The debate over whether or not to slaughter horses for human consumption has become a controversial issue in agriculture in the past decade. Horses were slaughtered in the United States until a 2007 appropriations bill—the Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act of 2006—withheld the federal funding necessary to inspect horsemeat, creating a de facto U.S. ban on the industry (U.S. Congress, 2006.) In 2011, the withholding was left out of the appropriation, causing potential industry entrants to mobilize and seek federal inspection, effectively rekindling debate around the issue. Although funding has been left out of the fiscal year (FY) 2014 bill (Horse Channel, 2014), the industry is continuing to seek its reestablishment while lawsuits from animal welfare activists attempt to hinder their attempts (Geyer and Lawler, 2013). The market for American slaughter horses shifted after the 2007 cessation of domestic slaughter, leaving Mexico and Canada as the only buyers and the United States as just a supplier (Table 1). This led to the current system where American horses are exported across borders to be processed and then the end product—horsemeat—is sold on the international market to consumers with relatively stable and consistent demand. Although a handful of U.S. zoos purchase horsemeat for their animals (Luby, 2014), the vast majority of the meat is sent overseas.
{"title":"The Horse Slaughter Conundrum","authors":"D. Lawler, L. L. Geyer","doi":"10.22004/AG.ECON.198993","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22004/AG.ECON.198993","url":null,"abstract":"The debate over whether or not to slaughter horses for human consumption has become a controversial issue in agriculture in the past decade. Horses were slaughtered in the United States until a 2007 appropriations bill—the Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act of 2006—withheld the federal funding necessary to inspect horsemeat, creating a de facto U.S. ban on the industry (U.S. Congress, 2006.) In 2011, the withholding was left out of the appropriation, causing potential industry entrants to mobilize and seek federal inspection, effectively rekindling debate around the issue. Although funding has been left out of the fiscal year (FY) 2014 bill (Horse Channel, 2014), the industry is continuing to seek its reestablishment while lawsuits from animal welfare activists attempt to hinder their attempts (Geyer and Lawler, 2013). The market for American slaughter horses shifted after the 2007 cessation of domestic slaughter, leaving Mexico and Canada as the only buyers and the United States as just a supplier (Table 1). This led to the current system where American horses are exported across borders to be processed and then the end product—horsemeat—is sold on the international market to consumers with relatively stable and consistent demand. Although a handful of U.S. zoos purchase horsemeat for their animals (Luby, 2014), the vast majority of the meat is sent overseas.","PeriodicalId":185368,"journal":{"name":"Choices. The Magazine of Food, Farm, and Resources Issues","volume":"17 6","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114022016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. H. Brown, T. Warman, C. Harper, N. Bills, K. Gardner, S. Hastings, M. Hallberg
{"title":"In The Northeast","authors":"E. H. Brown, T. Warman, C. Harper, N. Bills, K. Gardner, S. Hastings, M. Hallberg","doi":"10.2307/j.ctt2005zpq.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt2005zpq.5","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":185368,"journal":{"name":"Choices. The Magazine of Food, Farm, and Resources Issues","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115604788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Abandon The Planned Economy","authors":"K. Gray","doi":"10.22004/AG.ECON.130820","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22004/AG.ECON.130820","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":185368,"journal":{"name":"Choices. The Magazine of Food, Farm, and Resources Issues","volume":"87 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129815311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
For sixty years farm numbers have declined as "larger farms" absorbed "smaller farms." Some people were comforted that most exiting farmers sell to neighbors who continue the farms. But the land resources were used differently. Farms became more specialized as they became larger. Larger amounts of nonfarm inputs were substituted for inputs provided by farmers. Thus, "farming "-the value added by farmers-declined. And recent projections of biotechnology developments suggest that the trend may accelerate. Technology is, in fact, the key force driving the shift of farm activities off of the farms. This relationship suggests that if this country wants to maintain farming , publicly funded research of technologies that enhance farmers' value-added activities must be increased. Else the 8O-year trend line of reduced farming activities will continue.
{"title":"\"FARMING\" - It's Declining In the U.S.","authors":"Steward D. Smith","doi":"10.22004/AG.ECON.131588","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22004/AG.ECON.131588","url":null,"abstract":"For sixty years farm numbers have declined as \"larger farms\" absorbed \"smaller farms.\" Some people were comforted that most exiting farmers sell to neighbors who continue the farms. But the land resources were used differently. Farms became more specialized as they became larger. Larger amounts of nonfarm inputs were substituted for inputs provided by farmers. Thus, \"farming \"-the value added by farmers-declined. And recent projections of biotechnology developments suggest that the trend may accelerate. Technology is, in fact, the key force driving the shift of farm activities off of the farms. This relationship suggests that if this country wants to maintain farming , publicly funded research of technologies that enhance farmers' value-added activities must be increased. Else the 8O-year trend line of reduced farming activities will continue.","PeriodicalId":185368,"journal":{"name":"Choices. The Magazine of Food, Farm, and Resources Issues","volume":"07 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130245085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This theme issue of Choices, commissioned by the Council on Food, Agriculture and Resource Economics (C-FARE), in collaboration with the Northeast Regional Center for Rural Development on behalf of the Regional Rural Development Centers (RRDCs), includes eight papers that examine impacts of the pandemic and effects of selected federal policies designed to mitigate adverse impacts. Topics include: employment and job loss trends, impacts on agriculture, and impacts on other sectors of the economy, including tourism, childcare, banking, broadband, and healthcare facilities.
{"title":"Theme Overview: Rural Development Implications One Year after COVID-19","authors":"J. Kolodinsky, S. Goetz","doi":"10.22004/AG.ECON.313114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22004/AG.ECON.313114","url":null,"abstract":"This theme issue of Choices, commissioned by the Council on Food, Agriculture and Resource Economics (C-FARE), in collaboration with the Northeast Regional Center for Rural Development on behalf of the Regional Rural Development Centers (RRDCs), includes eight papers that examine impacts of the pandemic and effects of selected federal policies designed to mitigate adverse impacts. Topics include: employment and job loss trends, impacts on agriculture, and impacts on other sectors of the economy, including tourism, childcare, banking, broadband, and healthcare facilities.","PeriodicalId":185368,"journal":{"name":"Choices. The Magazine of Food, Farm, and Resources Issues","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128411294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Vested Interests: Organizational Inertia, And Market Shares: A Commentary On Academic Obsolescence","authors":"D. Bromley","doi":"10.22004/AG.ECON.131627","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22004/AG.ECON.131627","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":185368,"journal":{"name":"Choices. The Magazine of Food, Farm, and Resources Issues","volume":"07 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129163164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Brownouts In California Brown Fields In Idaho","authors":"J. Hamilton, R. Taylor","doi":"10.22004/AG.ECON.131931","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22004/AG.ECON.131931","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":185368,"journal":{"name":"Choices. The Magazine of Food, Farm, and Resources Issues","volume":"205 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128409167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background - Food pantries do not collect data on the individual foods households receive, making it difficult to measure the aid they provide and limiting their reporting to only pounds of food distributed and number of households assisted. This infographic uses data collected on the actual food choices for 2,031 households receiving aid from a food pantry in 2018, allowing us to illustrate their assistance provided for different sized households both in terms of the amount of calories acquired and the amount of money saved. After viewing the infographic and noticing the per person benefits are much larger for smaller households, this food pantry altered their food distribution strategy to reduce the inequities of their assistance.
{"title":"How Food Pantries Help Mitigate Food Insecurity","authors":"Z. Alwahabi, A. Ates, F. Norwood","doi":"10.22004/AG.ECON.303741","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22004/AG.ECON.303741","url":null,"abstract":"Background - Food pantries do not collect data on the individual foods households receive, making it difficult to measure the aid they provide and limiting their reporting to only pounds of food distributed and number of households assisted. This infographic uses data collected on the actual food choices for 2,031 households receiving aid from a food pantry in 2018, allowing us to illustrate their assistance provided for different sized households both in terms of the amount of calories acquired and the amount of money saved. After viewing the infographic and noticing the per person benefits are much larger for smaller households, this food pantry altered their food distribution strategy to reduce the inequities of their assistance.","PeriodicalId":185368,"journal":{"name":"Choices. The Magazine of Food, Farm, and Resources Issues","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115870462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Hired Farm Workers","authors":"Philip Martin","doi":"10.22004/AG.ECON.129107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22004/AG.ECON.129107","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":185368,"journal":{"name":"Choices. The Magazine of Food, Farm, and Resources Issues","volume":"69 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115212047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The United States has experienced a rapid increase in consumer interest in purchasing locally grown foods. This trend has led to many changes in the food system. For one, from 1994 to 2009, there was a 201% increase in the number of operating farmers’ markets, with most featuring local products (USDA, AMS, 2009). Additionally, in 2007, over 12,500 farms marketed products through a Community Supported Agriculture arrangement, where for a predetermined fee consumers receive a portion of the local farm’s total harvest (USDA, NASS, 2007). The emergence of local can even be witnessed in the marketing activities of snack-food giant Frito-Lay, who in 2009 made “Lay’s Local” their primary promotional campaign.
{"title":"Catching the \"local\" bug: a look at state agricultural marketing programs.","authors":"Kathryn A. Onken, John C. Bernard","doi":"10.22004/AG.ECON.93825","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22004/AG.ECON.93825","url":null,"abstract":"The United States has experienced a rapid increase in consumer interest in purchasing locally grown foods. This trend has led to many changes in the food system. For one, from 1994 to 2009, there was a 201% increase in the number of operating farmers’ markets, with most featuring local products (USDA, AMS, 2009). Additionally, in 2007, over 12,500 farms marketed products through a Community Supported Agriculture arrangement, where for a predetermined fee consumers receive a portion of the local farm’s total harvest (USDA, NASS, 2007). The emergence of local can even be witnessed in the marketing activities of snack-food giant Frito-Lay, who in 2009 made “Lay’s Local” their primary promotional campaign.","PeriodicalId":185368,"journal":{"name":"Choices. The Magazine of Food, Farm, and Resources Issues","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125381000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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