The sulfidization-amine flotation method is commonly used for the beneficiation of zinc oxide ores. Lanping zinc oxide ores contains 8.40% zinc, with the main mineral being smithsonite; additionally, they have a high mud content. Conventional sulfidization–ammonium flotation presents a low flotation index and unsatisfactory flotation froth. A new open-circuit technology is employed to treat Lanping zinc oxide ores, where Na2S, KG-248, and dodecyl amine + sodium isoamyl xanthate + ammonium dibutyl dithiophosphate are used as the regulator, depressant, and ternary collector, respectively. Consequently, the flotation indices for the zinc grade and recovery are 28.71% and 86.24%, respectively, and the flotation froth becomes more stable. Subsequently, the flotation behavior and adsorption mechanism of smithsonite with a ternary collector are investigated. The flotation recovery of smithsonite increases to 94.40% after treatment with the ternary collector. Surface-analysis results indicate that the ternary collector can synergistically adsorb onto the sulfidized smithsonite surface to enhance its hydrophobicity, thus increasing the floatability of smithsonite. Meanwhile, the total consumption of the collector in the ternary-collector system is lower than that in the binary- or unitary-collector system.
{"title":"Open-Circuit Technology of Zinc Oxide Ore Flotation with Ternary Collector and Its Adsorption Characteristics on Smithsonite Surface","authors":"Zhiwei Li, Qicheng Feng, Qian Zhang, Shuming Wen","doi":"10.3390/min14090902","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/min14090902","url":null,"abstract":"The sulfidization-amine flotation method is commonly used for the beneficiation of zinc oxide ores. Lanping zinc oxide ores contains 8.40% zinc, with the main mineral being smithsonite; additionally, they have a high mud content. Conventional sulfidization–ammonium flotation presents a low flotation index and unsatisfactory flotation froth. A new open-circuit technology is employed to treat Lanping zinc oxide ores, where Na2S, KG-248, and dodecyl amine + sodium isoamyl xanthate + ammonium dibutyl dithiophosphate are used as the regulator, depressant, and ternary collector, respectively. Consequently, the flotation indices for the zinc grade and recovery are 28.71% and 86.24%, respectively, and the flotation froth becomes more stable. Subsequently, the flotation behavior and adsorption mechanism of smithsonite with a ternary collector are investigated. The flotation recovery of smithsonite increases to 94.40% after treatment with the ternary collector. Surface-analysis results indicate that the ternary collector can synergistically adsorb onto the sulfidized smithsonite surface to enhance its hydrophobicity, thus increasing the floatability of smithsonite. Meanwhile, the total consumption of the collector in the ternary-collector system is lower than that in the binary- or unitary-collector system.","PeriodicalId":18601,"journal":{"name":"Minerals","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142215183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The widespread use of clay minerals and clays in environmental engineering, industry, medicine, and cosmetics largely stems from their adsorption properties and surface charge, as well as their ability to react with water. The dissolution and growth of minerals as a function of pH are closely related to acid–base reactions at their surface sites and their surface charge. The vivid tapestry of different types of surface sites across different types of clay minerals generates difficulties in experimental studies of structure–property relationships. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate how a mesoscale stochastic kinetic Monte Carlo (kMC) approach altogether with atomistic acid-base models and empirical data can be used for understanding the mechanisms of dissolution and surface charge behavior of clay minerals. The surface charge is modeled based on equilibrium equations for de/protonated site populations, which are defined by the pH and site-specific acidity constants (pKas). Lowered activation energy barriers for these sites in de/protonated states introduce pH-dependent effects into the dissolution kinetics. The V-shaped curve observed in laboratory experiments is reproduced with the new kMC model. A generic rate law for clay mineral dissolution as a function of pH is derived from this study. Thus, the kMC approach can be used as a hypothesis-testing tool for the verification of acid–base models for clay and other minerals and their influence on the kinetics of mineral dissolution and growth.
{"title":"Dissolution Mechanisms and Surface Charge of Clay Mineral Nanoparticles: Insights from Kinetic Monte Carlo Simulations","authors":"Inna Kurganskaya","doi":"10.3390/min14090900","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/min14090900","url":null,"abstract":"The widespread use of clay minerals and clays in environmental engineering, industry, medicine, and cosmetics largely stems from their adsorption properties and surface charge, as well as their ability to react with water. The dissolution and growth of minerals as a function of pH are closely related to acid–base reactions at their surface sites and their surface charge. The vivid tapestry of different types of surface sites across different types of clay minerals generates difficulties in experimental studies of structure–property relationships. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate how a mesoscale stochastic kinetic Monte Carlo (kMC) approach altogether with atomistic acid-base models and empirical data can be used for understanding the mechanisms of dissolution and surface charge behavior of clay minerals. The surface charge is modeled based on equilibrium equations for de/protonated site populations, which are defined by the pH and site-specific acidity constants (pKas). Lowered activation energy barriers for these sites in de/protonated states introduce pH-dependent effects into the dissolution kinetics. The V-shaped curve observed in laboratory experiments is reproduced with the new kMC model. A generic rate law for clay mineral dissolution as a function of pH is derived from this study. Thus, the kMC approach can be used as a hypothesis-testing tool for the verification of acid–base models for clay and other minerals and their influence on the kinetics of mineral dissolution and growth.","PeriodicalId":18601,"journal":{"name":"Minerals","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142215151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The West Lake Sag is abundant in oil and gas reserves, primarily in the Huagang Formation reservoir which serves as the primary source of production. The level of exploration is rather high, but there are still some unresolved issues, such as an unclear understanding of pore evolution features and reservoir growth mode. To tackle the aforementioned problems, this study employs optical microscopic examination, scanning electron microscope analysis, inclusion analysis, isotope analysis, X-ray diffraction analysis, and other techniques to elucidate the primary factors governing reservoir development and establish an analytical model regarding the cause of the sandstone reservoir. The results are as follows: (1) The sandstone reservoirs of the Huagang Formation of the Yuquan (abbreviated to YQ) Structure are now in the mesomorphic A stage as a whole, and minerals such as 4-phase authigenic quartz, 2-phase illite, 2-phase chlorite, 1-phase kaolinite, 1-phase ammonite mixing layer and 2-phase carbonate were formed during the diagenesis. (2) Feldspar and carbonate solution pores make up the majority of the reservoir space. About 10% of the porosity is made up of carbonate solution pores, which are the most prevalent reservoir space. Carbonate solution pores are primarily made up of metasomatic carbonate solution pores and cemented carbonate solution pores. Feldspar solution pores come next, contributing roughly 6.2% of the porosity. At 1.8%, residual intergranular holes are the least common. (3) The four main processes listed below are responsible for the creation of pores in the sandstone of the Huagang creation. The early carbonate cements resist the destruction of mechanical compaction and effectively preserve intergranular volume. The high content of feldspar provided a material basis for later dissolution. Early chlorite surrounding the edges of particles reduced the damage of authigenic minerals to porosity. The faults and cracks formed by the later structural inversion connected to the acidic water in the atmosphere, causing the dissolution of carbonate minerals and feldspar in the sandstone of the Huagang Formation. (4) Carbonate dissolution + feldspar dissolution type, carbonate dissolution type, and feldspar dissolution type are the three main types of reservoir formation in the Huagang Formation; the first two types mainly develop in the Upper Huagang Formation, while the latter mainly develops in the lower part of the Huagang Formation. The research results are conducive to the establishment of a geological prediction model for high-quality reservoirs of different geneses in the Huagang Formation and promote the exploration process of deep-seated hydrocarbons in the West Lake Sag.
{"title":"Sandstone Porosity Evolution and Reservoir Formation Models of the Paleogene Huagang Formation in Yuquan Structure of West Lake Sag, East China Sea Basin","authors":"Yonghuang Cai, Zhengxiang Lv, Yuanhua Qing, Cheng Xie, Bingjie Cheng, Zheyuan Liao, Bing Xu","doi":"10.3390/min14090899","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/min14090899","url":null,"abstract":"The West Lake Sag is abundant in oil and gas reserves, primarily in the Huagang Formation reservoir which serves as the primary source of production. The level of exploration is rather high, but there are still some unresolved issues, such as an unclear understanding of pore evolution features and reservoir growth mode. To tackle the aforementioned problems, this study employs optical microscopic examination, scanning electron microscope analysis, inclusion analysis, isotope analysis, X-ray diffraction analysis, and other techniques to elucidate the primary factors governing reservoir development and establish an analytical model regarding the cause of the sandstone reservoir. The results are as follows: (1) The sandstone reservoirs of the Huagang Formation of the Yuquan (abbreviated to YQ) Structure are now in the mesomorphic A stage as a whole, and minerals such as 4-phase authigenic quartz, 2-phase illite, 2-phase chlorite, 1-phase kaolinite, 1-phase ammonite mixing layer and 2-phase carbonate were formed during the diagenesis. (2) Feldspar and carbonate solution pores make up the majority of the reservoir space. About 10% of the porosity is made up of carbonate solution pores, which are the most prevalent reservoir space. Carbonate solution pores are primarily made up of metasomatic carbonate solution pores and cemented carbonate solution pores. Feldspar solution pores come next, contributing roughly 6.2% of the porosity. At 1.8%, residual intergranular holes are the least common. (3) The four main processes listed below are responsible for the creation of pores in the sandstone of the Huagang creation. The early carbonate cements resist the destruction of mechanical compaction and effectively preserve intergranular volume. The high content of feldspar provided a material basis for later dissolution. Early chlorite surrounding the edges of particles reduced the damage of authigenic minerals to porosity. The faults and cracks formed by the later structural inversion connected to the acidic water in the atmosphere, causing the dissolution of carbonate minerals and feldspar in the sandstone of the Huagang Formation. (4) Carbonate dissolution + feldspar dissolution type, carbonate dissolution type, and feldspar dissolution type are the three main types of reservoir formation in the Huagang Formation; the first two types mainly develop in the Upper Huagang Formation, while the latter mainly develops in the lower part of the Huagang Formation. The research results are conducive to the establishment of a geological prediction model for high-quality reservoirs of different geneses in the Huagang Formation and promote the exploration process of deep-seated hydrocarbons in the West Lake Sag.","PeriodicalId":18601,"journal":{"name":"Minerals","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142215178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ash content is an important production indicator of flotation performance, reflecting the current operating conditions of the flotation system and the recovery rate of clean coal. It also holds significant importance for the intelligent control of flotation. In recent years, the development of machine vision and deep learning has made it possible to detect ash content in flotation-recovered clean coal. Therefore, a prediction method for ash content in flotation-recovered clean coal based on image processing of the surface characteristics of flotation froth is studied. A convolutional neural network –long short-term memory (CNN-LSTM) model optimized by Newton–Raphson is proposed for predicting the ash content of flotation froth. Initially, the collected flotation froth video is preprocessed to extract the feature dataset of flotation froth images. Subsequently, a hybrid CNN-LSTM network architecture is constructed. Convolutional neural networks are employed to extract image features, while long short-term memory networks capture time series information, enabling the prediction of ash content. Experimental results indicate that the prediction accuracy on the training set achieves an R value of 0.9958, mean squared error (MSE) of 0.0012, root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.0346, and mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.0251. On the test set, the prediction accuracy attains an R value of 0.9726, MSE of 0.0028, RMSE of 0.0530, and MAE of 0.0415. The proposed model effectively extracts flotation froth features and accurately predicts ash content. This study provides a new approach for the intelligent control of the flotation process and holds broad application prospects.
{"title":"Research on Prediction of Ash Content in Flotation-Recovered Clean Coal Based on NRBO-CNN-LSTM","authors":"Yujiao Li, Haizeng Liu, Fucheng Lu","doi":"10.3390/min14090894","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/min14090894","url":null,"abstract":"Ash content is an important production indicator of flotation performance, reflecting the current operating conditions of the flotation system and the recovery rate of clean coal. It also holds significant importance for the intelligent control of flotation. In recent years, the development of machine vision and deep learning has made it possible to detect ash content in flotation-recovered clean coal. Therefore, a prediction method for ash content in flotation-recovered clean coal based on image processing of the surface characteristics of flotation froth is studied. A convolutional neural network –long short-term memory (CNN-LSTM) model optimized by Newton–Raphson is proposed for predicting the ash content of flotation froth. Initially, the collected flotation froth video is preprocessed to extract the feature dataset of flotation froth images. Subsequently, a hybrid CNN-LSTM network architecture is constructed. Convolutional neural networks are employed to extract image features, while long short-term memory networks capture time series information, enabling the prediction of ash content. Experimental results indicate that the prediction accuracy on the training set achieves an R value of 0.9958, mean squared error (MSE) of 0.0012, root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.0346, and mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.0251. On the test set, the prediction accuracy attains an R value of 0.9726, MSE of 0.0028, RMSE of 0.0530, and MAE of 0.0415. The proposed model effectively extracts flotation froth features and accurately predicts ash content. This study provides a new approach for the intelligent control of the flotation process and holds broad application prospects.","PeriodicalId":18601,"journal":{"name":"Minerals","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142215189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rhaymá do Carmo Silva, Anna Luiza Marques Ayres da Silva
The concept of sustainability has gained significant recognition across all industrial sectors, particularly in response to the potential global environmental crisis. In mining, sustainability ensures responsible operations by addressing environmental, social, and economic aspects. Performance indicators, categorized into environmental, social, economic, and governance groups, are monitored to oversee these aspects. In 2015, the UN established 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) as a global agenda for achieving equitable economic and social development. This study presents a methodology to evaluate performance indicators in an iron ore mine in southeast Pará, Brazil, to understand whether and how these indicators guide the mine’s operations toward fulfilling the SDGs. This study was based on the application of a methodology specifically developed for this purpose, where a seven-step application was defined, with each step involving an activity to be carried out to verify the correlation performance indicators with the SDGs. By applying the proposed methodology, the assessment of 286 performance indicators was conducted, revealing that 55.24% aligned the mine’s operation with the SDGs. Furthermore, the developed methodology may be applied to other mining enterprises, supporting their sustainability reports and compliance with the sector’s regulatory standards and mine closure plan requirements.
{"title":"Assessing Mining Performance Indicators in Relation to the SDGs: Development of a Guided Methodology and Its Application in an Iron Ore Mine","authors":"Rhaymá do Carmo Silva, Anna Luiza Marques Ayres da Silva","doi":"10.3390/min14090887","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/min14090887","url":null,"abstract":"The concept of sustainability has gained significant recognition across all industrial sectors, particularly in response to the potential global environmental crisis. In mining, sustainability ensures responsible operations by addressing environmental, social, and economic aspects. Performance indicators, categorized into environmental, social, economic, and governance groups, are monitored to oversee these aspects. In 2015, the UN established 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) as a global agenda for achieving equitable economic and social development. This study presents a methodology to evaluate performance indicators in an iron ore mine in southeast Pará, Brazil, to understand whether and how these indicators guide the mine’s operations toward fulfilling the SDGs. This study was based on the application of a methodology specifically developed for this purpose, where a seven-step application was defined, with each step involving an activity to be carried out to verify the correlation performance indicators with the SDGs. By applying the proposed methodology, the assessment of 286 performance indicators was conducted, revealing that 55.24% aligned the mine’s operation with the SDGs. Furthermore, the developed methodology may be applied to other mining enterprises, supporting their sustainability reports and compliance with the sector’s regulatory standards and mine closure plan requirements.","PeriodicalId":18601,"journal":{"name":"Minerals","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142215179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alexis Leborgne, Woo-Sik Kim, Bum Jun Park, Morgane Sanselme, Gérard Coquerel
Abstract: Sodium chlorate is the most popular compound used to study spontaneous symmetry breaking by means of crystallization. Therefore, it is important to know the behavior of the solid particles. NaClO3 crystal growth and dissolution are investigated in an aqueous sessile droplet subjected to numerous temperature cycles. On cooling, in addition to the classical formation of repeated elongated fluid inclusions, there is a reproducible appearance of prismatic fluid inclusions (PFIs) at the corners of single crystals. The underlying mechanism involves the complete termination of the (110) face growth and the propagation of the {100} faces, which can close the PFIs. This study reports that on heating, transient donut-like single crystals formed, which could lead to their segmentation, even without stirring the suspension. The systematic addition of other sodium salts with chlorine atoms at different oxidation states did not change these observations.
{"title":"NaClO3 Crystal Growth and Dissolution by Temperature Cycling in a Sessile Droplet","authors":"Alexis Leborgne, Woo-Sik Kim, Bum Jun Park, Morgane Sanselme, Gérard Coquerel","doi":"10.3390/min14090898","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/min14090898","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Sodium chlorate is the most popular compound used to study spontaneous symmetry breaking by means of crystallization. Therefore, it is important to know the behavior of the solid particles. NaClO3 crystal growth and dissolution are investigated in an aqueous sessile droplet subjected to numerous temperature cycles. On cooling, in addition to the classical formation of repeated elongated fluid inclusions, there is a reproducible appearance of prismatic fluid inclusions (PFIs) at the corners of single crystals. The underlying mechanism involves the complete termination of the (110) face growth and the propagation of the {100} faces, which can close the PFIs. This study reports that on heating, transient donut-like single crystals formed, which could lead to their segmentation, even without stirring the suspension. The systematic addition of other sodium salts with chlorine atoms at different oxidation states did not change these observations.","PeriodicalId":18601,"journal":{"name":"Minerals","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142215223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Carla S. Valdivieso-Ramírez, Salomé Galeas, Marleny D. A. Saldaña, Patricia I. Pontón, Víctor H. Guerrero, Karla Vizuete, Alexis Debut, Bojan A. Marinkovic
Ferrous oxalate dihydrate is a versatile organic mineral with applications across fields. However, little is known about the feasibility of its synthesis directly from iron-bearing minerals using binary subcritical water (sCW) systems and its associated kinetics. In this study, the sCW+oxalic acid system at either 115 °C or 135 °C was investigated as a reaction medium for ferrous oxalate dihydrate (α-FeC2O4∙2H2O) synthesis, starting from ferrotitaniferous sands. The kinetics of the synthesis reaction were studied, and the physicochemical characterization of the as-synthetized ferrous oxalates was performed. Overall, the sCW synthesis was temperature-dependent, following second-order reaction kinetics according to the proposed precipitation pathway. A high reaction rate constant, significantly high yields (up to 89%), and reduced reaction times (2–8 h) were evident at 135 °C. The as-synthetized product corresponded to the monoclinic α-FeC2O4∙2H2O, showed relatively high specific surface areas (from 31.9 to 33.7 m2∙g−1), and exhibited band gap energies within the visible light range (~2.77 eV). These results suggest that α-FeC2O4∙2H2O can be synthesized using an organic dicarboxylic acid and iron-rich, widely available, low-cost mineral precursors. In addition, the as-prepared α-FeC2O4∙2H2O could be further optimized and tested for catalytic and visible light photocatalytic applications.
{"title":"Synthesis of Alpha Ferrous Oxalate Dihydrate from Ferrotitaniferous Mineral Sands via Hot Pressurized Aqueous Oxalic Acid: Kinetics and Characterization","authors":"Carla S. Valdivieso-Ramírez, Salomé Galeas, Marleny D. A. Saldaña, Patricia I. Pontón, Víctor H. Guerrero, Karla Vizuete, Alexis Debut, Bojan A. Marinkovic","doi":"10.3390/min14090891","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/min14090891","url":null,"abstract":"Ferrous oxalate dihydrate is a versatile organic mineral with applications across fields. However, little is known about the feasibility of its synthesis directly from iron-bearing minerals using binary subcritical water (sCW) systems and its associated kinetics. In this study, the sCW+oxalic acid system at either 115 °C or 135 °C was investigated as a reaction medium for ferrous oxalate dihydrate (α-FeC2O4∙2H2O) synthesis, starting from ferrotitaniferous sands. The kinetics of the synthesis reaction were studied, and the physicochemical characterization of the as-synthetized ferrous oxalates was performed. Overall, the sCW synthesis was temperature-dependent, following second-order reaction kinetics according to the proposed precipitation pathway. A high reaction rate constant, significantly high yields (up to 89%), and reduced reaction times (2–8 h) were evident at 135 °C. The as-synthetized product corresponded to the monoclinic α-FeC2O4∙2H2O, showed relatively high specific surface areas (from 31.9 to 33.7 m2∙g−1), and exhibited band gap energies within the visible light range (~2.77 eV). These results suggest that α-FeC2O4∙2H2O can be synthesized using an organic dicarboxylic acid and iron-rich, widely available, low-cost mineral precursors. In addition, the as-prepared α-FeC2O4∙2H2O could be further optimized and tested for catalytic and visible light photocatalytic applications.","PeriodicalId":18601,"journal":{"name":"Minerals","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142215186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
William P. Leeman, Jeffrey D. Vervoort, S. Andrew DuFrane
There were three errors in the original publication [...]
原始出版物中有三处错误 [...]
{"title":"Correction: Leeman et al. U-Pb LA-ICP-MS Zircon Dating of Crustal Xenoliths: Evidence of the Archean Lithosphere Beneath the Snake River Plain. Minerals 2024, 14, 578","authors":"William P. Leeman, Jeffrey D. Vervoort, S. Andrew DuFrane","doi":"10.3390/min14090886","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/min14090886","url":null,"abstract":"There were three errors in the original publication [...]","PeriodicalId":18601,"journal":{"name":"Minerals","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142215180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shale formations globally are widely distributed with abundant resources and varied thermal maturation ranges. However, the understanding of shale’s oil generation peak, diagenetic stages, and pore evolution remains incomplete. This study investigates shale samples of varying maturities and organic matter content from representative oil and gas basins in China and the United States. Comprehensive characterization was conducted using thermal simulation, rock X-ray diffraction analysis, N2 and CO2 adsorption, and mercury injection analysis. The study delineates the hydrocarbon generation process in shale, identifies the oil generation threshold, determines the peak oil generation, and categorizes shale’s diagenetic stages based on clay minerals and pore evolution. The results indicate: (1) highly mature shale exhibits delayed hydrocarbon expulsion and peak oil generation, starting at Ro values greater than 0.75% and reaching peak oil generation at Ro levels surpassing 1.2%. In contrast, peak oil generation in less mature shale initiates at Ro values of 1.1%, providing a more precise depiction of the shale’s diagenetic evolution stages; (2) the higher the TOC content of shale, the greater its hydrocarbon generation capacity, showing a robust positive correlation between hydrocarbon generation and TOC; (3) the diagenesis and pore evolution of shale can be categorized into four distinct stages: the early diagenesis stage (Ro < 0.5%), dominated by mesopores, and with reduced pore volume and surface area; the middle diagenesis stage A (0.5%–1.1%), where shale pore volume has been enhanced while the surface area has been reduced; the middle diagenesis stage B (1.1%–2.0%), where an initial decrease followed by an increase in mesopore volume occurs, along with a modest increase in macropores; and the late diagenesis stage (Ro > 2.0%), with increased organic pores and microfractures, while both pore volume and surface area expand. The study suggests that a Ro of 1.1% marks the peak oil generation period for shale, occurring during the early stage of middle diagenesis, characterized by larger pore volume and surface area, crucial for shale oil and gas enrichment.
页岩层在全球分布广泛，资源丰富，热成熟范围各不相同。然而，人们对页岩的生油高峰、成岩阶段和孔隙演化的认识仍不全面。本研究调查了中国和美国具有代表性的油气盆地中不同成熟度和有机质含量的页岩样本。采用热模拟、岩石 X 射线衍射分析、N2 和 CO2 吸附以及注汞分析等方法进行了综合表征。研究划分了页岩中碳氢化合物的生成过程，确定了石油生成阈值，确定了石油生成峰值，并根据粘土矿物和孔隙演化划分了页岩的成岩阶段。结果表明：(1) 高度成熟页岩的碳氢化合物排出和石油生成峰值出现延迟，从 Ro 值大于 0.75% 开始，到 Ro 值超过 1.2% 时达到石油生成峰值。相比之下，成熟度较低的页岩在 Ro 值为 1.1% 时开始达到石油生成峰值，从而更精确地描述了页岩的成岩演化阶段；（2）页岩的 TOC 含量越高，其碳氢化合物生成能力就越强，这表明碳氢化合物生成与 TOC 之间存在很强的正相关性；（3）页岩的成岩和孔隙演化可分为四个不同的阶段：早期成岩阶段（Ro < 0.5%），以中孔为主，孔隙体积和表面积减小；成岩中期 A 阶段（0.5%-1.1%），页岩孔隙体积增大，表面积减小；成岩中期 B 阶段（1.1%-2.0%），中孔体积先减小后增大，大孔适度增加；成岩晚期（Ro > 2.0%），有机孔隙和微裂隙增加，孔隙体积和表面积扩大。研究表明，Ro 值为 1.1% 标志着页岩的产油高峰期，发生在成岩中期的早期阶段，其特点是孔隙体积和表面积增大，这对页岩油气的富集至关重要。
{"title":"New Advance in the Study of Shale Oil Generation Peak Determination and Diagenetic Pore Evolution","authors":"Haikun Su, Shaobin Guo","doi":"10.3390/min14090896","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/min14090896","url":null,"abstract":"Shale formations globally are widely distributed with abundant resources and varied thermal maturation ranges. However, the understanding of shale’s oil generation peak, diagenetic stages, and pore evolution remains incomplete. This study investigates shale samples of varying maturities and organic matter content from representative oil and gas basins in China and the United States. Comprehensive characterization was conducted using thermal simulation, rock X-ray diffraction analysis, N2 and CO2 adsorption, and mercury injection analysis. The study delineates the hydrocarbon generation process in shale, identifies the oil generation threshold, determines the peak oil generation, and categorizes shale’s diagenetic stages based on clay minerals and pore evolution. The results indicate: (1) highly mature shale exhibits delayed hydrocarbon expulsion and peak oil generation, starting at Ro values greater than 0.75% and reaching peak oil generation at Ro levels surpassing 1.2%. In contrast, peak oil generation in less mature shale initiates at Ro values of 1.1%, providing a more precise depiction of the shale’s diagenetic evolution stages; (2) the higher the TOC content of shale, the greater its hydrocarbon generation capacity, showing a robust positive correlation between hydrocarbon generation and TOC; (3) the diagenesis and pore evolution of shale can be categorized into four distinct stages: the early diagenesis stage (Ro < 0.5%), dominated by mesopores, and with reduced pore volume and surface area; the middle diagenesis stage A (0.5%–1.1%), where shale pore volume has been enhanced while the surface area has been reduced; the middle diagenesis stage B (1.1%–2.0%), where an initial decrease followed by an increase in mesopore volume occurs, along with a modest increase in macropores; and the late diagenesis stage (Ro > 2.0%), with increased organic pores and microfractures, while both pore volume and surface area expand. The study suggests that a Ro of 1.1% marks the peak oil generation period for shale, occurring during the early stage of middle diagenesis, characterized by larger pore volume and surface area, crucial for shale oil and gas enrichment.","PeriodicalId":18601,"journal":{"name":"Minerals","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142215221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Elias Kevrekidis, Stavros Savvas Triantafyllidis, Stylianos Fotios Tombros, Sotirios Kokkalas, Joan Papavasiliou, Konstantinos Kappis, Konstantinos Papageorgiou, Ioannis Koukouvelas, Michalis Fitros, Dimitrios Zouzias, Panagiotis Voudouris, Degao Zhai, Karen St Seymour
The concealed Molai Zn-Pb±(Ag,Ge) stratiform deposit in southeastern Peloponnese is hosted in Triassic intermediate tuffs, ignimbrites and subaerial andesitic flows. The host rocks display trace element signatures of a Supra-Subduction Zone (SSZ) setting. Three ore-forming stages are recognized, with stages I and II related to formation of the epigenetic, stratiform, massive-to-semi-massive ore and a late stage III associated with vein-type mineralization. The O and D isotope geochemistry of gangue chlorite and epidote reveal mixing with fresh meteoric water during the weaning stages of the hydrothermal activity of the late stage II due to uplifting of the hydrothermal system. Sphalerite is the major ore phase, with three different varieties formed during stages I (Sp-I) and II (Sp-II and Sp-III). All sphalerite varieties coexist, depicting gradual change in the chemistry of the ore-forming fluids. Molai ores are characterized by elevated Ag and Ge contents. Tetrahedrite is the major Ag carrier, while among the three sphalerite varieties, early Sp-I comprises the highest Ge contents. The Molai Zn-Pb±(Ag,Ge) deposit is characterized by intermediate features between bimodal felsic massive sulfides and subaerial epithermal systems based on the shallow formation depth, the presence of hydraulic breccias associated with phase separation, the ore formation along high-angle faults, the relatively low ore-forming temperatures below 250 °C obtained from geothermometry, and the absence of the typical structure of bimodal felsic type ores.
伯罗奔尼撒半岛东南部隐蔽的莫莱锌-铅±（银、锗）层状矿床赋存于三叠纪中间凝灰岩、火成岩和次生安山岩流中。母岩显示了超俯冲带（SSZ）环境的微量元素特征。矿石形成分为三个阶段，第一和第二阶段与表生、层状、块状到半块状矿石的形成有关，第三阶段后期与脉状矿化有关。煤矸石绿泥石和闪石的 O 和 D 同位素地球化学显示，在晚期第二阶段热液活动的断乳期，由于热液系统的隆起，煤矸石绿泥石和闪石与新鲜的陨石水混合。闪锌矿是主要的矿相，在第一阶段（Sp-I）和第二阶段（Sp-II 和 Sp-III）形成了三种不同的品种。所有闪锌矿品种共存，表明成矿流体的化学性质在逐渐变化。莫莱矿石的特点是银和锗含量较高。四面体是主要的银载体，而在三个闪锌矿品种中，早期 Sp-I 的 Ge 含量最高。莫莱锌-铅±（银、锗）矿床的特点是介于双峰长晶块状硫化物和次生表生系统之间，其依据是形成深度较浅、存在与相分离相关的水力角砾岩、矿石沿高角度断层形成、地温测量得到的矿石形成温度相对较低，低于 250 °C，以及不存在双峰长晶型矿石的典型结构。
{"title":"Revisiting the Concealed Zn-Pb±(Ag,Ge) VMS-Style Ore Deposit, Molai, Southeastern Peloponnese, Greece","authors":"Elias Kevrekidis, Stavros Savvas Triantafyllidis, Stylianos Fotios Tombros, Sotirios Kokkalas, Joan Papavasiliou, Konstantinos Kappis, Konstantinos Papageorgiou, Ioannis Koukouvelas, Michalis Fitros, Dimitrios Zouzias, Panagiotis Voudouris, Degao Zhai, Karen St Seymour","doi":"10.3390/min14090885","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/min14090885","url":null,"abstract":"The concealed Molai Zn-Pb±(Ag,Ge) stratiform deposit in southeastern Peloponnese is hosted in Triassic intermediate tuffs, ignimbrites and subaerial andesitic flows. The host rocks display trace element signatures of a Supra-Subduction Zone (SSZ) setting. Three ore-forming stages are recognized, with stages I and II related to formation of the epigenetic, stratiform, massive-to-semi-massive ore and a late stage III associated with vein-type mineralization. The O and D isotope geochemistry of gangue chlorite and epidote reveal mixing with fresh meteoric water during the weaning stages of the hydrothermal activity of the late stage II due to uplifting of the hydrothermal system. Sphalerite is the major ore phase, with three different varieties formed during stages I (Sp-I) and II (Sp-II and Sp-III). All sphalerite varieties coexist, depicting gradual change in the chemistry of the ore-forming fluids. Molai ores are characterized by elevated Ag and Ge contents. Tetrahedrite is the major Ag carrier, while among the three sphalerite varieties, early Sp-I comprises the highest Ge contents. The Molai Zn-Pb±(Ag,Ge) deposit is characterized by intermediate features between bimodal felsic massive sulfides and subaerial epithermal systems based on the shallow formation depth, the presence of hydraulic breccias associated with phase separation, the ore formation along high-angle faults, the relatively low ore-forming temperatures below 250 °C obtained from geothermometry, and the absence of the typical structure of bimodal felsic type ores.","PeriodicalId":18601,"journal":{"name":"Minerals","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142215181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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