Marine Mammal Science最新文献

The Shisiwani National Park (Anjouan, Comoros) is a cetacean biodiversity hotspot. However, the vocal behavior of marine mammals inhabiting the area has never been studied. In 2023, we conducted a 400-nautical-mile survey from a 5-m motorboat to determine their presence. Three dolphin species were encountered: the pantropical spotted dolphin (Stenella attenuata), the spinner dolphin (Stenella longirostris), and the melon-headed whale (Peponocephala electra). Dolphin vocalizations were recorded using a single hydrophone during each sighting. The visual inspection of spectrograms allowed the identification of 1495 whistles with a good signal-to-noise ratio. We extracted the frequency contour of each whistle and measured several spectrotemporal features employing the ROCCA module of PAMGUARD. Using a Random Forest algorithm, we classified whistles according to species, showing that while signals from non-congeneric species are distinguishable acoustically, those from congeneric species exhibit more subtle differences and are less so. Moreover, within the whistle repertoire of each species, we identified stereotyped frequency contours matching the SIGID criteria, possibly indicating the existence of signature whistles. Our study provides the first characterization of the whistles of three dolphin species in the Comoros archipelago and paves the way for developing the first fine-tuned tool for their Passive Acoustic Monitoring in these remote areas.

Genetic diversity and effective population size (N_e) are two key parameters involved in the long-term persistence of a population and, as such, are important metrics to assess the conservation status of a population (Frankham et al. 2010; Hoban et al. 2020; Lande and Shannon 1996). The population standing genetic variation (i.e., pre-existing genetic variation) is a basis for evolution and enables organisms to adapt to changing environmental conditions (Barrett and Schluter 2008; Frankham et al. 2010; Matuszewski et al. 2015; Reed and Frankham 2003). Furthermore, the risk of extinction of a population is greater for small effective population sizes, as it results in the loss of genetic diversity due to genetic drift and increases the risk of inbreeding depression (Gilpin and Soulé 1986; Hedrick and Kalinowski 2000; Kardos et al. 2023; Keller and Waller 2002). Events in the population demographic history, such as bottlenecks or founder events, can result in reductions of genetic diversity and in small effective population sizes (Allendorf et al. 2013; Garner et al. 2005). It has been estimated that an effective population size of at least 1000 effective breeders is required to ensure long-term persistence and sufficient adaptive potential for a given population, while an effective population size > 100 individuals should prevent negative effects due to inbreeding (Frankham 1995; Frankham et al. 2014).

The killer whale (Orcinus orca) is a cosmopolitan apex predator whose populations rarely include more than a few 100 individuals and, therefore, can be subject to erosion of genetic diversity and risks of extinction (Foote et al. 2023; Ford et al. 2018; Hoelzel et al. 2002; Kardos et al. 2023; Parsons et al. 2013). These populations can show large variation in their habitat, level of specialization in their feeding preferences and behavior, but also in their demographic trajectories and the types and levels of threats to which they are exposed (De Bruyn et al. 2013; Foote et al. 2016; Ford et al. 1998; Hoelzel et al. 2007; Jourdain et al. 2024; Morin et al. 2010; Riesch et al. 2012). In particular, over the past decades, some populations have greatly declined due to decreases in prey availability and/or negative interactions with humans (Beck et al. 2014; Ford et al. 2011, 2018; Guinet et al. 2015; Tixier et al. 2017), while others have shown significantly positive trends (Matkin et al. 2014; Towers et al. 2015).

Two morphologically, ecologically, and genetically distinct forms of

Orcas ( Orcinus orca ) are an indisputable apex predator of the seas (Jefferson et al. 1991), predating on animals that are much larger and heavier than themselves, including the great whales (Ford and Reeves 2008; Pitman et al. 2014; Silber et al. 1990; Totterdell et al. 2022). Stomach content analysis from orcas in the 1970s revealed predation on sperm whales ( Physeter macrocephalus , Yukhov et al. 1975), and the first published observation of a successful predatory event was in 1997 (Pitman et al. 2001). Previously, all reported aggressive interactions between orcas and sperm whales occurred in latitudes below 45 and involved groups of females, subadults, and young individuals (Gemmell et al. 2015; Nanayakkara et al. 2020; Sucunza et al. 2022), although in some cases adult males were also present (Arnbom et al. 1987; Pitman et al. 2001; Whitt et al. 2015). Females and juvenile sperm whales live in highly social groups in lower latitudes year-round, while sexually mature males migrate to higher latitudes, becoming, or at least appearing to be, increasingly solitary with age (Best 1979; Ohsumi 1966), occasionally returning to warmer waters to breed (Steiner et al. 2012).

The descriptions of aggressive interactions between groups of orcas and sperm whales reveal that sperm whales will remain tightly clustered at the surface or possibly adopt a defensive formation: the Rosette or the Flotilla formation. In the Rosette formation, the animals form a circle with heads pointing to the center or outwards (calves are protected in the center), and in the Flotilla formation, sperm whales organize in rows and columns, positioning parallel to each other with heads pointing in the same direction (Arnbom et al. 1987; Nanayakkara et al. 2020; Pitman et al. 2001). Although the surface behavior of sperm whales has been well documented during these interactions, acoustic behaviors have not been investigated. Sperm whales produce short, broadband echolocation pulses, also described as clicks, which they use for navigation, foraging, and communication. The call types are described based on characteristics of the clicks themselves, as well as the variations in temporal patterning (some regular, others not so). Adult males in high latitudes are known to emit at least four types of sounds: usual clicks, creaks, clangs, and codas (Curé et al. 2013; Madsen et al. 2002; Oliveira et al. 2013; Teloni et al. 2008). Codas are primarily used for communication and social purposes, and therefore are not commonly produced by solitary males (Frantzis and Alexiadou 2008; Weilgart and Whitehead 1997

In 2024, an expedition was conducted off northwestern Baja California, México, to find and identify the beaked whale species that produced the BW43 echolocation pulse previously recorded in this area and elsewhere in the North Pacific. There were five Mesoplodon sightings and 21 BW43 acoustic detections on both a towed array and drifting pole buoy recorders over the course of the survey. Three of the sightings had concurrent acoustic detections, and a biopsy sample and environmental DNA were also collected from one of the sightings. The genetic identification confirms that the Mesoplodon sighted and acoustically recorded was the ginkgo-toothed beaked whale (Mesoplodon ginkgodens), and the co-occurrence of these sightings with the BW43 acoustic detections definitively links the species and its echolocation pulse. This is the first time that genetically confirmed ginkgo-toothed beaked whales have been observed at sea and definitively linked to the BW43 pulse. This paper details the encounters, acoustic behavior, genetics, coloration, and external morphology of this species, including a comprehensive review of its distribution using historical sightings, strandings, and acoustic detection data from the North Pacific Ocean.

Harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) are one of the most important apex-predators in the Wadden Sea. However, baseline information on their distribution and behavior is still sparse and geographically restricted. Passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) of their underwater sounds can provide information about their fine-scaled distribution and habitat use. This study is the first to analyze underwater vocal behavior of harbor seals in the Wadden Sea, exploring temporal patterns and characteristics of vocalizations. Passive acoustic data from the Dutch Wadden Sea were collected east of Lauwersoog during the breeding season in July 2021 and south of the island of Vlieland in September 2022. We describe and document four acoustically distinct harbor seal call types based on spectro-temporal call characteristics. Results showed a significantly higher vocal activity for two out of the four call types during the breeding season and clear differences in the dial distribution of calls. The results of this study provide a basis for PAM-based monitoring of harbor seal activity and a potential fundament for AI-based call detection algorithms. The increasing evidence for the importance of underwater sound for aquatic habitat quality and suitability emphasizes the need to acoustically map critical habitats and document the natural sounds of living organisms.