Robert L. Brownell Jr, Linda L. Jones, Douglas P. DeMaster, Greg P. Donovan, Stephen B. Reilly, Rolland A. Schmitten, Jeffrey M. Breiwick, Robert Suydam, Daryl J. Boness, William W. Fox Jr.
{"title":"Michael F. Tillman 1943–2023","authors":"Robert L. Brownell Jr, Linda L. Jones, Douglas P. DeMaster, Greg P. Donovan, Stephen B. Reilly, Rolland A. Schmitten, Jeffrey M. Breiwick, Robert Suydam, Daryl J. Boness, William W. Fox Jr.","doi":"10.1111/mms.13100","DOIUrl":"10.1111/mms.13100","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18725,"journal":{"name":"Marine Mammal Science","volume":"40 1","pages":"326-331"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139158461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Sea Mammals: The Past and Present Lives of Our Oceans' Cornerstone Species By Annalisa Berta. Princeton University Press. 2023. 224 pp. ISBN 978–0–691-23664-3, US$29.95 (Hardcover); ISBN 978–0–691-24338-2, US$20.97 (eBook)","authors":"Oliver Hampe","doi":"10.1111/mms.13102","DOIUrl":"10.1111/mms.13102","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18725,"journal":{"name":"Marine Mammal Science","volume":"40 1","pages":"319-321"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138947230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Karyn V. Booy, Valeria Vergara, Lisa Loseto, Marie-Ana Mikus, Marianne Marcoux
Beluga whales, Delphinapterus leucas, are a highly social species with a complex and diverse vocal repertoire. Although extensively studied and classified, to date few attempts have been made to examine geographic variation in their calls. In this study, we examined geographic variation in simple contact calls (SCCs), specifically those that consist only of broadband pulsed trains, among four Canadian beluga populations from the Eastern Beaufort Sea (EBS), the Eastern High Arctic-Baffin Bay, St. Lawrence Estuary (SLE), and the Western Hudson Bay. Five acoustic parameters were measured for each call and compared among populations using multivariate discriminant analysis. Results of our study indicate that there is a degree of variation in SCCs among these four populations, with the most geographically distant populations of the SLE and EBS displaying the greatest degrees of dissimilarity in SCC structure relative to geographically closer populations. Further, these results align with genetic variation of Canadian beluga populations previously described in the literature. This study is the first descriptive population comparison of SCCs for beluga and establishes a baseline for continued work into this developing area of research.
{"title":"Geographic variation in simple contact calls of Canadian beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas)","authors":"Karyn V. Booy, Valeria Vergara, Lisa Loseto, Marie-Ana Mikus, Marianne Marcoux","doi":"10.1111/mms.13095","DOIUrl":"10.1111/mms.13095","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Beluga whales, <i>Delphinapterus leucas</i>, are a highly social species with a complex and diverse vocal repertoire. Although extensively studied and classified, to date few attempts have been made to examine geographic variation in their calls. In this study, we examined geographic variation in simple contact calls (SCCs), specifically those that consist only of broadband pulsed trains, among four Canadian beluga populations from the Eastern Beaufort Sea (EBS), the Eastern High Arctic-Baffin Bay, St. Lawrence Estuary (SLE), and the Western Hudson Bay. Five acoustic parameters were measured for each call and compared among populations using multivariate discriminant analysis. Results of our study indicate that there is a degree of variation in SCCs among these four populations, with the most geographically distant populations of the SLE and EBS displaying the greatest degrees of dissimilarity in SCC structure relative to geographically closer populations. Further, these results align with genetic variation of Canadian beluga populations previously described in the literature. This study is the first descriptive population comparison of SCCs for beluga and establishes a baseline for continued work into this developing area of research.</p>","PeriodicalId":18725,"journal":{"name":"Marine Mammal Science","volume":"40 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/mms.13095","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139034949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Nomenclature of the Larger Toothed Whales (Odontocetes): A Historical Review , Thomas A. Jefferson, James G. Mead, and Carl C. Kinze, Eds. Smithsonian Scholarly Press. 2023. 78 pp. ISBN: 1943–6696. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.21954029","authors":"Ana P. B. Costa","doi":"10.1111/mms.13096","DOIUrl":"10.1111/mms.13096","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18725,"journal":{"name":"Marine Mammal Science","volume":"40 1","pages":"317-318"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138953888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Thayusky P. Correa, Leonardo L. Wedekin, Marta J. Cremer
{"title":"Occurrence and habitat use of pantropical spotted dolphins (Stenella attenuata) at the edge of their distribution in the southwestern Atlantic Ocean","authors":"Thayusky P. Correa, Leonardo L. Wedekin, Marta J. Cremer","doi":"10.1111/mms.13094","DOIUrl":"10.1111/mms.13094","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18725,"journal":{"name":"Marine Mammal Science","volume":"40 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138966828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Maria Isabel C. Gonçalves, Divna Djokic, Julio E. Baumgarten, Milton C. C. Marcondes, Linilson R. Padovese, Leonardo D. S. Eugenio, Renata S. Sousa-Lima
{"title":"Abrupt change in humpback whale song from Brazil suggests cultural revolutions may occur in the South Atlantic","authors":"Maria Isabel C. Gonçalves, Divna Djokic, Julio E. Baumgarten, Milton C. C. Marcondes, Linilson R. Padovese, Leonardo D. S. Eugenio, Renata S. Sousa-Lima","doi":"10.1111/mms.13093","DOIUrl":"10.1111/mms.13093","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18725,"journal":{"name":"Marine Mammal Science","volume":"40 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139196782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Amy S. Kennedy, Emma L. Carroll, Alexandre N. Zerbini, C. Scott Baker, Manuela Bassoi, Nazarena A. Beretta, Danielle L. Buss, Susannah Calderan, Ted Cheeseman, Martin A. Collins, Paula Costa-Urrutia, Paul Ensor, Karina Groch, Russell Leaper, Paula Olson, Cecilia Passadore, Federico G. Riet-Sapriza, Els Vermeulen, Florencia Vilches, Andrew G. Wood, Jennifer A. Jackson
The sub-Antarctic waters of South Georgia Island (Islas Georgias del Sur, SG/IG) are a regularly visited feeding ground for southern right whales (Eubalaena australis, SRW) in the southwest Atlantic. Satellite telemetry and photo-identification records were compared to better understand the role of SG/IG in the SRW migratory network. We present the first insights from SRW satellite-tracked from the SG/IG feeding ground, habitat use patterns in the Scotia Arc, and movements to Antarctic habitats. Photo-identification comparisons to calving and feeding areas across the South Atlantic and a review of sightings of cetaceans reported from Bird Island (west of SG/IG) since 1979 illuminate long-term habitat use patterns in SG/IG. We present the first recorded migratory movement between SG/IG and multiple countries: Argentina, Uruguay, and Brazil. Photo-identification (1) linked SG/IG to a female SRW with a long-term sighting history in Brazil, and (2) provided the first match between SG/IG and the western Antarctic Peninsula, suggesting the latter could extend the feeding area for southwest Atlantic SRW. Satellite tracking and opportunistic sightings suggest that shelf and coastal waters west of SG/IG represent an important multi-season SRW feeding habitat and add to our overall understanding of habitats and ranges occupied by recovering southwest Atlantic SRW.
南乔治亚岛(Islas Georgias del Sur, SG/IG)的亚南极水域是西南大西洋南露脊鲸(Eubalaena australis, SRW)经常光顾的觅食地。为了更好地了解SG/IG在SRW迁移网络中的作用,对卫星遥测和照片识别记录进行了比较。我们首次从SRW卫星跟踪的SG/IG觅食地,斯科舍弧的栖息地使用模式以及向南极栖息地的移动中获得见解。通过对整个南大西洋产犊和觅食区域的照片识别比较,以及对1979年以来在鸟岛(SG/IG以西)报告的鲸类目击事件的回顾,阐明了SG/IG的长期栖息地使用模式。我们首次记录了SG/IG与多个国家(阿根廷、乌拉圭和巴西)之间的移民运动。照片鉴定(1)将SG/IG与一只在巴西有长期观察史的雌性SRW联系起来;(2)首次将SG/IG与南极半岛西部相匹配,表明后者可能扩大西南大西洋SRW的觅食区域。卫星跟踪和机会观测表明,SG/IG以西的陆架和沿海水域是一个重要的多季节SRW觅食栖息地,并增加了我们对西南大西洋SRW恢复所占据的栖息地和范围的总体了解。
{"title":"Photo-identification and satellite telemetry connect southern right whales from South Georgia Island (Islas Georgias del Sur) with multiple feeding and calving grounds in the southwest Atlantic","authors":"Amy S. Kennedy, Emma L. Carroll, Alexandre N. Zerbini, C. Scott Baker, Manuela Bassoi, Nazarena A. Beretta, Danielle L. Buss, Susannah Calderan, Ted Cheeseman, Martin A. Collins, Paula Costa-Urrutia, Paul Ensor, Karina Groch, Russell Leaper, Paula Olson, Cecilia Passadore, Federico G. Riet-Sapriza, Els Vermeulen, Florencia Vilches, Andrew G. Wood, Jennifer A. Jackson","doi":"10.1111/mms.13089","DOIUrl":"10.1111/mms.13089","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The sub-Antarctic waters of South Georgia Island (Islas Georgias del Sur, SG/IG) are a regularly visited feeding ground for southern right whales (<i>Eubalaena australis</i>, SRW) in the southwest Atlantic. Satellite telemetry and photo-identification records were compared to better understand the role of SG/IG in the SRW migratory network. We present the first insights from SRW satellite-tracked from the SG/IG feeding ground, habitat use patterns in the Scotia Arc, and movements to Antarctic habitats. Photo-identification comparisons to calving and feeding areas across the South Atlantic and a review of sightings of cetaceans reported from Bird Island (west of SG/IG) since 1979 illuminate long-term habitat use patterns in SG/IG. We present the first recorded migratory movement between SG/IG and multiple countries: Argentina, Uruguay, and Brazil. Photo-identification (1) linked SG/IG to a female SRW with a long-term sighting history in Brazil, and (2) provided the first match between SG/IG and the western Antarctic Peninsula, suggesting the latter could extend the feeding area for southwest Atlantic SRW. Satellite tracking and opportunistic sightings suggest that shelf and coastal waters west of SG/IG represent an important multi-season SRW feeding habitat and add to our overall understanding of habitats and ranges occupied by recovering southwest Atlantic SRW.</p>","PeriodicalId":18725,"journal":{"name":"Marine Mammal Science","volume":"40 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/mms.13089","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138508223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The availability of reliable information on the abundance and distribution of threatened species is fundamental to evaluating their conservation status and taking the necessary measures to implement effective management. The seasonal abundance and distribution of cetaceans in the Sinop region, one of the essential fishing areas of the Black Sea, were estimated with line-transect data. Dedicated boat-based visual observations were conducted in four seasons between May 2019 and March 2020. Average estimates of abundance in the region over all seasons were 1,058 individuals for Black Sea harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena relicta; CV = 19.25%, 95% CI[725, 1,542]), 188 individuals for Black Sea bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus ponticus; CV = 21.67%, 95% CI[123, 289]), and 311 individuals for Black Sea common dolphin (Delphinus delphis ponticus; CV = 16.77%, 95% CI[123, 427]). The highest estimates for all three species were obtained in the spring. Harbor porpoises and bottlenose dolphins were present in the study area throughout the year, while common dolphins left the region in winter. These findings offer valuable insights that can guide and inform future conservation strategies, aligning with national and international frameworks for the protection of these cetacean species.
{"title":"Seasonal abundance estimates of cetaceans in the southern Black Sea (Sinop), Türkiye","authors":"Uğur Özsandıkçı, Süleyman Özdemir","doi":"10.1111/mms.13092","DOIUrl":"10.1111/mms.13092","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The availability of reliable information on the abundance and distribution of threatened species is fundamental to evaluating their conservation status and taking the necessary measures to implement effective management. The seasonal abundance and distribution of cetaceans in the Sinop region, one of the essential fishing areas of the Black Sea, were estimated with line-transect data. Dedicated boat-based visual observations were conducted in four seasons between May 2019 and March 2020. Average estimates of abundance in the region over all seasons were 1,058 individuals for Black Sea harbor porpoises (<i>Phocoena phocoena relicta</i>; <i>CV</i> = 19.25%, 95% CI[725, 1,542]), 188 individuals for Black Sea bottlenose dolphins (<i>Tursiops truncatus ponticus</i>; <i>CV</i> = 21.67%, 95% CI[123, 289]), and 311 individuals for Black Sea common dolphin (<i>Delphinus delphis ponticus</i>; <i>CV</i> = 16.77%, 95% CI[123, 427]). The highest estimates for all three species were obtained in the spring. Harbor porpoises and bottlenose dolphins were present in the study area throughout the year, while common dolphins left the region in winter. These findings offer valuable insights that can guide and inform future conservation strategies, aligning with national and international frameworks for the protection of these cetacean species.</p>","PeriodicalId":18725,"journal":{"name":"Marine Mammal Science","volume":"40 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/mms.13092","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138508241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Loraine Shuttleworth, Ash Appleby, Robin Appleby, Els Vermeulen
<p>Southern right whale females (<i>Eubalaena australis</i>, hereafter SRWs) usually migrate between higher latitudes where they forage in summer to coastal areas at lower latitudes where they give birth and nurse their young in winter (Best, <span>2000</span>). In South Africa, the SRW calving season extends between late June to late October, with a birthing peak in August (Best, <span>1994</span>). This predictable coastal presence has enabled population monitoring since the late 1960s by means of annual aerial surveys (e.g., Best, <span>1990</span>; Best et al., <span>2001</span>). In addition to monitoring population recovery postwhaling, these long-term surveys have also allowed for the observational assessment of reproductive parameters. As such, the age at first parturition in the population was estimated at 8 years with an average calving interval of 3 years and an estimated gestation length of 12–13 months (Best, <span>1994</span>; Best et al., <span>2001</span>). However, despite these long-term research efforts, very little is known regarding the actual birthing event in SRWs (Best, <span>1994</span>). Three accounts of possible SRW births off the coast of South Africa have briefly been discussed in Best (<span>1970</span>) and Best (<span>1981</span>) but they all relate to anecdotal evidence from distant shore-based observations.</p><p>Documentation of SRW births is equally rare across calving grounds throughout the southern hemisphere. In 2012, an unsuccessful birth was documented in Argentina (Península Valdés) from a whale watching vessel and reported in Sironi et al. (<span>2019</span>). The authors suggested that there were a few possible factors indicating that this was an abnormal parturition including the repeated protrusion and withdrawal of the calf, lengthy time-period before full expulsion of the calf, and resighting of the female without a calf (Sironi et al., <span>2019</span>). However, despite the increasing boat-based presence around SRWs, mostly in the form of whale-based tourism, close and detailed observation of a successful birth has, to our knowledge, never been directly observed and documented. Therefore, here we report the first documented successful SRW birth observed along the South African coast, supplemented with photographic evidence.</p><p>In early July 2022, the commercial whale-watching boat <i>Miroshca</i> (length: 18 m; engine specifications: two John Deere 9 L inboard engines) of the whale-watching company Southern Right Charters encountered a lone SRW in Walker Bay, Hermanus, South Africa. For three to four consecutive days, what appeared to be the same animal was observed in approximately the same location (near 34°26.57′S, 19°15.40′E) performing short but steep fluking dives. As this type of behavior is typically enjoyed by tourists and rare to see repetitively, the vessel deliberately headed to the same coordinates during each trip considering the high likelihood of such an exciting encounter. B
雌性南露脊鲸(Eubalaena australis,以下简称srw)通常在高纬度地区之间迁徙,夏季在高纬度地区觅食,冬季在低纬度地区分娩和哺育幼鲸(Best, 2000)。在南非,小白鲸的产犊季节从6月下旬延续到10月下旬,8月为产犊高峰(Best, 1994)。自1960年代末以来,这种可预测的沿海存在使得能够通过年度空中调查进行人口监测(例如,Best, 1990年;Best et al., 2001)。除了监测捕鲸后的种群恢复外,这些长期调查还允许对生殖参数进行观察性评估。因此,人口中首次分娩的年龄估计为8岁,平均产犊间隔为3年,估计妊娠期为12-13个月(Best, 1994;Best et al., 2001)。然而,尽管有这些长期的研究努力,关于srw的实际分娩事件知之甚少(Best, 1994)。在Best(1970)和Best(1981)中简要讨论了三种可能的SRW在南非海岸出生的情况,但它们都与来自遥远海岸观察的轶事证据有关。在整个南半球的产犊地,SRW出生的记录同样罕见。2012年,阿根廷一艘观鲸船上记录了一次不成功的分娩(Península vald录影带),并在Sironi等人(2019年)中报道。作者认为,有几个可能的因素表明这是一次异常分娩,包括小牛反复凸出和缩回,小牛完全排出前的长时间,以及在没有小牛的情况下雌性再孵(Sironi et al., 2019)。然而,尽管越来越多的船只出现在srw附近,主要是以鲸鱼旅游的形式,但据我们所知,对成功分娩的近距离和详细观察从未被直接观察和记录。因此,在这里,我们报告了沿南非海岸观察到的第一个记录成功的SRW出生,并辅以照片证据。2022年7月初,商业观鲸船米罗什卡号(长度:18米;在南非赫曼努斯的沃克湾,观鲸公司Southern Right Charters的两艘约翰迪尔(John Deere) 9l内舷发动机遇到了一艘孤独的SRW。连续三到四天,在大约相同的位置(34°26.57'S, 19°15.40'E附近)观察到似乎是同一只动物,进行了短暂但陡峭的潜水。由于这种行为通常是游客喜欢的,而且很少会重复看到,考虑到这种令人兴奋的遭遇的可能性很高,船在每次航行中都故意驶向相同的坐标。根据几乎不变的位置(由船长的GPS上的轨迹和坐标显示)和动物不变的行为,可以推测它是每天观察到的同一只动物。但是,这一点无法用照片识别数据加以核实。当2022年7月5日16时35分左右到达同一地点时,没有看到鲸鱼。尽管如此,根据前几天的遭遇,作为一种预防措施,这艘船还是缓慢地靠近了该地区。16时39分,一条鲸鱼在船前方约300米的地方冲出水面,这一做法被叫停。考虑到位置(靠近34°26.57'S, 19°15.40'E;深度:41米;海面温度[SST]:大约14°C),人们相信这是前几天看到的同一个人。由于这种行为,一名机组人员开始拍照(使用尼康D3300与AF-S尼克尔200-500毫米5.6E ED镜头)。在猛扑的过程中,鲸鱼做了一个桶滚运动,转过身来,有力地将她的生殖器向上推。当时,可以看到一条小的吸虫从她的生殖器缝里伸出来,鲸鱼周围的水变成了红色,大概是血(图1a拍摄于16:39)。其他表现出的行为包括拱起(Weilgart & Whitehead, 1986),蹒跚(Leatherwood & Beach, 1975),旋转(Stacey & Baird, 1997)和殴打(Zani等人,2008)。仅仅几秒钟后,幼崽就从母鲸的身体中被排出,它的头露出水面。头部显示出开始形成的胼胝体模式,但完全没有任何氰胺覆盖(图1b拍摄于16:41)。新生鲸类动物的特征是身体外侧的胎儿褶皱和“卷曲”的尾巴(Faria, 2013;Zani et al., 2008)也可以观察到。驱逐后不久,出血明显减少,16点42分拍摄的照片中不再有水中有血的迹象。分娩后,在周围的水中没有观察到胎盘物质。母亲似乎没有以任何方式帮助小牛在驱逐后立即浮出水面或游泳。 事实上,出生后,母鲸和新生幼鲸都立即继续游动,没有身体接触的迹象。这与 Foley 等人(2011 年)报告的北大西洋露脊鲸(Eubalaena glacialis)出生事件中观察到的行为一致。在整个事件过程中,该区域没有其他南露脊鲸出现。根据南非的观鲸许可条件,没有人试图接近或跟踪这对鲸鱼,因此观察到此结束。仅有少数其他须鲸的分娩事件被描述过,包括北大西洋露脊鲸在美国沿海水域的两次分娩(Foley 等人,2011 年;Zani 等人,2008 年)、座头鲸的一次分娩(Foley 等人,2011 年;Zani 等人,2008 年)、北大西洋露脊鲸的一次分娩(Foley 等人,2011 年;Zani 等人,2008 年)、2008)、马达加斯加圣玛丽岛的座头鲸(Megaptera novaeangliae)(Faria,2013)、毛伊岛拉海纳(Patton & Lawless,2021)、夏威夷(Silvers 等人,1997)和巴西东北海岸(Ferreira 等人,2011)、2011)、墨西哥一头灰鲸(Eschrichtius robustus)的出生(Mills & Mills, 1979)以及在阿根廷巴尔德斯半岛(Península Valdés)不成功的SRW出生(Sironi等人,2019)。总体而言,此处描述的分娩过程中的母性行为与其它鲸目动物成功分娩时的行为类似,可能包括惊跳(Zani 等人,2008 年)、拱背姿势(例如 Weilgart & Whitehead, 1986 年)、摇摆和尾部痉挛(例如 Leatherwood & Beach, 1975 年)以及旋转(Stacey & Baird, 1997 年)。与其他一些须鲸分娩事件(如 Ferreira 等人,2011 年;Zani 等人,2008 年)的记录不同,但并非所有须鲸分娩事件(见 Foley 等人,2011 年;Ransom 等人,2022 年)的记录。虽然很难确定分娩何时真正开始,但工作人员确定为分娩事件的行为时间很短(2 分钟),这可能解释了为什么这些分娩事件很少被观察和记录(Ransom 等人,2022 年)。因此,我们强调在收集鲸目动物的行为和生态信息时,机会性数据的价值。尤其是在观察到不寻常行为时,通过详细描述和照片证据进行记录对我们提高对鲸目动物行为和生态学各方面的理解至关重要。对这一事件的记录扩大了我们对石龙子鲸出生时某些行为方面的了解,但仍有许多未知因素,如分娩时间长短、哺乳开始时间等。正如 Patton & Lawless(2021 年)所展示的那样,空中和水下录像对我们进一步了解这些事件特别有用。Ash Appleby:数据整理;资源;验证;写作--审查和编辑。罗宾-阿普尔比数据整理;资源
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