Heap bioleaching is considered to be a less energy-intensive metal-extraction technique compared to other methods, making it particularly attractive for low-grade sulfide ores. It has been successfully applied to recovery of copper, gold, and uranium from ores over decades. Despite its seemingly straightforward nature, heap bioleaching can experience failures if the ore is unsuitable or the heap leach process is not thoroughly investigated and well-developed. Therefore, multidisciplinary approaches are essential for research and development in heap bioleaching, as its performance depends on numerous processes operating across a wide range of length scales. This review focused on the current state of knowledge regarding the understanding of multi-scale mechanisms in heap bioleaching and the use of multidisciplinary approaches at different scales to develop the process. The investigation covered various scales, such as atomic and molecular, mineralogy and microbes, reaction particles, heap bioleaching units and full-scale factory production. Different approaches were employed to gain a comprehensive understanding of the microbial molecular structure and metabolism, the structure and reaction of minerals, microbial–mineral interaction, particles and aggregation states, and multiphase flow transfer, as well as laboratory experiments, modeling, industrialization, and operation optimization. We emphasized the need for collaboration among researchers from different disciplines and stress the importance of considering the coupling effects of physical, chemical, and microbiological factors when running heap bioleaching plants. Such collaboration and coupling are vital for successful implementation and optimization of heap bioleaching processes. This paper aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of current research related to heap bioleaching at different scales and disciplines, and gave implications to heap bioleaching technology development.
{"title":"Multi-Scale and Trans-Disciplinary Research and Technology Developments of Heap Bioleaching","authors":"Yan Jia, Renman Ruan, Jingkui Qu, Qiaoyi Tan, Heyun Sun, Xiaopeng Niu","doi":"10.3390/min14080808","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/min14080808","url":null,"abstract":"Heap bioleaching is considered to be a less energy-intensive metal-extraction technique compared to other methods, making it particularly attractive for low-grade sulfide ores. It has been successfully applied to recovery of copper, gold, and uranium from ores over decades. Despite its seemingly straightforward nature, heap bioleaching can experience failures if the ore is unsuitable or the heap leach process is not thoroughly investigated and well-developed. Therefore, multidisciplinary approaches are essential for research and development in heap bioleaching, as its performance depends on numerous processes operating across a wide range of length scales. This review focused on the current state of knowledge regarding the understanding of multi-scale mechanisms in heap bioleaching and the use of multidisciplinary approaches at different scales to develop the process. The investigation covered various scales, such as atomic and molecular, mineralogy and microbes, reaction particles, heap bioleaching units and full-scale factory production. Different approaches were employed to gain a comprehensive understanding of the microbial molecular structure and metabolism, the structure and reaction of minerals, microbial–mineral interaction, particles and aggregation states, and multiphase flow transfer, as well as laboratory experiments, modeling, industrialization, and operation optimization. We emphasized the need for collaboration among researchers from different disciplines and stress the importance of considering the coupling effects of physical, chemical, and microbiological factors when running heap bioleaching plants. Such collaboration and coupling are vital for successful implementation and optimization of heap bioleaching processes. This paper aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of current research related to heap bioleaching at different scales and disciplines, and gave implications to heap bioleaching technology development.","PeriodicalId":18601,"journal":{"name":"Minerals","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141942017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Amr El-Awady, Mabrouk Sami, Rainer Abart, Douaa Fathy, Esam S. Farahat, Mohamed S. Ahmed, Hassan Osman, Azza Ragab
The Neoproterozoic granitic rocks of Mount Abu Kibash and Tulayah in the central Eastern Desert of Egypt are of geodynamic interest and provide us with important information about the evolution and growth of the northern part of the Arabian–Nubian Shield (ANS) continental crust. They are primarily composed of granodiorites and syenogranites based on new field, mineralogical, and geochemical analyses. The granodiorites are marked by an enrichment of LILEs such as Sr, K, Rb, Ba compared to HFSEs like Nb, Ta, Ti and show a higher concentration of LREEs relative to HREEs. This composition suggests a subduction-related setting and aligns with the characteristics of subducted I-type granites in the ANS. Chemistry of the analyzed primary amphiboles in the investigated granodiorites support a calc-alkaline nature, mixed source and subduction-related setting. The granodiorites represent an early magmatic phase in this setting, likely formed from a mix of mantle-derived mafic magmas and lower crust material, with subsequent fractional crystallization. On the other hand, syenogranites exhibit high SiO2 (72.02–74.02 wt%), total alkali (7.82–8.01 wt%), and Al2O3 (13.79–14.25 wt%) levels, suggesting their derivation from peraluminous (A/CNK > 1) parental magmas. Their REE-normalized patterns are flat with a pronounced negative Eu anomaly, typical of post-collisional A2-type granites worldwide. These rocks originated from the partial melting of a juvenile lower crustal source (tonalite) in a post-collisional setting, driven by lithospheric delamination that facilitated mantle upwelling and underplating to the lower crust. Interaction between the upwelled mantle and lower crust led to fertilization (enrichment with HFSE and alkalis) of the lithosphere before partial melting. Fractional crystallization coupled with less considerable crustal assimilation are the main magmatic processes during the evolution of these rocks. The transition from subduction to post-collisional setting was accompanied by crustal uplifting, thickening and extensional collapse of ANS continental crust that caused emplacement of large masses of A-type granites in the northern ANS.
埃及东部沙漠中部阿布基巴什山和图拉耶山的新新生代花岗岩具有重要的地球动力学意义，为我们提供了有关阿拉伯-努比亚地盾（ANS）大陆地壳北部演化和增长的重要信息。根据新的实地、矿物学和地球化学分析，它们主要由花岗闪长岩和正长花岗岩组成。与 Nb、Ta、Ti 等 HFSEs 相比，花岗闪长岩的特征是富含 LILEs，如 Sr、K、Rb、Ba；与 HREEs 相比，花岗闪长岩显示出较高的 LREEs 浓度。这种成分显示了与俯冲有关的环境，并与 ANS 地区俯冲 I 型花岗岩的特征相吻合。调查花岗闪长岩中分析的原生闪长岩化学成分支持钙碱性、混合来源和俯冲相关环境。花岗闪长岩代表了这一环境中的早期岩浆阶段，很可能是由地幔衍生的岩浆和下地壳物质混合形成的，随后进行了分块结晶。另一方面，正长花岗岩表现出较高的二氧化硅（72.02-74.02 wt%）、总碱（7.82-8.01 wt%）和氧化铝（13.79-14.25 wt%）含量，表明它们来自过铝质（A/CNK > 1）母岩浆。它们的REE归一化形态平坦，具有明显的负Eu异常，是全球碰撞后A2型花岗岩的典型特征。这些岩石起源于碰撞后环境中幼年下地壳源（辉绿岩）的部分熔融，岩石圈的分层促进了地幔的上涌和下地壳的下沉。上涌的地幔和下地壳之间的相互作用导致岩石圈在部分熔化之前肥化（富含高频闪长岩和碱）。在这些岩石的演化过程中，主要的岩浆作用过程是碎裂结晶和不太明显的地壳同化。从俯冲环境向碰撞后环境的过渡伴随着地壳抬升、增厚和 ANS 大陆地壳的延伸塌陷，导致大量 A 型花岗岩在 ANS 北部地区隆起。
{"title":"Petrogenesis and Tectonic Evolution of I- and A-Type Granites of Mount Abu Kibash and Tulayah, Egypt: Evidence for Transition from Subduction to Post-Collision Magmatism","authors":"Amr El-Awady, Mabrouk Sami, Rainer Abart, Douaa Fathy, Esam S. Farahat, Mohamed S. Ahmed, Hassan Osman, Azza Ragab","doi":"10.3390/min14080806","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/min14080806","url":null,"abstract":"The Neoproterozoic granitic rocks of Mount Abu Kibash and Tulayah in the central Eastern Desert of Egypt are of geodynamic interest and provide us with important information about the evolution and growth of the northern part of the Arabian–Nubian Shield (ANS) continental crust. They are primarily composed of granodiorites and syenogranites based on new field, mineralogical, and geochemical analyses. The granodiorites are marked by an enrichment of LILEs such as Sr, K, Rb, Ba compared to HFSEs like Nb, Ta, Ti and show a higher concentration of LREEs relative to HREEs. This composition suggests a subduction-related setting and aligns with the characteristics of subducted I-type granites in the ANS. Chemistry of the analyzed primary amphiboles in the investigated granodiorites support a calc-alkaline nature, mixed source and subduction-related setting. The granodiorites represent an early magmatic phase in this setting, likely formed from a mix of mantle-derived mafic magmas and lower crust material, with subsequent fractional crystallization. On the other hand, syenogranites exhibit high SiO2 (72.02–74.02 wt%), total alkali (7.82–8.01 wt%), and Al2O3 (13.79–14.25 wt%) levels, suggesting their derivation from peraluminous (A/CNK > 1) parental magmas. Their REE-normalized patterns are flat with a pronounced negative Eu anomaly, typical of post-collisional A2-type granites worldwide. These rocks originated from the partial melting of a juvenile lower crustal source (tonalite) in a post-collisional setting, driven by lithospheric delamination that facilitated mantle upwelling and underplating to the lower crust. Interaction between the upwelled mantle and lower crust led to fertilization (enrichment with HFSE and alkalis) of the lithosphere before partial melting. Fractional crystallization coupled with less considerable crustal assimilation are the main magmatic processes during the evolution of these rocks. The transition from subduction to post-collisional setting was accompanied by crustal uplifting, thickening and extensional collapse of ANS continental crust that caused emplacement of large masses of A-type granites in the northern ANS.","PeriodicalId":18601,"journal":{"name":"Minerals","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141942016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Long Zhang, Xianzhi Pei, Yongbao Gao, Zuochen Li, Ming Liu, Yongkang Jing, Yuanwei Wang, Kang Chen, Nan Deng, Yi Zhang, Junwei Wu
A significant amount of pegmatite has been discovered on the northwest margin of the Qaidam basin. Among this, the Jiaolesayi pegmatite, located in the northwestern margin of the Quanji Massif (Oulongbuluke micro-continent), shows rare element mineralization potential. Detailed field investigations, along with mineralogical, geochemical, and zircon U-Pb geochronological studies, were carried out on the pegmatite. The results show that the Jiaolesayi pegmatite is syenite, without obvious compositional zoning in the outcrop. It exhibits a peraluminous, high-K calc-alkaline nature with strong depletions in Eu, Sr, Ba, Ti, and P, and high contents of Nb, Ta, Y, Ti, U, Th, and heavy rare earth elements (HREEs), which are primarily concentrated in allanite-(Ce), euxenite-(Y), limonite, thorite, and zircon. The geochemical and mineralogical features of the syenite pegmatite indicate it belongs to the euxenite-type in the rare element class (REE) of the NYF family, with the characteristic accessory mineral being euxenite-(Y). Its 10,000 Ga/Al ratios (2.46 to 2.96), Zr + Nb + Ce + Y contents (998 to 6202 ppm), Y/Nb ratios (0.62 to 0.75), and Yb/Ta ratios (0.80 to 1.49) show an affinity with A1-type granite. Zircons from the syenite sample yielded a weighted mean 206Pb/238U age of 413.6 ± 1.4 Ma, while the elevated U and Th concentrations in the zircons and Th/U ratios (0.04 to 0.16) suggest the possible influence of hydrothermal processes in the late-stage fractional crystallization. In the context of the regional tectonic evolution, the syenite pegmatite may have formed from a basic alkaline magma derived from an OIB-like melt with minor crustal contamination, under the post-collisional extension setting.
在柴达木盆地西北缘发现了大量伟晶岩。其中，位于泉吉丘陵（乌隆布鲁克微大陆）西北缘的焦勒萨依伟晶岩显示出稀有元素成矿潜力。对该伟晶岩进行了详细的野外调查以及矿物学、地球化学和锆石 U-Pb 地质年代研究。研究结果表明，焦勒寺伟晶岩为正长岩，在露头处没有明显的成分分带。其性质为过铝质、高K钙碱性，Eu、Sr、Ba、Ti 和 P 元素严重贫化，Nb、Ta、Y、Ti、U、Th 和重稀土元素（HREEs）含量较高，主要富集于绿帘石（Ce）、紫帘石（Y）、褐铁矿、透辉石和锆石中。正长岩伟晶岩的地球化学和矿物学特征表明，它属于 NYF 族稀有元素类（REE）中的埃克森岩型，其特征附属矿物为埃克森岩（Y）。其 10,000 Ga/Al 比率（2.46 至 2.96）、Zr + Nb + Ce + Y 含量（998 至 6202 ppm）、Y/Nb 比率（0.62 至 0.75）和 Yb/Ta 比率（0.80 至 1.49）显示与 A1 型花岗岩相近。从正长岩样品中提取的锆石的加权平均 206Pb/238U 年龄为 413.6 ± 1.4 Ma，而锆石中 U 和 Th 的浓度以及 Th/U 比值（0.04 至 0.16）的升高则表明在晚期分块结晶过程中可能受到热液过程的影响。从区域构造演化的角度来看，正长岩伟晶岩可能是在碰撞后的延伸环境下，由类似于 OIB 熔体的碱性碱性岩浆形成的，其中有少量地壳污染。
{"title":"Geochemistry, Mineralogy, and Geochronology of the NYF Pegmatites, Jiaolesayi, Northern Qaidam Basin, China","authors":"Long Zhang, Xianzhi Pei, Yongbao Gao, Zuochen Li, Ming Liu, Yongkang Jing, Yuanwei Wang, Kang Chen, Nan Deng, Yi Zhang, Junwei Wu","doi":"10.3390/min14080805","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/min14080805","url":null,"abstract":"A significant amount of pegmatite has been discovered on the northwest margin of the Qaidam basin. Among this, the Jiaolesayi pegmatite, located in the northwestern margin of the Quanji Massif (Oulongbuluke micro-continent), shows rare element mineralization potential. Detailed field investigations, along with mineralogical, geochemical, and zircon U-Pb geochronological studies, were carried out on the pegmatite. The results show that the Jiaolesayi pegmatite is syenite, without obvious compositional zoning in the outcrop. It exhibits a peraluminous, high-K calc-alkaline nature with strong depletions in Eu, Sr, Ba, Ti, and P, and high contents of Nb, Ta, Y, Ti, U, Th, and heavy rare earth elements (HREEs), which are primarily concentrated in allanite-(Ce), euxenite-(Y), limonite, thorite, and zircon. The geochemical and mineralogical features of the syenite pegmatite indicate it belongs to the euxenite-type in the rare element class (REE) of the NYF family, with the characteristic accessory mineral being euxenite-(Y). Its 10,000 Ga/Al ratios (2.46 to 2.96), Zr + Nb + Ce + Y contents (998 to 6202 ppm), Y/Nb ratios (0.62 to 0.75), and Yb/Ta ratios (0.80 to 1.49) show an affinity with A1-type granite. Zircons from the syenite sample yielded a weighted mean 206Pb/238U age of 413.6 ± 1.4 Ma, while the elevated U and Th concentrations in the zircons and Th/U ratios (0.04 to 0.16) suggest the possible influence of hydrothermal processes in the late-stage fractional crystallization. In the context of the regional tectonic evolution, the syenite pegmatite may have formed from a basic alkaline magma derived from an OIB-like melt with minor crustal contamination, under the post-collisional extension setting.","PeriodicalId":18601,"journal":{"name":"Minerals","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141924764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The South China Plate is an important part of the Rodinia supercontinent in the Neoproterozoic. The Rizhao area, located on the northeastern margin of the South China Plate, records multiple periods of magmatism, among which Neoproterozoic granitic gneiss is of great significance to the tectonic evolution of the South China Block. In this study, systematic petrology, geochemistry, isotopic chronology, and zircon Hf isotopic analyses were carried out on gneisses samples of biotite alkali feldspar granitic and biotite monzogranitic compositions in the Rizhao area. Geochemical analyses suggest that these granitic rocks belong to the sub-alkaline series and have high potassium contents. They are enriched in large-ion lithophile elements K, Rb, and Ba; depleted in high field strength elements P, Nb, and Ti; enriched in light rare earth elements and moderately depleted in heavy rare earth elements; and have weak to moderate negative Eu anomalies and weak negative Ce anomalies. These rocks are post-orogenic A-type granites. LA-MC-ICP-MS U-Pb dating of zircons from two biotite alkali-feldspar granitic gneiss samples yielded weighted mean ages of 785 ± 8 Ma (MSWD = 3.0) and 784 ± 6Ma (MSWD = 1.5), respectively, and a biotite monzogranitic gneiss sample yielded a weighted mean age of 789 ± 6 Ma (MSWD = 2.3). Lu-Hf isotopic analyses on zircon grains from the two types of Neoproterozoic-aged gneisses yielded negative εHf(t) values ranging from −19.3 to −8.8 and from −18.3 to −10.4, respectively, and the corresponding two-stage Hf model age ranges are 2848–3776 Ma and 2983–3682 Ma, respectively. These granites are the product of Neoproterozoic magmatic activity and are mainly derived from the partial melting of Archean continental crust. Combining the geochemical characteristics and zircon U-Pb-Lu-Hf isotopic analyses, these A-type granitic gneisses appear to have formed in an intracontinental rift extension environment during the initial break-up of the Rodinia supercontinent, as part of the supercontinent break-up process at the northeastern margin of the South China Block.
{"title":"Involvement of the Northeastern Margin of South China Block in Rodinia Supercontinent Evolution: A Case Study of Neoproterozoic Granitic Gneiss in Rizhao Area, Shandong Province","authors":"Xiaolong He, Zeyu Yang, Kai Liu, Wei Zhu, Honglei Zhan, Peng Yang, Tongzheng Wei, Shuxun Wang, Yaoyao Zhang","doi":"10.3390/min14080807","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/min14080807","url":null,"abstract":"The South China Plate is an important part of the Rodinia supercontinent in the Neoproterozoic. The Rizhao area, located on the northeastern margin of the South China Plate, records multiple periods of magmatism, among which Neoproterozoic granitic gneiss is of great significance to the tectonic evolution of the South China Block. In this study, systematic petrology, geochemistry, isotopic chronology, and zircon Hf isotopic analyses were carried out on gneisses samples of biotite alkali feldspar granitic and biotite monzogranitic compositions in the Rizhao area. Geochemical analyses suggest that these granitic rocks belong to the sub-alkaline series and have high potassium contents. They are enriched in large-ion lithophile elements K, Rb, and Ba; depleted in high field strength elements P, Nb, and Ti; enriched in light rare earth elements and moderately depleted in heavy rare earth elements; and have weak to moderate negative Eu anomalies and weak negative Ce anomalies. These rocks are post-orogenic A-type granites. LA-MC-ICP-MS U-Pb dating of zircons from two biotite alkali-feldspar granitic gneiss samples yielded weighted mean ages of 785 ± 8 Ma (MSWD = 3.0) and 784 ± 6Ma (MSWD = 1.5), respectively, and a biotite monzogranitic gneiss sample yielded a weighted mean age of 789 ± 6 Ma (MSWD = 2.3). Lu-Hf isotopic analyses on zircon grains from the two types of Neoproterozoic-aged gneisses yielded negative εHf(t) values ranging from −19.3 to −8.8 and from −18.3 to −10.4, respectively, and the corresponding two-stage Hf model age ranges are 2848–3776 Ma and 2983–3682 Ma, respectively. These granites are the product of Neoproterozoic magmatic activity and are mainly derived from the partial melting of Archean continental crust. Combining the geochemical characteristics and zircon U-Pb-Lu-Hf isotopic analyses, these A-type granitic gneisses appear to have formed in an intracontinental rift extension environment during the initial break-up of the Rodinia supercontinent, as part of the supercontinent break-up process at the northeastern margin of the South China Block.","PeriodicalId":18601,"journal":{"name":"Minerals","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141942018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study proposes a new method to determine the particle size distribution (PSD) of soils by considering the electrical conductivity (EC) technique. A new EC probe was designed with a transparent thermoplastic, commonly known as acrylic, and brass electrodes. At first, the EC of a soil–water homogeneous suspension was calculated at different densities to obtain a calibration curve of each tested soil sample. During the PSD analysis, as the particles started to settle down in the basement due to gravity, the EC was measured at different time intervals, and the corresponding EC values were then matched with the calibrated EC values at different densities. The proposed method considered the conventional Stokes’ law to determine the diameter of soil particles and the general percentage of passing mathematical expression to obtain the final PSD curve of each soil. The PSD analysis by the EC approach was later validated with that of hydrometer and laser diffraction methods, and in general, good agreements were obtained for identical soil samples at different classifications of soil particles such as clay, silt, and sand. Finally, reproducibility tests were also conducted and the new EC probe overperformed the hydrometer method in terms of both accuracy and precision. The finding from this study aimed to propose an alternative to determine the PSD of soils by using the EC technique with a high level of accuracy and efficiency.
{"title":"An Alternative Method of Obtaining the Particle Size Distribution of Soils by Electrical Conductivity","authors":"Md. Farhad Hasan, H. Abuel-Naga","doi":"10.3390/min14080804","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/min14080804","url":null,"abstract":"This study proposes a new method to determine the particle size distribution (PSD) of soils by considering the electrical conductivity (EC) technique. A new EC probe was designed with a transparent thermoplastic, commonly known as acrylic, and brass electrodes. At first, the EC of a soil–water homogeneous suspension was calculated at different densities to obtain a calibration curve of each tested soil sample. During the PSD analysis, as the particles started to settle down in the basement due to gravity, the EC was measured at different time intervals, and the corresponding EC values were then matched with the calibrated EC values at different densities. The proposed method considered the conventional Stokes’ law to determine the diameter of soil particles and the general percentage of passing mathematical expression to obtain the final PSD curve of each soil. The PSD analysis by the EC approach was later validated with that of hydrometer and laser diffraction methods, and in general, good agreements were obtained for identical soil samples at different classifications of soil particles such as clay, silt, and sand. Finally, reproducibility tests were also conducted and the new EC probe overperformed the hydrometer method in terms of both accuracy and precision. The finding from this study aimed to propose an alternative to determine the PSD of soils by using the EC technique with a high level of accuracy and efficiency.","PeriodicalId":18601,"journal":{"name":"Minerals","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141929062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The hydrothermal dolomitization, facilitated by basement fault activities, had an important impact on the Permian Maokou Formation dolomite in the Sichuan Basin, which experienced complex diagenesis and presented strong reservoir heterogeneity. The source and age of diagenetic fluids in this succession remain controversial. In this study, various analyses were implemented on samples collected from outcrops and wells near the No. 15 fault in the eastern Sichuan Basin to reconstruct the multi-stage fluid activity and analyze the impact on reservoir development, including petrology, micro-domain isotopes, rare earth elements, homogenization temperature of fluid inclusions, and Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) U-Pb dating. The homogenization temperature of primary brine inclusions in fine-grained matrix dolomite and saddle dolomite is concentrated between 100 and 150 °C, which indicates that the impacts of abnormally high temperatures of other geological bodies. The δ13C and δ18O value and low 87Sr/86Sr value indicate that the diagenetic fluid of fine-grained matrix dolomite is mainly Permian seawater. The U-Pb ages of fine-grained matrix dolomite are ~260 Ma, which coincides with the age of the main magmatism of Emeishan Large Igneous Province (ELIP), and hydrothermal fluid provided a favorable high-temperature environment in the penecontemporaneous stage. While highly radiogenic 87Sr/86Sr compositions suggests those of saddle dolomite, the high-temperature Sr-rich formation fluid. The U-Pb ages of saddle dolomite are 245–250 Ma, which coincides with the age of the 255~251 Ma magmatism of ELIP. This indicates that those should be the diagenetic products of the ELIP hydrothermal fluid in the shallow burial stage. The U-Pb age of coarse-grained calcite is 190–220 Ma, and it should be the diagenetic product of the deep burial stage. Brine inclusions associated with primary methane inclusions were developed in coarse-grained calcite, with a homogenization temperature range of 140.8–199.8 °C, which indicates that the formation fluid activities were related to hydrocarbon charging. The Permian Maokou Formation dolomite was firstly formed in the penecontemporaneous shallow burial stage, and then it was subjected to further hydrothermal dolomitization due to the basement faulting and the abnormally high heat flow during the active period of ELIP. Hydrothermal dolomitization contributed to the formation and maintenance of intercrystalline and dissolution pores, whereas it also formed saddle dolomite to fill the pores, and reduce the pore space. The influence of deep fluid activities on reservoir evolution is further distinguished.
{"title":"Source and U-Pb Chronology of Diagenetic Fluids in the Permian Maokou Formation Dolomite Reservoir, Eastern Sichuan Basin, China","authors":"Shuangjian Li, Jian Gao, Tianbo Yang, Tianyi Li, Tianjia Liu, Yunqing Hao, Zhiliang He, Entao Liu","doi":"10.3390/min14080803","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/min14080803","url":null,"abstract":"The hydrothermal dolomitization, facilitated by basement fault activities, had an important impact on the Permian Maokou Formation dolomite in the Sichuan Basin, which experienced complex diagenesis and presented strong reservoir heterogeneity. The source and age of diagenetic fluids in this succession remain controversial. In this study, various analyses were implemented on samples collected from outcrops and wells near the No. 15 fault in the eastern Sichuan Basin to reconstruct the multi-stage fluid activity and analyze the impact on reservoir development, including petrology, micro-domain isotopes, rare earth elements, homogenization temperature of fluid inclusions, and Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) U-Pb dating. The homogenization temperature of primary brine inclusions in fine-grained matrix dolomite and saddle dolomite is concentrated between 100 and 150 °C, which indicates that the impacts of abnormally high temperatures of other geological bodies. The δ13C and δ18O value and low 87Sr/86Sr value indicate that the diagenetic fluid of fine-grained matrix dolomite is mainly Permian seawater. The U-Pb ages of fine-grained matrix dolomite are ~260 Ma, which coincides with the age of the main magmatism of Emeishan Large Igneous Province (ELIP), and hydrothermal fluid provided a favorable high-temperature environment in the penecontemporaneous stage. While highly radiogenic 87Sr/86Sr compositions suggests those of saddle dolomite, the high-temperature Sr-rich formation fluid. The U-Pb ages of saddle dolomite are 245–250 Ma, which coincides with the age of the 255~251 Ma magmatism of ELIP. This indicates that those should be the diagenetic products of the ELIP hydrothermal fluid in the shallow burial stage. The U-Pb age of coarse-grained calcite is 190–220 Ma, and it should be the diagenetic product of the deep burial stage. Brine inclusions associated with primary methane inclusions were developed in coarse-grained calcite, with a homogenization temperature range of 140.8–199.8 °C, which indicates that the formation fluid activities were related to hydrocarbon charging. The Permian Maokou Formation dolomite was firstly formed in the penecontemporaneous shallow burial stage, and then it was subjected to further hydrothermal dolomitization due to the basement faulting and the abnormally high heat flow during the active period of ELIP. Hydrothermal dolomitization contributed to the formation and maintenance of intercrystalline and dissolution pores, whereas it also formed saddle dolomite to fill the pores, and reduce the pore space. The influence of deep fluid activities on reservoir evolution is further distinguished.","PeriodicalId":18601,"journal":{"name":"Minerals","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141942055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cerussite is an essential lead oxide mineral with increasing economic importance as lead sulfide resources deplete. This study utilizes density functional theory (DFT) to investigate the structural and electronic properties of the sulfurized cerussite (110) surface. The results show that when the cerussite crystal cleaves along the (110) plane, only the surface layer atoms undergo relaxation to reconstruct the surface, while the atoms located deeper have almost no impact on the reconstructed surface structure. The Pb atoms on the cerussite (110) surface react with the sulfurizing agent to form a PbS deposition layer with a structure similar to galena. This PbS deposition layer is tightly adsorbed onto the lead oxide layer through Pb-S bonds formed by S and subsurface lead oxide structure Pb atoms. The chemical reactivity of Pb atoms in the PbS layer on the sulfurized cerussite (110) surface is more potent than that of Pb atoms on the galena surface; additionally, the Pb atoms closer to the lead oxide layer exhibit slightly higher chemical reactivity than those farther away. This study provides insight into sulfurized cerussite surfaces’ structure and properties at an atomic level and assists in explaining the floating behavior of cerussite.
{"title":"Density Functional Theory Study on Structure and Properties of Sulfurized Cerussite (110) Surface","authors":"Cong Han, Yuxin Ao, Yanbai Shen, Sikai Zhao, Qiang Zhao, Shijie Zhou","doi":"10.3390/min14080801","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/min14080801","url":null,"abstract":"Cerussite is an essential lead oxide mineral with increasing economic importance as lead sulfide resources deplete. This study utilizes density functional theory (DFT) to investigate the structural and electronic properties of the sulfurized cerussite (110) surface. The results show that when the cerussite crystal cleaves along the (110) plane, only the surface layer atoms undergo relaxation to reconstruct the surface, while the atoms located deeper have almost no impact on the reconstructed surface structure. The Pb atoms on the cerussite (110) surface react with the sulfurizing agent to form a PbS deposition layer with a structure similar to galena. This PbS deposition layer is tightly adsorbed onto the lead oxide layer through Pb-S bonds formed by S and subsurface lead oxide structure Pb atoms. The chemical reactivity of Pb atoms in the PbS layer on the sulfurized cerussite (110) surface is more potent than that of Pb atoms on the galena surface; additionally, the Pb atoms closer to the lead oxide layer exhibit slightly higher chemical reactivity than those farther away. This study provides insight into sulfurized cerussite surfaces’ structure and properties at an atomic level and assists in explaining the floating behavior of cerussite.","PeriodicalId":18601,"journal":{"name":"Minerals","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141942020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Steel infrastructure in tunnels significantly affects the accuracy of transient electromagnetic (TEM) data inversion. This study proposes and compares two methods to effectively mitigate this interference: the correction factor method and the prior information constraint method. The correction factor method constructs correction factors using interference data obtained in two ways. The first method, numerical simulation, is theoretically precise but relies heavily on accurate model parameters and requires significant computational resources. The second is conducted by measuring the interference data in the working space. While this approach is simple and operationally convenient, its effectiveness in correction is limited by the measured data quality. The a priori information constraint method improves the inversion by introducing a more accurate initial model. The inversion results of synthetic data indicate that the inversion based on the correction factor method and the prior information constraint method can effectively invert the anomaly. However, the delay effect remains a challenge for the correction factor method. Finally, we invert the field data measured in a mine tunnel by combining the interference processing methods.
{"title":"Inversion of TEM Responses in Tunnel with Steel Infrastructure and Its Application","authors":"Shang Ran, Jinsong Shen, Zuzhi Hu, Gang Long","doi":"10.3390/min14080802","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/min14080802","url":null,"abstract":"Steel infrastructure in tunnels significantly affects the accuracy of transient electromagnetic (TEM) data inversion. This study proposes and compares two methods to effectively mitigate this interference: the correction factor method and the prior information constraint method. The correction factor method constructs correction factors using interference data obtained in two ways. The first method, numerical simulation, is theoretically precise but relies heavily on accurate model parameters and requires significant computational resources. The second is conducted by measuring the interference data in the working space. While this approach is simple and operationally convenient, its effectiveness in correction is limited by the measured data quality. The a priori information constraint method improves the inversion by introducing a more accurate initial model. The inversion results of synthetic data indicate that the inversion based on the correction factor method and the prior information constraint method can effectively invert the anomaly. However, the delay effect remains a challenge for the correction factor method. Finally, we invert the field data measured in a mine tunnel by combining the interference processing methods.","PeriodicalId":18601,"journal":{"name":"Minerals","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141942057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Maria Pilar Lapuente Mercadal, Trinidad Nogales-Basarrate
This paper focuses on the role of the most common mineralogical techniques applied to the identification of the different statuary qualities in white, grey, and black Göktepe marble. For this purpose, the case of a Roman sculpture marble collection from the rural villa of Valdetorres de Jarama (central Iberia), dating to the 4th century AD, is presented. The mythological statuary, combining white, grey, and black marbles, is one of the most outstanding marble collections in the Aphrodisian style found in Hispania. The analytical results (achieved through Petrography, Cathodoluminescence, C and O isotopes, and Sr and Mn concentration) support the identification of two varieties of “black” Göktepe, traditionally referred to as bigio morato and bigio antico, as well as the best statuary quality of white Göktepe. In addition, the analytical identification of other Asiatic marbles in the Valdetorres collection, a white coarse-grain originally from the quarries of Aphrodisias city, and one small piece identified as Carian red from Iasos, corroborates the already suggested strong connection existing between artists and the stone material they chose for their works. Finally, the identification carried out on the marble of the bases that served as seats for the sculptures is noteworthy, as it is a white marble of lower quality whose analytical characteristics are consistent with the Microasiatic marble of Denizli. The use of these exotic and exceptional raw materials confirms the taste for luxury and decorative richness in Late Antique Hispanic rural villae and contributes to a better understanding of the distribution of Aphrodisian production and trade networks with the Western Roman provinces.
本文的重点是最常用的矿物学技术在鉴定白色、灰色和黑色 Göktepe 大理石中不同雕像质量方面的作用。为此，本文介绍了公元 4 世纪从 Valdetorres de Jarama（伊比利亚中部）农村别墅收集的罗马雕塑大理石。这些神话雕像由白色、灰色和黑色大理石组合而成，是伊斯帕尼亚最杰出的阿佛洛狄斯风格大理石收藏之一。分析结果（通过岩相学、阴极荧光、C 和 O 同位素以及锶和锰的浓度）证实了两种 "黑色 "戈克泰佩大理石（传统上称为 bigio morato 和 bigio antico）的身份，以及白色戈克泰佩大理石的最佳雕像质量。此外，对 Valdetorres 收藏品中的其他亚洲大理石（一种原产于阿芙罗迪西亚斯市采石场的白色粗粒大理石和一小块被鉴定为产自伊阿索斯的卡里亚红大理石）进行的分析鉴定，证实了艺术家与他们为作品选择的石材之间业已存在的密切联系。最后，对用作雕塑座椅的底座的大理石进行的鉴定值得注意，因为这是一种质量较差的白色大理石，其分析特征与德尼兹利的小亚细亚大理石一致。这些异国情调的特殊原材料的使用证实了古希腊晚期西班牙乡村别墅对奢华和丰富装饰的追求，并有助于更好地了解阿芙罗狄忒的生产分布以及与西罗马各省的贸易网络。
{"title":"Statuary Qualities of White and Black Göktepe Identified in the Hispanic Valdetorres de Jarama Marble Collection","authors":"Maria Pilar Lapuente Mercadal, Trinidad Nogales-Basarrate","doi":"10.3390/min14080797","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/min14080797","url":null,"abstract":"This paper focuses on the role of the most common mineralogical techniques applied to the identification of the different statuary qualities in white, grey, and black Göktepe marble. For this purpose, the case of a Roman sculpture marble collection from the rural villa of Valdetorres de Jarama (central Iberia), dating to the 4th century AD, is presented. The mythological statuary, combining white, grey, and black marbles, is one of the most outstanding marble collections in the Aphrodisian style found in Hispania. The analytical results (achieved through Petrography, Cathodoluminescence, C and O isotopes, and Sr and Mn concentration) support the identification of two varieties of “black” Göktepe, traditionally referred to as bigio morato and bigio antico, as well as the best statuary quality of white Göktepe. In addition, the analytical identification of other Asiatic marbles in the Valdetorres collection, a white coarse-grain originally from the quarries of Aphrodisias city, and one small piece identified as Carian red from Iasos, corroborates the already suggested strong connection existing between artists and the stone material they chose for their works. Finally, the identification carried out on the marble of the bases that served as seats for the sculptures is noteworthy, as it is a white marble of lower quality whose analytical characteristics are consistent with the Microasiatic marble of Denizli. The use of these exotic and exceptional raw materials confirms the taste for luxury and decorative richness in Late Antique Hispanic rural villae and contributes to a better understanding of the distribution of Aphrodisian production and trade networks with the Western Roman provinces.","PeriodicalId":18601,"journal":{"name":"Minerals","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141881851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The beneficiation of low-grade iron ores is a key research and development topic in the mineral processing industry. The gradual exhaustion of high-grade iron ore reserves, and rising consumer iron and steel demand globally necessitate efficient low-quality iron ore beneficiation to meet steelmaking quality requirements. This comprehensive review explores various beneficiation techniques for low-quality iron ore, focusing on conventional methods including comminution, froth flotation and gravity separation. This article discusses the principles, processes, and equipment used in these techniques and highlights recent advancements and research efforts in the field. This review also emphasizes the importance of effective beneficiation processes in enhancing economic viability, sustainable resource management, and environmental conservation. Furthermore, it presents a case study of iron ore deposits in Botswana, highlighting the potential economic growth and sustainable development that can be achieved by maximizing resource utilization through reductive roasting, followed by magnetic separation of iron ore using semi-bituminous coal as a reductant. Overall, this review provides valuable insights into low-grade iron ore beneficiation techniques and their significance in meeting the growing demand for high-quality iron and steel products.
{"title":"Exploring Low-Grade Iron Ore Beneficiation Techniques: A Comprehensive Review","authors":"Mompati Mpho Bulayani, Prasad Raghupatruni, Tirivaviri Mamvura, Gwiranai Danha","doi":"10.3390/min14080796","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/min14080796","url":null,"abstract":"The beneficiation of low-grade iron ores is a key research and development topic in the mineral processing industry. The gradual exhaustion of high-grade iron ore reserves, and rising consumer iron and steel demand globally necessitate efficient low-quality iron ore beneficiation to meet steelmaking quality requirements. This comprehensive review explores various beneficiation techniques for low-quality iron ore, focusing on conventional methods including comminution, froth flotation and gravity separation. This article discusses the principles, processes, and equipment used in these techniques and highlights recent advancements and research efforts in the field. This review also emphasizes the importance of effective beneficiation processes in enhancing economic viability, sustainable resource management, and environmental conservation. Furthermore, it presents a case study of iron ore deposits in Botswana, highlighting the potential economic growth and sustainable development that can be achieved by maximizing resource utilization through reductive roasting, followed by magnetic separation of iron ore using semi-bituminous coal as a reductant. Overall, this review provides valuable insights into low-grade iron ore beneficiation techniques and their significance in meeting the growing demand for high-quality iron and steel products.","PeriodicalId":18601,"journal":{"name":"Minerals","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141881854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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