Zoonotic hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection is an emerging global public health concern, and understanding the dynamics of HEV transmission between animals and humans is crucial for public health. Animal models are critical to advancing the understanding of HEV pathogenesis, drug screening, vaccine development, and other related areas. Here, we provide an overview of recent studies investigating the cross-species transmission of HEV, and also delve into the current research and application of animal HEV infection models including non-human primates, rodents, pigs, and chickens, offering a comprehensive assessment of the advantages and disadvantages of each model. This review highlights the findings related to viral replication, shedding patterns, and immune response in these animal models, and discusses the implications for our understanding of HEV transmission to humans. These advancements in the field enhance our understanding of the biological traits and pathogenic mechanisms of HEV, offering robust support for the development of highly effective and targeted prevention and treatment strategies.
{"title":"Cross-species transmission and animal infection model of hepatitis E virus","authors":"Ling-Dong Xu , Fei Zhang , Pinglong Xu , Yao-Wei Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.micinf.2024.105338","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.micinf.2024.105338","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Zoonotic hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection is an emerging global public health concern, and understanding the dynamics of HEV transmission between animals and humans is crucial for public health. Animal models are critical to advancing the understanding of HEV pathogenesis, drug screening, vaccine development, and other related areas. Here, we provide an overview of recent studies investigating the cross-species transmission of HEV, and also delve into the current research and application of animal HEV infection models including non-human primates, rodents, pigs, and chickens, offering a comprehensive assessment of the advantages and disadvantages of each model. This review highlights the findings related to viral replication, shedding patterns, and immune response in these animal models, and discusses the implications for our understanding of HEV transmission to humans. These advancements in the field enhance our understanding of the biological traits and pathogenic mechanisms of HEV, offering robust support for the development of highly effective and targeted prevention and treatment strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18497,"journal":{"name":"Microbes and Infection","volume":"27 1","pages":"Article 105338"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140781412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2023.105209
Xiaorui Zhou , Haoshuai Song , Fei Pan , Chen Yuan , Lu Jia , Bing Wu , Hongjie Fan , Zhe Ma
M protein is a key surface virulence factor in Group A Streptococcus (GAS), Group C Streptococcus (GCS), and other streptococcal species. GAS encodes M protein using the emm gene, while GCS employs the szm (or sem) gene. In M18-type GAS, dual M protein systems exist, comprising both GAS and GCS M proteins (encoded separately by emm18 and spa18). The spa18 gene in M18-type GAS shares a conserved region highly similar to GCS's szm gene. Our study reveals that spa18 exhibits higher transcription levels than emm18 in M18-type GAS strains. The dual M protein systems defective mutant (Δemm18Δspa18) displays a smooth surface, whereas wild-type and single M protein gene mutants remain rough. M18 and SPA18 proteins possess distinct characteristics, showing varied binding properties and cytotoxicity effects on macrophages (THP-1) and keratinocytes (HaCaT). Both emm18 and spa18 genes contribute to the skin pathogenicity of M18-type GAS. Transcriptome analysis suggests the potential involvement of the mga gene in spa18 transcription regulation, while SpyM18_2047 appears to be specific to spa18 regulation. In summary, this research offers a crucial understanding of the biological characteristics of dual M protein systems in M18-type GAS, highlighting their contributions to virulence and transcriptional regulation.
{"title":"The dual M protein systems have diverse biological characteristics, but both contribute to M18-type Group A Streptococcus pathogenicity","authors":"Xiaorui Zhou , Haoshuai Song , Fei Pan , Chen Yuan , Lu Jia , Bing Wu , Hongjie Fan , Zhe Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.micinf.2023.105209","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.micinf.2023.105209","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>M protein is a key surface virulence factor in Group A Streptococcus (GAS), Group C Streptococcus (GCS), and other streptococcal species. GAS encodes M protein using the <em>emm</em> gene, while GCS employs the <em>szm</em> (or <em>sem</em>) gene. In M18-type GAS, dual M protein systems exist, comprising both GAS and GCS M proteins (encoded separately by <em>emm</em>18 and <em>spa</em>18). The <em>spa</em>18 gene in M18-type GAS shares a conserved region highly similar to GCS's <em>szm</em> gene. Our study reveals that <em>spa</em>18 exhibits higher transcription levels than <em>emm</em>18 in M18-type GAS strains. The dual M protein systems defective mutant (Δemm18Δspa18) displays a smooth surface, whereas wild-type and single M protein gene mutants remain rough. M18 and SPA18 proteins possess distinct characteristics, showing varied binding properties and cytotoxicity effects on macrophages (THP-1) and keratinocytes (HaCaT). Both <em>emm</em>18 and <em>spa</em>18 genes contribute to the skin pathogenicity of M18-type GAS. Transcriptome analysis suggests the potential involvement of the <em>mga</em> gene in <em>spa</em>18 transcription regulation, while <em>SpyM</em>18_2047 appears to be specific to <em>spa</em>18 regulation. In summary, this research offers a crucial understanding of the biological characteristics of dual M protein systems in M18-type GAS, highlighting their contributions to virulence and transcriptional regulation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18497,"journal":{"name":"Microbes and Infection","volume":"27 1","pages":"Article 105209"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10030163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2023.105278
Weiyan Huang, Mingqun Lin, Yasuko Rikihisa
Anaplasma phagocytophilum is an obligatory intracellular bacterium that causes tick-borne zoonosis called human granulocytic anaplasmosis. Mechanisms by which Anaplasma replicates inside of the membrane-bound compartment called “inclusion” in neutrophils are incompletely understood. A small GTPase Rab27a is found in the secretory granules and multivesicular endosomes. In this study we found Rab27a-containing granules were localized to Anaplasma inclusions in guanine nucleotide-dependent manner, and constitutively active Rab27a enhanced Anaplasma infection and dominant-negative Rab27a inhibited Anaplasma infection. Rab27a effector, JFC1 is known to mediate docking/fusion of Rab27a-bearing granules for exocytosis in leukocytes. shRNA stable knockdown of Rab27a or JFC1 inhibited Anaplasma infection in HL-60 cells. Similar to Rab27a, both endogenous and transfected JFC1 were localized to Anaplasma inclusions by immunostaining or live cell imaging. The JFC1 C2A domain that binds 3′-phosphoinositides, was sufficient and required for JFC1 and Rab27a localization to Anaplasma inclusions which were enriched with phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate. Nexinhib20, the small molecule inhibitor specific to Rab27a and JFC1 binding, inhibited Anaplasma infection. Taken together, these results imply elevated phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate in the inclusion membrane recruits JFC1 to mediate Rab27a-bearing granules/vesicles to dock/fuse with Anaplasma inclusions, the lumen of which is topologically equivalent to the exterior of the cell to benefit Anaplasma proliferation.
{"title":"Rab27a via its effector JFC1 localizes to Anaplasma inclusions and promotes Anaplasma proliferation in leukocytes","authors":"Weiyan Huang, Mingqun Lin, Yasuko Rikihisa","doi":"10.1016/j.micinf.2023.105278","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.micinf.2023.105278","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Anaplasma phagocytophilum</em> is an obligatory intracellular bacterium that causes tick-borne zoonosis called human granulocytic anaplasmosis. Mechanisms by which <em>Anaplasma</em> replicates inside of the membrane-bound compartment called “inclusion” in neutrophils are incompletely understood. A small GTPase Rab27a is found in the secretory granules and multivesicular endosomes. In this study we found Rab27a-containing granules were localized to <em>Anaplasma</em> inclusions in guanine nucleotide-dependent manner, and constitutively active Rab27a enhanced <em>Anaplasma</em> infection and dominant-negative Rab27a inhibited <em>Anaplasma</em> infection. Rab27a effector, JFC1 is known to mediate docking/fusion of Rab27a-bearing granules for exocytosis in leukocytes. shRNA stable knockdown of Rab27a or JFC1 inhibited <em>Anaplasma</em> infection in HL-60 cells. Similar to Rab27a, both endogenous and transfected JFC1 were localized to <em>Anaplasma</em> inclusions by immunostaining or live cell imaging. The JFC1 C2A domain that binds 3′-phosphoinositides, was sufficient and required for JFC1 and Rab27a localization to <em>Anaplasma</em> inclusions which were enriched with phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate. Nexinhib20, the small molecule inhibitor specific to Rab27a and JFC1 binding, inhibited <em>Anaplasma</em> infection. Taken together, these results imply elevated phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate in the inclusion membrane recruits JFC1 to mediate Rab27a-bearing granules/vesicles to dock/fuse with <em>Anaplasma</em> inclusions, the lumen of which is topologically equivalent to the exterior of the cell to benefit <em>Anaplasma</em> proliferation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18497,"journal":{"name":"Microbes and Infection","volume":"27 1","pages":"Article 105278"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138682491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2023.105276
Wei Zuo , Mingxing Tian , Jingjing Qi , Guangdong Zhang , Jiangang Hu , Shaohui Wang , Yanqing Bao
EF-hand proteins not only regulate biological processes, but also influence immunity and infection. In this review, we summarize EF-hand proteins' functions in host and zoonotic pathogens, with details in structures, Ca2+ affinity, downstream targets and functional mechanisms. Studies entitled as EF-hand-related but with less solid features were also discussed. We believe it could raise cautions and facilitate proper research strategy for researchers.
EF 手蛋白不仅能调节生物过程，还能影响免疫和感染。在这篇综述中，我们总结了 EF-手蛋白在宿主和人畜共患病原体中的功能，详细介绍了其结构、Ca2+ 亲和力、下游靶标和功能机制。此外，还讨论了被称为与 EF-手相关但特征不那么明确的研究。我们相信，它能为研究人员提出警示，帮助他们制定正确的研究策略。
{"title":"The functions of EF-hand proteins from host and zoonotic pathogens","authors":"Wei Zuo , Mingxing Tian , Jingjing Qi , Guangdong Zhang , Jiangang Hu , Shaohui Wang , Yanqing Bao","doi":"10.1016/j.micinf.2023.105276","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.micinf.2023.105276","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>EF-hand proteins not only regulate biological processes, but also influence immunity and infection. In this review, we summarize EF-hand proteins' functions in host and zoonotic pathogens, with details in structures, Ca<sup>2+</sup> affinity, downstream targets and functional mechanisms. Studies entitled as EF-hand-related but with less solid features were also discussed. We believe it could raise cautions and facilitate proper research strategy for researchers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18497,"journal":{"name":"Microbes and Infection","volume":"27 1","pages":"Article 105276"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138580967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2024.105304
Jie Fang , Zhi-jian Zhou , Shuofeng Yuan , Ye Qiu , Xing-Yi Ge
As the high pathogenic species of Filoviridae virus family, Orthoebolavirus zairense (EBOV) shows frequent outbreaks in human in recently years since its first emerging in 1976 in Democratic Republic of the Congo (COD), bringing ongoing risks and burden on public health safety. Here, the phylogenetic relationship among major outbreaks was analyzed. The results showed that EBOV isolates could be divided into four lineages according to spatial and temporal epidemics. Then, the positive selection sites (PSSs) were detected on all proteins of the EBOV, exhibiting lineage characteristic. Particularly, sites in GP and VP24 were identified to be significantly under positive selection, and partial of which were maintained in the latest isolates in 2021. GP and L were found to have high variability between lineages. Substitutions including F443L and F443S in GP, as well as F1610L and I1951V in L could be characteristic of the two large outbreaks in COD (2018) and West Africa (2014), respectively. Further, substitutions of significant PSSs in VP24 and L proteins were visualized for analysis of structural changes, which may affect EBOV pathogenesis. In summary, our results gains insights in genetic characteristic and adaptive evolution of EBOV, which could facilitate gene functional research against EBOV.
作为丝状病毒科（Filoviridae virus）病毒属中的高致病性病毒，刚果（金）直乙脑病毒（Orthoebolavirus zairense，EBOV）自1976年首次在刚果（金）出现以来，近年来频繁在人体内暴发，给公共卫生安全带来了持续的风险和负担。本文分析了主要疫情之间的系统发育关系。结果表明，EBOV分离物可根据流行的空间和时间分为四个系。然后，在EBOV的所有蛋白质上都检测到了正选择位点（PSS），表现出了系谱特征。特别是在GP和VP24上发现了明显的正选择位点，其中部分位点在2021年的最新分离株中得以保留。研究发现，GP 和 L 在不同品系之间具有很高的变异性。包括 GP 中的 F443L 和 F443S 以及 L 中的 F1610L 和 I1951V 在内的替换可能分别是 COD（2018 年）和西非（2014 年）两次大规模爆发的特征。此外，VP24和L蛋白中重要PSS的替代被可视化，以分析可能影响EBOV致病机理的结构变化。总之，我们的研究结果深入揭示了EBOV的遗传特征和适应性进化，有助于开展针对EBOV的基因功能研究。
{"title":"Lineage classification and selective site identification of Orthoebolavirus zairense","authors":"Jie Fang , Zhi-jian Zhou , Shuofeng Yuan , Ye Qiu , Xing-Yi Ge","doi":"10.1016/j.micinf.2024.105304","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.micinf.2024.105304","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As the high pathogenic species of <em>Filoviridae</em> virus family, <em>Orthoebolavirus zairense</em> (EBOV) shows frequent outbreaks in human in recently years since its first emerging in 1976 in Democratic Republic of the Congo (COD), bringing ongoing risks and burden on public health safety. Here, the phylogenetic relationship among major outbreaks was analyzed. The results showed that EBOV isolates could be divided into four lineages according to spatial and temporal epidemics. Then, the positive selection sites (PSSs) were detected on all proteins of the EBOV, exhibiting lineage characteristic. Particularly, sites in GP and VP24 were identified to be significantly under positive selection, and partial of which were maintained in the latest isolates in 2021. GP and L were found to have high variability between lineages. Substitutions including F443L and F443S in GP, as well as F1610L and I1951V in L could be characteristic of the two large outbreaks in COD (2018) and West Africa (2014), respectively. Further, substitutions of significant PSSs in VP24 and L proteins were visualized for analysis of structural changes, which may affect EBOV pathogenesis. In summary, our results gains insights in genetic characteristic and adaptive evolution of EBOV, which could facilitate gene functional research against EBOV.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18497,"journal":{"name":"Microbes and Infection","volume":"27 1","pages":"Article 105304"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139567237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2024.105307
Zijing Liang , Jiaxuan Lu , Yinli Bao , Xiang Chen , Huochun Yao , Zongfu Wu
Bacterial DeoR family transcription regulators regulate multiple physiological processes. Little is known about the function of DeoR family regulators in streptococci. Here, we identified a novel DeoR family regulator, GlpR, from Streptococcus suis, a pathogen causing severe diseases in pigs and humans. GlpR was involved in glycerol utilization and exhibited specific signature residues at positions 30–31 (KV) which are crucial for DNA binding. Deletion of glpR (ΔglpR) showed a significant increase in relative growth rate in glycerol medium compared to the wild-type (WT) and complementary strains (CΔglpR). Employing RNA-seq analysis, β-galactosidase activity analysis, and electrophoretic mobility shift assay, we discovered that GlpR directly represses the expression of glycerol metabolism-related genes pflB2, pflA1, and fsaA, encoding pyruvate formate-lyase and its activating enzyme, and fructose-6-phosphate aldolase, respectively. Compared to WT and CΔglpR, ΔglpR showed a reduced survival rate under oxidative stress and in murine macrophages and attenuated virulence in mice. GlpR probably enhances oxidative stress resistance and virulence in S. suis by functioning as a glycerol metabolic repressor decreasing energy consumption. These findings contribute to a better understanding of S. suis pathogenesis and enrich our knowledge of the biological functions of DeoR family regulators in streptococci.
{"title":"Glycerol metabolic repressor GlpR contributes to Streptococcus suis oxidative stress resistance and virulence","authors":"Zijing Liang , Jiaxuan Lu , Yinli Bao , Xiang Chen , Huochun Yao , Zongfu Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.micinf.2024.105307","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.micinf.2024.105307","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bacterial DeoR family transcription regulators regulate multiple physiological processes. Little is known about the function of DeoR family regulators in streptococci. Here, we identified a novel DeoR family regulator, GlpR, from <em>Streptococcus suis</em>, a pathogen causing severe diseases in pigs and humans. GlpR was involved in glycerol utilization and exhibited specific signature residues at positions 30–31 (KV) which are crucial for DNA binding. Deletion of <em>glpR</em> (Δ<em>glpR</em>) showed a significant increase in relative growth rate in glycerol medium compared to the wild-type (WT) and complementary strains (CΔ<em>glpR</em>). Employing RNA-seq analysis, β-galactosidase activity analysis, and electrophoretic mobility shift assay, we discovered that GlpR directly represses the expression of glycerol metabolism-related genes <em>pflB2</em>, <em>pflA1</em>, and <em>fsaA</em>, encoding pyruvate formate-lyase and its activating enzyme, and fructose-6-phosphate aldolase, respectively. Compared to WT and CΔ<em>glpR</em>, Δ<em>glpR</em> showed a reduced survival rate under oxidative stress and in murine macrophages and attenuated virulence in mice. GlpR probably enhances oxidative stress resistance and virulence in <em>S. suis</em> by functioning as a glycerol metabolic repressor decreasing energy consumption. These findings contribute to a better understanding of <em>S. suis</em> pathogenesis and enrich our knowledge of the biological functions of DeoR family regulators in streptococci.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18497,"journal":{"name":"Microbes and Infection","volume":"27 1","pages":"Article 105307"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139662958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2023.105235
Qingjie Lv , Yuyao Shang , Haixin Bi , Jie Yang , Lin Lin , Congcong Shi , Mixue Wang , Rui Xie , Zhanwei Zhu , Fei Wang , Lin Hua , Huanchun Chen , Bin Wu , Zhong Peng
Two-component regulatory system (TCS) is a widespread bacterial signal transduction mechanism and plays a critical role in bacterial adaptation to environments as well as regulating bacterial virulence. However, few studies have reported the actions of TCS in Pasteurella multocida, a zoonotic bacterial pathogen. In this study, genes encoding proteins homologous to the ArcAB TCS were identified in genome sequences of P. multocida belonging to different serogroups, and the transcription of both arcA and arcB was up-regulated in anaerobic and superoxygen environment. Compared to wild type strains, P. multocida arcA-deletion mutants (ΔarcA) displayed a decrease in growing under anaerobic conditions, biofilm formation, as well as the capacities of anti-serum bactericidal effect, cell adherence and invasion, anti-phagocytosis, and virulence in different in vivo models (Galleria mellonella and mice). RNA-Seq identified 70 significantly downregulated genes in ΔarcA compared to the wild type strain, and several of them are associated with P. multocida virulence. Among them, a universal stress protein E encoding gene uspE was characterized in P. multocida for the first time. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) demonstrated that the ArcAB TCS could regulate uspE directly. Deletion of uspE also led to a decrease of P. multocida in growing under anaerobic conditions, biofilm formation, anti-serum bactericidal effect, cell adherence and invasion, anti-phagocytosis, and virulence in mice. The data provided from this study will help further understanding the fitness and pathogenesis of P. multocida.
{"title":"Identification of two-component system ArcAB and the universal stress protein E in Pasteurella multocida and their effects on bacterial fitness and pathogenesis","authors":"Qingjie Lv , Yuyao Shang , Haixin Bi , Jie Yang , Lin Lin , Congcong Shi , Mixue Wang , Rui Xie , Zhanwei Zhu , Fei Wang , Lin Hua , Huanchun Chen , Bin Wu , Zhong Peng","doi":"10.1016/j.micinf.2023.105235","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.micinf.2023.105235","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Two-component regulatory system (TCS) is a widespread bacterial signal transduction mechanism and plays a critical role in bacterial adaptation to environments as well as regulating bacterial virulence. However, few studies have reported the actions of TCS in <em>Pasteurella multocida</em>, a zoonotic bacterial pathogen<em>.</em> In this study, genes encoding proteins homologous to the ArcAB TCS were identified in genome sequences of <em>P. multocida</em> belonging to different serogroups, and the transcription of both <em>arcA</em> and <em>arcB</em> was up-regulated in anaerobic and superoxygen environment. Compared to wild type strains, <em>P. multocida arcA</em>-deletion mutants (ΔarcA) displayed a decrease in growing under anaerobic conditions, biofilm formation, as well as the capacities of anti-serum bactericidal effect, cell adherence and invasion, anti-phagocytosis, and virulence in different <em>in vivo</em> models (<em>Galleria mellonella</em> and mice). RNA-Seq identified 70 significantly downregulated genes in ΔarcA compared to the wild type strain, and several of them are associated with <em>P. multocida</em> virulence. Among them, a universal stress protein E encoding gene <em>uspE</em> was characterized in <em>P. multocida</em> for the first time. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) demonstrated that the ArcAB TCS could regulate <em>uspE</em> directly. Deletion of <em>uspE</em> also led to a decrease of <em>P. multocida</em> in growing under anaerobic conditions, biofilm formation, anti-serum bactericidal effect, cell adherence and invasion, anti-phagocytosis, and virulence in mice. The data provided from this study will help further understanding the fitness and pathogenesis of <em>P. multocida</em>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18497,"journal":{"name":"Microbes and Infection","volume":"27 1","pages":"Article 105235"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41132917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-30DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2024.105468
Juliana Vaccari, Ana C Borsanelli, Flávia R F Athayde, Júlia R Saraiva, Thamiris N M Ramos, Iveraldo S Dutra
As ruminants are frequently affected by periodontal diseases, understanding their microbial communities is crucial. In this pilot study, we analyzed subgingival biofilm samples of young cattle across different states: clinically healthy (n = 5), gingivitis (n = 5), and periodontitis (n = 5) using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and co-occurrence network analysis. The findings revealed that Proteobacteria was the predominant phylum across all conditions, with Fusobacteriota constituting 27.6 % of the microbiota in periodontitis-affected sites. In healthy sites, Moraxella (21.11 %), Neisseria (13.16 %), and Lautropia (7.69 %) were the predominant genera; in gingivitis-affected sites, the leading genera were Neisseria (23.65 %), Moraxella (18.95 %), and Conchiformibius (10.79 %); and in periodontitis sites, Caviibacter (19.78 %), Moraxella (16.13 %), and Fusobacterium (7.56 %) were most prevalent. Richness and dissimilarity analyses did not show significant differences across the clinical states, but differences were found between gingivitis and periodontitis sites (p = 0.01) in diversity. The co-occurrence networks highlighted significant variances in the central phyla across the phenotypes, with a higher number of positive interactions observed in periodontitis-affected sites. Consequently, this study demonstrated that the microbiota associated with periodontitis in young cattle exhibits greater diversity compared to gingivitis. Notably, in the deciduous dentition of cattle, the genera Caviibacter and Moraxella are pivotal in the context of periodontitis and periodontal health, respectively.
{"title":"Gingivitis- and periodontitis-associated microbiota in bovine deciduous incisor teeth - A preliminary study.","authors":"Juliana Vaccari, Ana C Borsanelli, Flávia R F Athayde, Júlia R Saraiva, Thamiris N M Ramos, Iveraldo S Dutra","doi":"10.1016/j.micinf.2024.105468","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.micinf.2024.105468","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>As ruminants are frequently affected by periodontal diseases, understanding their microbial communities is crucial. In this pilot study, we analyzed subgingival biofilm samples of young cattle across different states: clinically healthy (n = 5), gingivitis (n = 5), and periodontitis (n = 5) using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and co-occurrence network analysis. The findings revealed that Proteobacteria was the predominant phylum across all conditions, with Fusobacteriota constituting 27.6 % of the microbiota in periodontitis-affected sites. In healthy sites, Moraxella (21.11 %), Neisseria (13.16 %), and Lautropia (7.69 %) were the predominant genera; in gingivitis-affected sites, the leading genera were Neisseria (23.65 %), Moraxella (18.95 %), and Conchiformibius (10.79 %); and in periodontitis sites, Caviibacter (19.78 %), Moraxella (16.13 %), and Fusobacterium (7.56 %) were most prevalent. Richness and dissimilarity analyses did not show significant differences across the clinical states, but differences were found between gingivitis and periodontitis sites (p = 0.01) in diversity. The co-occurrence networks highlighted significant variances in the central phyla across the phenotypes, with a higher number of positive interactions observed in periodontitis-affected sites. Consequently, this study demonstrated that the microbiota associated with periodontitis in young cattle exhibits greater diversity compared to gingivitis. Notably, in the deciduous dentition of cattle, the genera Caviibacter and Moraxella are pivotal in the context of periodontitis and periodontal health, respectively.</p>","PeriodicalId":18497,"journal":{"name":"Microbes and Infection","volume":" ","pages":"105468"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142915278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-24DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2024.105467
Jônatas Santos Abrahão
Giant viruses have fascinated the scientific community due to their immense particles and extensive genomes. A significant surge of interest in the field has been observed over the past 20 years following the discovery of mimiviruses, the first amoeba-infecting viruses described. However, with the discovery of new amoeba viruses and those from other protists, the concept of "giant viruses" has become increasingly controversial in the scientific literature. This commentary revisits the historical and conceptual foundations of the term "giant virus" and explores its implications for virology.
{"title":"Revisiting the concept of giant viruses.","authors":"Jônatas Santos Abrahão","doi":"10.1016/j.micinf.2024.105467","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.micinf.2024.105467","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Giant viruses have fascinated the scientific community due to their immense particles and extensive genomes. A significant surge of interest in the field has been observed over the past 20 years following the discovery of mimiviruses, the first amoeba-infecting viruses described. However, with the discovery of new amoeba viruses and those from other protists, the concept of \"giant viruses\" has become increasingly controversial in the scientific literature. This commentary revisits the historical and conceptual foundations of the term \"giant virus\" and explores its implications for virology.</p>","PeriodicalId":18497,"journal":{"name":"Microbes and Infection","volume":" ","pages":"105467"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142895386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-21DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2024.105466
Wen Liang, Miona Stubbe, Lisa Pleninger, Anna Hofferek, Hans Stubbe, Julia Mai, Salih Özer, Dmitrij Frishman, Sabrina Schreiner, Michelle Vincendeau
Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs), which are normally silenced by methylation or mutation, can be reactivated by a variety of environmental factors, including infection with exogenous viruses. In this work, we investigated the transcriptional activity of HERVs following infection of human liver cells (HepaRG) with human adenovirus C serotype 5 (HAdV-C5). HAdV-C5 infection results in reactivation of several HERV groups as well as differentially expressed genes. Interestingly, in HAdV-C5 infection, upregulated genes that were in close chromosomal proximity to upregulated HERV loci were associated with influencing viral carcinogenesis and inflammatory signaling. We also identified an FBXO17 transcript encoding an intronic ERVK9-11 sense sequence upon HAdV-C5 infection. FBXO17 has previously been described as an important factor in the regulation of the interferon response. This suggests that specific HERV groups may have the potential to trigger gene networks and influence viral immune responses.
{"title":"HERV reactivation by adenovirus infection is associated with viral immune regulation.","authors":"Wen Liang, Miona Stubbe, Lisa Pleninger, Anna Hofferek, Hans Stubbe, Julia Mai, Salih Özer, Dmitrij Frishman, Sabrina Schreiner, Michelle Vincendeau","doi":"10.1016/j.micinf.2024.105466","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.micinf.2024.105466","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs), which are normally silenced by methylation or mutation, can be reactivated by a variety of environmental factors, including infection with exogenous viruses. In this work, we investigated the transcriptional activity of HERVs following infection of human liver cells (HepaRG) with human adenovirus C serotype 5 (HAdV-C5). HAdV-C5 infection results in reactivation of several HERV groups as well as differentially expressed genes. Interestingly, in HAdV-C5 infection, upregulated genes that were in close chromosomal proximity to upregulated HERV loci were associated with influencing viral carcinogenesis and inflammatory signaling. We also identified an FBXO17 transcript encoding an intronic ERVK9-11 sense sequence upon HAdV-C5 infection. FBXO17 has previously been described as an important factor in the regulation of the interferon response. This suggests that specific HERV groups may have the potential to trigger gene networks and influence viral immune responses.</p>","PeriodicalId":18497,"journal":{"name":"Microbes and Infection","volume":" ","pages":"105466"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142882441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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