AE/sub b/ are related by means of the simple equation V/sub BD/(D)=AE/sub b/*R/sub b/(D), where D is the interelectrode gap. The model has been verified experimentally.<>
{"title":"A model of the electrical breakdown process due to electrical treeing growth","authors":"R. Bozzo, F. Guastavino, D. Tommasini","doi":"10.1109/ICSD.1989.69231","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSD.1989.69231","url":null,"abstract":"The authors develop a mathematical model that can describe the electrical breakdown due to electrical treeing growth in point-plane electrode specimens of thermoplastic polymers subjected to AC voltage ramps. The damage due to the tree growth is modeled as a conductive sphere, allowing an easy computation of the geometrical field in front of it. The breakdown voltage V/sub BD/, the radius of the sphere R/sub b/, and the electric field on the sphere AE/sub b/ are related by means of the simple equation V/sub BD/(D)=AE/sub b/*R/sub b/(D), where D is the interelectrode gap. The model has been verified experimentally.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":184126,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Conduction and Breakdown in Solid Dielectrics","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114205976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Results of surface degradation studies of XLPE (cross-linked polyethylene) under corona discharges at elevated temperature are presented. Corona was applied for durations up to 24 hr, during which time the sample temperature was maintained constant at a selected value between 20 degrees C and 160 degrees C. Corona pulse-height distributions were monitored during the exposure period using a multichannel analyzer. After corona treatment, the specimens were analyzed by several physical and chemical techniques. Results on the evolution of reaction products and on surface and bulk oxidation are presented.<>
{"title":"High temperature modification of XLPE exposed to partial discharges","authors":"M. Gamez-Garcia, R. Bartnikas, M. Wertheimer","doi":"10.1109/ICSD.1989.69220","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSD.1989.69220","url":null,"abstract":"Results of surface degradation studies of XLPE (cross-linked polyethylene) under corona discharges at elevated temperature are presented. Corona was applied for durations up to 24 hr, during which time the sample temperature was maintained constant at a selected value between 20 degrees C and 160 degrees C. Corona pulse-height distributions were monitored during the exposure period using a multichannel analyzer. After corona treatment, the specimens were analyzed by several physical and chemical techniques. Results on the evolution of reaction products and on surface and bulk oxidation are presented.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":184126,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Conduction and Breakdown in Solid Dielectrics","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128333812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The authors present results characterizing water treeing in amorphous polystyrene (PS) and in semicrystalline low-density polyethylene (LDPE). Clear differences in the water treeing of amorphous and semicrystalline polymers are observed. The experiments show the essential role played by the tie-molecules, which make the material less brittle, thus interfering with crack initiation and leading to a greater resistance of the polymeric insulation of high-voltage cables to breakdown.<>
{"title":"Comparison of water treeing in amorphous and semi-crystalline polymers","authors":"Y. Poggi, J. Filippini, V. Raharimalala","doi":"10.1109/ICSD.1989.69252","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSD.1989.69252","url":null,"abstract":"The authors present results characterizing water treeing in amorphous polystyrene (PS) and in semicrystalline low-density polyethylene (LDPE). Clear differences in the water treeing of amorphous and semicrystalline polymers are observed. The experiments show the essential role played by the tie-molecules, which make the material less brittle, thus interfering with crack initiation and leading to a greater resistance of the polymeric insulation of high-voltage cables to breakdown.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":184126,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Conduction and Breakdown in Solid Dielectrics","volume":"2017 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128078879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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