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The Allies between liberation and occupation: a retrospective 解放与占领之间的同盟:回顾
IF 0.5 3区 历史学 Q3 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2026-03-02 DOI: 10.1017/mit.2025.10121
David William Ellwood
This article revisits the often contradictory experience of Allied rule in Italy, challenging the narrative of liberation and proposing instead to embrace more emphatically the lens of ‘occupation’. Building on the author’s own contribution to the field and reviewing the evolution of the literature over the past decades, it explores five central themes that help redefine our understanding of this era: the temporal and spatial backdrop against which Allied rule unfolded, shaped by the notion of ‘co-belligerency’; the impact of total war on Italian society; the role of British and American military and political leadership in shaping occupation policy; the cultural and symbolic influence of American forces; and the impact of war and occupation on women. It argues that the occupation regime profoundly shaped Italy’s experience during the mid-twentieth century as well as its postwar identity, contributing to a persistent national pacifism and ambivalence towards the new superpowers.
这篇文章回顾了盟军在意大利统治期间经常相互矛盾的经历,挑战了解放的叙述,并建议更强调地拥抱“占领”的镜头。本书以作者本人对该领域的贡献为基础,回顾了过去几十年文学的演变,探讨了五个有助于重新定义我们对这个时代的理解的中心主题:盟军统治展开的时间和空间背景,由“共同交战”的概念形成;全面战争对意大利社会的影响;英美军事和政治领导在制定占领政策方面的作用;美国军队的文化和象征影响;以及战争和占领对女性的影响。它认为,占领政权深刻地塑造了意大利在20世纪中期的经历及其战后身份,促成了持久的民族和平主义和对新超级大国的矛盾心理。
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引用次数: 0
The making of a dominant narrative: the translation(s) of Churchill’s The Second World War in Italy 主导叙事的形成:丘吉尔的《第二次世界大战在意大利》的翻译
IF 0.5 3区 历史学 Q3 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2026-03-02 DOI: 10.1017/mit.2026.10128
Daniele Pipitone
This article examines the Italian translations and reception of Winston S. Churchill’s The Second World War , using British and Italian archival materials and press sources. It shows how the Italian editions and serialisations introduced constant modifications – abridgements, omissions, textual cuts, and paratextual framing – in order to adapt the memoirs for a national audience. These interventions softened Churchill’s judgments on Italy, emphasised the ideological character of the war, and strengthened anti-Soviet themes, thus aligning the text with dominant cultural and political discourses of the postwar years. Analysis of contemporary reviews and newspaper debates highlights a polarised reception: critical distance or silence in intellectual journals contrasted with enthusiastic praise in mainstream dailies, where the memoirs were hailed as both literary achievement and democratic statement. The article argues that these editorial and translational strategies played a crucial role in integrating Churchill’s narrative into Italian collective memory, supporting a symbolic redefinition of Italy’s place from defeated nation to one of the victors.
本文利用英国和意大利的档案资料和新闻资料,考察了温斯顿·s·丘吉尔的《第二次世界大战》在意大利的翻译和接受情况。它展示了意大利版本和连载是如何引入不断的修改——删节、省略、文本切割和文本框架——以适应全国观众的回忆录。这些干预软化了丘吉尔对意大利的判断,强调了战争的意识形态特征,加强了反苏主题,从而使文本与战后主流文化和政治话语保持一致。对当代评论和报纸辩论的分析凸显了两极分化的接受态度:知识分子期刊上的批判距离或沉默与主流日报的热情赞扬形成鲜明对比,在主流日报上,回忆录被誉为文学成就和民主宣言。文章认为,这些编辑和翻译策略在将丘吉尔的叙述融入意大利的集体记忆中发挥了至关重要的作用,支持了意大利从战败国到战胜国之一的象征性重新定义。
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引用次数: 0
The grammar of the occupation: the Advisory Council and the making of Allied policy in Italy, 1943–47 占领的语法:咨询委员会和盟军在意大利的政策制定,1943-47
IF 0.5 3区 历史学 Q3 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2026-03-02 DOI: 10.1017/mit.2026.10129
Marco Maria Aterrano
The trajectory of Allied control in occupied Italy was characterised by the easing of pressure on local institutions in its progression from military government to institutional supervision. The structure of control was imagined as following three institutional steps, according to which the Allied Military Government would be succeeded – upon the re-establishment of a functioning Italian government – by an Allied Control Commission tasked with maintaining a supervisory role. A lesser-known institution, the Advisory Council for Italy, was established with the external contribution of Russian, French and subsequently Greek and Yugoslav representatives. This third body contributed to the political management of Italian affairs through a series of recommendations which helped shape the direction of the Allied occupation. By analysing the Council’s documentation, this article outlines its political objectives, institutional practices and internal tensions, while highlighting the development of a more widely co-ordinated Allied control policy for Italy.
盟军对被占领意大利的控制轨迹的特点是,在从军政府过渡到机构监督的过程中,对地方机构的压力有所减轻。控制结构被设想为下列三个体制步骤,根据这些步骤,盟军军事政府将在重建一个运作良好的意大利政府后由一个盟军控制委员会接替,其任务是保持监督作用。一个不太为人所知的机构,即意大利咨询委员会,是在俄罗斯、法国以及后来的希腊和南斯拉夫代表的外部捐助下成立的。这第三个机构通过一系列建议对意大利事务的政治管理作出了贡献,这些建议帮助确定了盟军占领的方向。通过分析委员会的文件,本文概述了其政治目标、制度实践和内部紧张局势,同时强调了盟国对意大利更广泛协调的控制政策的发展。
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引用次数: 0
Caramelle, caramelle! American food and Italians in the Second World War: propaganda, othering, and food exchange Caramelle, Caramelle !第二次世界大战中的美国食物和意大利食物:宣传、交换和食物交换
IF 0.5 3区 历史学 Q3 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2026-02-23 DOI: 10.1017/mit.2026.10127
Patrizia Sambuco
This article considers the function of American food and its exchange at the time of the Allied occupation of Italy to revisit the complexity of the encounter with the local population. Through unpublished diaries and confidential reports of the Psychological Warfare Branch, as well as video materials, published interviews and published diaries, the article makes the issues around food central to the understanding of the dynamics of the Italian occupation. While contributing to the growing literature on food availability in the Second World War, the article expands in particular on the historic function of American comfort food and rations, to explore the experience of the Italian occupation through the interactions of gifting, bartering and black market trade. It illuminates the complexity of mutual perceptions shaped by hope, nostalgia, supremacy, and fairness. It concludes with a reading of John Hersey’s A Bell for Adano, which, as a cultural product, brings together and makes valid for future generations, the contrasting image of a benign and a damaging occupation explored in the article.
本文考虑了美国食品的功能及其在盟军占领意大利时的交换,以重新审视与当地居民相遇的复杂性。通过心理战处未发表的日记和机密报告,以及视频材料、已发表的采访和已发表的日记,这篇文章使围绕食物的问题成为理解意大利占领动态的核心。在为越来越多的关于第二次世界大战中食物供应的文献做出贡献的同时,这篇文章特别扩展了美国安慰食品和口粮的历史功能,通过礼物、物物交换和黑市贸易的相互作用来探索意大利占领的经历。它阐明了由希望、怀旧、至上和公平所形成的相互认知的复杂性。它以阅读约翰·赫西的《阿达诺的钟声》作为结尾,作为一种文化产品,它将文章中探讨的良性和破坏性职业的对比形象聚集在一起,并为后代提供了有效的依据。
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引用次数: 0
Digital history, revisionism and antifascism: charting a course 数字历史、修正主义和反法西斯主义:绘制路线
IF 0.5 3区 历史学 Q3 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2026-01-19 DOI: 10.1017/mit.2025.10114
Nicola Cacciatore, Francesca Cavarocchi, Gabriella Gotti
After introducing the topic of antifascism on the internet and the issues that scientific publications encounter when facing the web, the first part of this contribution in Contexts and Debates examined the first of three digital history projects connected to this topic, the Atlante delle stragi naziste e fasciste . In this following section, the attention is focused on two more publications: IF – Intellettuali in fuga dall’Italia fascista , a project tied to the issue of mobility for people persecuted by the Fascist regime; and Memorie in Cammino , a project that approaches its content and the user’s interaction with it in an entirely non-linear manner, reconstructing the lives and actions of those who resisted the regime.
在介绍了互联网上的反法西斯主义主题以及科学出版物在面对网络时遇到的问题之后,《背景与辩论》的第一部分考察了与该主题相关的三个数字历史项目中的第一个,即大西洋大西洋纳粹和法西斯。在下一节中,重点关注另外两份出版物:《意大利法西斯主义中的知识分子》,这是一个与受法西斯政权迫害的人的流动性问题有关的项目;以及Cammino的memory in Cammino,这个项目以一种完全非线性的方式处理其内容和用户与它的互动,重建那些反抗政权的人的生活和行动。
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引用次数: 0
‘Silent loyalty’: armistice and Italian memory in the work of Agostino degli Espinosa “沉默的忠诚”:阿戈斯蒂诺·德格利·埃斯皮诺萨作品中的停战与意大利记忆
IF 0.5 3区 历史学 Q3 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2025-11-21 DOI: 10.1017/mit.2025.10116
Charles L. Leavitt IV
Author of Il Regno del Sud (1946), an influential first-hand history of the Kingdom of Italy that was set up in Allied territory after the 1943 armistice, Agostino degli Espinosa did much to shape Italian memory of the Allied occupation of Italy. In this article I examine for the first time degli Espinosa’s doubts about Italy’s postwar future, which appear in the margins of his history, and which come to the fore in his fiction. I argue that the critical re-evaluation of the work of this emblematic but understudied figure can shed light on Italy’s divided memories of the Second World War and the Allied occupation.
阿戈斯蒂诺·德格利·埃斯皮诺萨(Agostino degli Espinosa)是《南方王国》(Il Regno del Sud, 1946)一书的作者,该书是1943年停战后在盟军领土上建立的意大利王国的有影响力的第一手历史,他在塑造意大利人对盟军占领意大利的记忆方面做了很多工作。在这篇文章中,我第一次审视了degli Espinosa对意大利战后未来的怀疑,这些怀疑出现在他的历史边缘,并在他的小说中脱颖而出。我认为,对这位象征性但未被充分研究的人物的作品进行批判性的重新评估,可以揭示意大利对第二次世界大战和盟军占领的分裂记忆。
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引用次数: 0
‘For me, it was life-changing’: the Italian contact zone of occupation and the encounter with otherness in oral history recollections “对我来说,这改变了我的生活”:意大利的职业接触区,以及口述历史回忆中与他者的相遇
IF 0.5 3区 历史学 Q3 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2025-11-21 DOI: 10.1017/mit.2025.10113
Fabio Simonetti
This article examines the experiential and perceptual environment in which social encounters between soldiers and civilians occurred in Allied-occupied Italy (1943–45) and its enduring impact on the lives of those who experienced it. It does so by applying Mary Louise Pratt’s theoretical framework of the ‘contact zone’ to the case of occupied Italy and by exploring it through the lens of oral history sources. The critical analysis of interviews with Antonio Taurelli, an Italian teenager in 1944 who fought with American soldiers, and Harry Shindler, a British veteran who married an Italian woman during the war, sheds light on how ordinary individuals shaped their own experience of occupation within the contact zone as well as on the life-changing impact of their encounters with ‘otherness’. This article aims to contribute to our understanding of the social experience of the Allied occupation of Italy and the impact of military-civilian encounters in occupation environments more broadly.
本文考察了在盟军占领的意大利(1943 - 1945),士兵和平民之间的社会遭遇所处的经验和感知环境,以及它对经历过这种社会遭遇的人的生活的持久影响。它通过将玛丽·路易斯·普拉特的“接触区”理论框架应用于被占领的意大利,并通过口述历史来源的镜头对其进行探索。本书对1944年与美国士兵并肩作战的意大利少年安东尼奥·塔雷利(Antonio Taurelli)和在战争期间娶了一名意大利女子的英国退伍军人哈里·辛德勒(Harry Shindler)的采访进行了批判性分析,揭示了普通人如何在接触区域内塑造自己的职业经历,以及他们与“异类”相遇所带来的改变生活的影响。本文旨在帮助我们理解盟军占领意大利的社会经验,以及在更广泛的占领环境中军民相遇的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Marrying the occupiers: Italian war brides and GIs during the Allied occupation of Italy 与占领者结婚:盟军占领意大利期间的意大利战争新娘和大兵
IF 0.5 3区 历史学 Q3 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2025-11-21 DOI: 10.1017/mit.2025.10115
Silvia Cassamagnaghi
During the Second World War, Allied-occupied Italy became the setting for a wide range of intimate encounters between local women and the occupiers, especially American soldiers. These relationships – ranging from romantic and consensual to transactional and coercive – reflected complex interactions with perceived ‘otherness’ and exposed tensions around race, gender, and power. US authorities, concerned about its social, cultural, and political implications, monitored ‘fraternisation’ closely. This article explores these dynamics by examining US Army marriage regulations and oral history interviews with Italian women who married American soldiers. Women’s experiences – shaped by region, class, and individual circumstance – represent a spectrum ranging from disillusionment to long-term partnership. These narratives offer a complex portrait of gender relations under occupation, revealing how military policy also intersected with and shaped the everyday lives of women during occupation.
在第二次世界大战期间,盟军占领的意大利成为当地妇女与占领者,特别是美国士兵之间广泛亲密接触的场所。这些关系——从浪漫和自愿到交易和强制——反映了与感知到的“他者”的复杂互动,并暴露了围绕种族、性别和权力的紧张关系。美国当局出于对其社会、文化和政治影响的担忧,对“亲善”进行了密切监控。本文通过考察美国军队的婚姻法规和对与美国士兵结婚的意大利妇女的口述历史采访,探讨了这些动态。女性的经历——由地区、阶级和个人情况所决定——代表了从幻想破灭到长期合作关系的范围。这些叙述为占领下的性别关系提供了一幅复杂的肖像,揭示了军事政策如何在占领期间与妇女的日常生活相交并塑造了她们的日常生活。
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引用次数: 0
Digital history, revisionism and antifascism: charting a course 数字历史、修正主义和反法西斯主义:绘制路线
IF 0.5 3区 历史学 Q3 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2025-11-18 DOI: 10.1017/mit.2025.10111
Nicola Cacciatore, Igor Pizzirusso

Digital history represents an exciting avenue for scholars to both publish their findings and apply new research methodologies that include the public as a producer of historical knowledge. However, in the context of studies on the Second World War in Italy, and especially the antifascist Resistance, these types of productions remain rare. This situation is in stark contrast to the vast production of revisionist, pro-fascist or outright fascist materials produced by a plethora of non-scholar actors across the web. This contribution aims to present three different digital history projects tied by the theme of antifascism: the Atlante delle stragi naziste e fasciste, IF – Intellettuali in fuga dall’Italia fascista and Memorie in Cammino. Each of them covers a different timeframe or a different facet of the issue, but all are representatives of a new way forward in Italy concerning historical research and dissemination. This first part of the article focuses on the aforementioned issues and the first project, the Atlante delle stragi naziste e fasciste, while a second (to be published in the next issue of Modern Italy) will cover the remaining two.

数字历史为学者们提供了一条令人兴奋的途径,既可以发表他们的发现,又可以应用新的研究方法,其中包括将公众作为历史知识的生产者。然而,在研究意大利第二次世界大战,特别是反法西斯抵抗运动的背景下,这些类型的作品仍然很少见。这种情况与大量的修正主义、亲法西斯主义或彻头彻尾的法西斯主义材料形成鲜明对比,这些材料是由网络上大量的非学者演员制作的。本次展览旨在展示三个以反法西斯主义为主题的不同的数字历史项目:Atlante delle stragi naziste e fasciste, IF - intellectuali in fuga dall 'Italia fascista和memory in Cammino。它们都涵盖了不同的时间框架或问题的不同方面,但都代表了意大利在历史研究和传播方面的新发展方向。这篇文章的第一部分主要关注上述问题和第一个项目,即纳粹和法西斯的大西洋,而第二部分(将在下一期《现代意大利》中发表)将涵盖其余两个问题。
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引用次数: 0
Cinematic remediations and the Allied occupation of Naples: experiments in cultural memory 电影补救和盟军占领那不勒斯:文化记忆的实验
IF 0.5 3区 历史学 Q3 AREA STUDIES Pub Date : 2025-11-18 DOI: 10.1017/mit.2025.10112
Ruth Glynn

This article addresses cinematic remediations of literary works treating the Allied occupation of Naples: Liliana Cavani’s La pelle (1981) and Francesco Patierno’s Naples’44 (2016). Taking a memory studies approach, it surveys the corpus of cultural representations of the occupation and asks what the remediations studied contribute to the Italian cultural memory of the occupation. Analysis focuses on the diverse strategies deployed by the films to reshape the cultural memory of the occupation for their respective audiences. I argue that where Cavani’s remediation seeks to construct a feminist counter-memory of the Allied occupation, Patierno’s film betrays a contradictory impulse to both revive and lay the cultural memory to rest. I close by asking how successful the two films are in becoming meaningful ‘media of cultural memory’ (Erll 2010, 390) and what that may tell us about the place of the Allied occupation in Italian cultural memory at distinct historical junctures.

本文探讨了对盟军占领那不勒斯的文学作品的电影补救:莉莉安娜·卡瓦尼的《小仙女》(1981)和弗朗西斯科·帕蒂尔诺的《那不勒斯44》(2016)。采用记忆研究方法,它调查了占领的文化表征语料库,并询问所研究的补救措施对占领的意大利文化记忆有何贡献。分析的重点是电影为重塑各自观众对占领的文化记忆而采用的不同策略。我认为,卡瓦尼的补救试图构建一个女权主义的反盟军占领的记忆,而帕耶诺的电影则暴露了一种矛盾的冲动,既要恢复文化记忆,又要让文化记忆安息。最后,我想问这两部电影在成为有意义的“文化记忆媒介”方面有多成功(Erll 2010, 390),以及在不同的历史节点上,这可能告诉我们盟军占领在意大利文化记忆中的位置。
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引用次数: 0
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Modern Italy
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