Pub Date : 2012-12-30DOI: 10.1109/NSSMIC.2012.6551243
W. Chen, G. de Geronimo, J. Gaskin, S. Li, Z. Li, B. Ramsey, G. Smith
New silicon drift detector (SDD) arrays are being developed for use as extraterrestrial X-ray spectrometers. For the first time these SDDs have been produced on low resistivity, n-type silicon, with a thinner thickness than normal, effectively ensuring their radiation hardness in anticipation of operation in potentially harsh radiation environments (such as those found around Jupiter). To achieve low-energy X-ray response, a thin entrance window was produced using a double implantation technology. The design, fabrication and performance of these detectors are presented here.
{"title":"Development of low-resistivity silicon drift detector arrays for soft X-rays","authors":"W. Chen, G. de Geronimo, J. Gaskin, S. Li, Z. Li, B. Ramsey, G. Smith","doi":"10.1109/NSSMIC.2012.6551243","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NSSMIC.2012.6551243","url":null,"abstract":"New silicon drift detector (SDD) arrays are being developed for use as extraterrestrial X-ray spectrometers. For the first time these SDDs have been produced on low resistivity, n-type silicon, with a thinner thickness than normal, effectively ensuring their radiation hardness in anticipation of operation in potentially harsh radiation environments (such as those found around Jupiter). To achieve low-energy X-ray response, a thin entrance window was produced using a double implantation technology. The design, fabrication and performance of these detectors are presented here.","PeriodicalId":187728,"journal":{"name":"2012 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference Record (NSS/MIC)","volume":"214 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132361580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-12-18DOI: 10.1109/NSSMIC.2012.6551158
J. Segal, C. Kenney
The charge pump pixel detector concept was developed to meet the requirements of X-ray correlation spectroscopy. The sensor is built in high-resistivity silicon with front and backside diffused regions and double metal processing on the front side. The design is targeted for low noise of less than 100 e noise, high quantum efficiency for 8KeV photons, 8mS readout for the entire array, and dynamic range of 100 photons. The pixel size is 56μm by 56μm. In the current work, extensive TCAD simulations were used to optimize the device structure, the bias conditions, and the process conditions. 3D simulations under dynamic switching conditions were executed to study charge cloud evolution, charge storage, and readout.
{"title":"Charge pump detector: Optimization with process and device simulation","authors":"J. Segal, C. Kenney","doi":"10.1109/NSSMIC.2012.6551158","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NSSMIC.2012.6551158","url":null,"abstract":"The charge pump pixel detector concept was developed to meet the requirements of X-ray correlation spectroscopy. The sensor is built in high-resistivity silicon with front and backside diffused regions and double metal processing on the front side. The design is targeted for low noise of less than 100 e noise, high quantum efficiency for 8KeV photons, 8mS readout for the entire array, and dynamic range of 100 photons. The pixel size is 56μm by 56μm. In the current work, extensive TCAD simulations were used to optimize the device structure, the bias conditions, and the process conditions. 3D simulations under dynamic switching conditions were executed to study charge cloud evolution, charge storage, and readout.","PeriodicalId":187728,"journal":{"name":"2012 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference Record (NSS/MIC)","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115087082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-12-06DOI: 10.1109/NSSMIC.2012.6551159
A. Tomada, S. Boutet, B. Duda, P. Hart, C. Kenney, L. Manger, M. Messerschmidt, J. Tice, G. Williams
The Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) produces brilliant x-ray in femtosecond pulses of high intensity. Many of the experiments performed at the LCLS use expensive pixel area detectors - the majority of which incorporate custom integrated circuit chips (ASIC). Such circuit chips are susceptible to radiation damage. To protect against this, micro-patterned tungsten foils were designed to cover the section of the circuit chip that extends beyond the sensor near the wire-bond pads. A description of the problem along with the details of how the tungsten foils were fabricated and installed will be given.
{"title":"High-Z radiation shields for x-ray free electron laser detectors","authors":"A. Tomada, S. Boutet, B. Duda, P. Hart, C. Kenney, L. Manger, M. Messerschmidt, J. Tice, G. Williams","doi":"10.1109/NSSMIC.2012.6551159","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NSSMIC.2012.6551159","url":null,"abstract":"The Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) produces brilliant x-ray in femtosecond pulses of high intensity. Many of the experiments performed at the LCLS use expensive pixel area detectors - the majority of which incorporate custom integrated circuit chips (ASIC). Such circuit chips are susceptible to radiation damage. To protect against this, micro-patterned tungsten foils were designed to cover the section of the circuit chip that extends beyond the sensor near the wire-bond pads. A description of the problem along with the details of how the tungsten foils were fabricated and installed will be given.","PeriodicalId":187728,"journal":{"name":"2012 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference Record (NSS/MIC)","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129366678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-12-01DOI: 10.1109/NSSMIC.2012.6551714
A. Kishimoto, J. Kataoka, T. Kato, T. Miura, T. Nakamori, K. Kamada, S. Nakamura, Kenichi Sato, Y. Ishikawa, K. Yamamura, S. Yamamoto
We are proposing a novel design for a module with depth of interaction (DOI) capability for gamma rays by measuring the pulse-height ratio of double-sided Multi-Pixel Photon Counters (MPPCs) coupled at both ends of a scintillation crystal block. Thanks to newly developed monolithic MPPC arrays consisting of 4 × 4 channels with a three-side buttable package, the module is very thin and compact, thereby enabling less dead space between each module when arranged into a fully designed gantry. To demonstrate our concept of a DOI measuring technique, we first made a 1-D crystal array consisting of five Ce-doped Gd3Al2Ga3O12 (Ce:GAGG) cubic crystals measuring 3 × 3 × 3 mm3 in size, separated by a layer of air. When the light signals output from both ends are read with the MPPCs, the position of each crystal is clearly distinguished with a spatial uncertainty of 0.48 ± 0.03 mm. For 3-D measurements, we then fabricated three different type arrays: [A] 4 × 4 × 4 matrix of 3 × 3 × 3 mm3 pixels, [B] 5 × 5 × 5 matrix of 2 × 2 × 2 mm3 pixels, and [C] 10 × 10 × 10 matrix of 1 × 1 × 1 mm3 pixels, with each pixel divided by a BaSO4 reflector in the 2-D direction and by a layer of air in the DOI direction. We demonstrated that the 3-D position of each Ce:GAGG pixel was clearly distinguished when illuminated by 662 keV gamma rays uniformly. Average energy resolutions of 9.8 ± 0.8 %,9.8 ± 0.9 %, and 13.2 ± 1.7 % were obtained for types A, B and C, respectively. These results suggest that our proposed method is simple and offers promise in achieving 1 mm 3-D spatial resolution for future medical imaging, partic
{"title":"Development of a MPPC-based DOI-PET module with submillimeter 3-D resolution","authors":"A. Kishimoto, J. Kataoka, T. Kato, T. Miura, T. Nakamori, K. Kamada, S. Nakamura, Kenichi Sato, Y. Ishikawa, K. Yamamura, S. Yamamoto","doi":"10.1109/NSSMIC.2012.6551714","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NSSMIC.2012.6551714","url":null,"abstract":"We are proposing a novel design for a module with depth of interaction (DOI) capability for gamma rays by measuring the pulse-height ratio of double-sided Multi-Pixel Photon Counters (MPPCs) coupled at both ends of a scintillation crystal block. Thanks to newly developed monolithic MPPC arrays consisting of 4 × 4 channels with a three-side buttable package, the module is very thin and compact, thereby enabling less dead space between each module when arranged into a fully designed gantry. To demonstrate our concept of a DOI measuring technique, we first made a 1-D crystal array consisting of five Ce-doped Gd<sub>3</sub>Al<sub>2</sub>Ga<sub>3</sub>O<sub>12</sub> (Ce:GAGG) cubic crystals measuring 3 × 3 × 3 mm<sup>3</sup> in size, separated by a layer of air. When the light signals output from both ends are read with the MPPCs, the position of each crystal is clearly distinguished with a spatial uncertainty of 0.48 ± 0.03 mm. For 3-D measurements, we then fabricated three different type arrays: [A] 4 × 4 × 4 matrix of 3 × 3 × 3 mm<sup>3</sup> pixels, [B] 5 × 5 × 5 matrix of 2 × 2 × 2 mm<sup>3</sup> pixels, and [C] 10 × 10 × 10 matrix of 1 × 1 × 1 mm<sup>3</sup> pixels, with each pixel divided by a BaSO<sub>4</sub> reflector in the 2-D direction and by a layer of air in the DOI direction. We demonstrated that the 3-D position of each Ce:GAGG pixel was clearly distinguished when illuminated by 662 keV gamma rays uniformly. Average energy resolutions of 9.8 ± 0.8 %,9.8 ± 0.9 %, and 13.2 ± 1.7 % were obtained for types A, B and C, respectively. These results suggest that our proposed method is simple and offers promise in achieving 1 mm 3-D spatial resolution for future medical imaging, partic","PeriodicalId":187728,"journal":{"name":"2012 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference Record (NSS/MIC)","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133736087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-12-01DOI: 10.1109/NSSMIC.2012.6551671
G. Mok, Edwin C. I. Ao, N. Song, E. Frey
Non-rigid organ misregistration is an important problem for patients undergoing sequential quantitative SPECT for 3D dosimetry for targeted radionuclide therapy (TRT) treatment planning. This study aims to evaluate effects of these misregistrations on the accuracy of 3D dosimetry. We used 3 anatomical variations and 3 respective In-Ill Zevalin distributions of the digital 4D Extended Cardiac Torso (XCAT) phantom to model the deformation in different organs such as liver, kidneys, spleen and stomach. We simulated SPECT scans acquired at 5 time points, i.e., 1, 12, 24, 72 and 144 hrs postinjection of 111In Zevalin. Organs with uniform activity concentrations were randomly translated and rotated within 5 pixels/degrees, while the change of the total volume of each organ was within 5% except for the stomach. The 24-hr scan served as a reference. An analytical projector modeling attenuation, scatter and the geometric collimator-detector-response of a medium energy collimator was used to generate noisy projections representing a realistic count level for 128 views over 360°. Reconstructed images were obtained using OS-EM with attenuation, scatter and geometric collimator-detector-response compensation. Voxel-by-voxel integration over different time points followed by convolution with a 90Y dose kernel was used to generate 3D dose distribution images. For each phantom, we compared the organ dose and its dose volume histogram (DVH) for (i) no organ deformation and (ii) organs with deformation. The mean difference of organ doses between two sets of images were 3.88%, -6.73%, -7.32% and -14.42% for lung, liver, kidneys and spleen respectively. However, even for the organs with dose errors <;5%, the associated normalized absolute errors in DVH were >10%. We conclude that organ misregistration a
{"title":"The effect of non-rigid misregistration in sequential quantitative SPECT for targeted radionuclide therapy— a simulation study","authors":"G. Mok, Edwin C. I. Ao, N. Song, E. Frey","doi":"10.1109/NSSMIC.2012.6551671","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NSSMIC.2012.6551671","url":null,"abstract":"Non-rigid organ misregistration is an important problem for patients undergoing sequential quantitative SPECT for 3D dosimetry for targeted radionuclide therapy (TRT) treatment planning. This study aims to evaluate effects of these misregistrations on the accuracy of 3D dosimetry. We used 3 anatomical variations and 3 respective In-Ill Zevalin distributions of the digital 4D Extended Cardiac Torso (XCAT) phantom to model the deformation in different organs such as liver, kidneys, spleen and stomach. We simulated SPECT scans acquired at 5 time points, i.e., 1, 12, 24, 72 and 144 hrs postinjection of 111In Zevalin. Organs with uniform activity concentrations were randomly translated and rotated within 5 pixels/degrees, while the change of the total volume of each organ was within 5% except for the stomach. The 24-hr scan served as a reference. An analytical projector modeling attenuation, scatter and the geometric collimator-detector-response of a medium energy collimator was used to generate noisy projections representing a realistic count level for 128 views over 360°. Reconstructed images were obtained using OS-EM with attenuation, scatter and geometric collimator-detector-response compensation. Voxel-by-voxel integration over different time points followed by convolution with a 90Y dose kernel was used to generate 3D dose distribution images. For each phantom, we compared the organ dose and its dose volume histogram (DVH) for (i) no organ deformation and (ii) organs with deformation. The mean difference of organ doses between two sets of images were 3.88%, -6.73%, -7.32% and -14.42% for lung, liver, kidneys and spleen respectively. However, even for the organs with dose errors <;5%, the associated normalized absolute errors in DVH were >10%. We conclude that organ misregistration a","PeriodicalId":187728,"journal":{"name":"2012 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference Record (NSS/MIC)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130188333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-12-01DOI: 10.1109/NSSMIC.2012.6551516
Jing Wu, Xishan Sun, K. Lou, Yan Xia, Tianyu Ma, Y. Shao
GATE based simulation studies were conducted to guide breast PET system designs with different system geometries. A breast phantom (modeled as a half prolate spheroid with 7 cm equatorial radii and 11 cm polar radius) was generated for the study with warm background and hot lesions of different diameters (2, 3, 4 and 6 mm) and lesion/background activity ratios (3:1, 5:1 and 8:1, F-18 isotope). Each detector consists of an 8 × 8 array of 2 mm × 2 mm × 30 mm LSO scintillators with depth-of-interaction (DOI) measurement capability. Four systems were simulated: two stationary systems both with four detector panels arranged in a box-shaped geometry but different panel-to-panel separations of 17.2 cm and 20.4 cm, a system with two rotating detector panels separated at 17.2 cm panel-to-panel distance, and a whole-body (WB) PET with ~90 cm detector ring diameter. Axial FOVs are 12.8 cm for all three breast systems and 16 cm for WB PET. A list-mode OSEM algorithm with 40 subsets and one-pass iteration was used for image reconstruction. The reconstructed images and measured contrast-noise-ratio (CNR) with different system configurations, DOI resolutions, lesion size, and activity ratios were used to compare the imaging performance of different systems. The results validate that DOI is critical to providing uniform spatial resolution across the FOV for a breast PET system with compact geometry, and show that the full-tomographic configuration with detectors encompassing the FOV provides superior imaging performance than that from the rotating detector PET or WB PET, with very high sensitivity (> 60% at the center of FOV), much better lesion visual identification, and significantly improved CNR. Based on these quantitative evaluations, this simulation study has demonstrated that even coarse DOI resolution (~5 mm) can provide substantially improved imaging performance for a small bore system and design flexbility with different system geometries.
通过基于GATE的仿真研究，指导不同几何形状的乳腺PET系统设计。在不同直径(2、3、4和6 mm)和病变/背景活度比(3:1、5:1和8:1,F-18同位素)的情况下，生成一个乳腺假体(模拟为赤道半径为7 cm、极半径为11 cm的半长形球体)。每个探测器由一个8 × 8的2 mm × 2 mm × 30 mm的LSO闪烁体阵列组成，具有相互作用深度(DOI)测量能力。模拟了四个系统:两个固定系统，四个探测器面板按盒状几何形状排列，但面板之间的间距不同，分别为17.2 cm和20.4 cm;一个系统，两个旋转探测器面板之间的距离为17.2 cm;以及一个全身(WB) PET，探测器环直径约为90 cm。三种乳腺系统的轴向视场为12.8 cm, WB PET为16 cm。采用40个子集的单遍迭代列表模式OSEM算法进行图像重建。利用不同系统配置、DOI分辨率、病变大小和活度比下的重建图像和实测对比噪声比(CNR)，比较不同系统的成像性能。结果验证了DOI对于为具有紧凑几何结构的乳腺PET系统提供跨视场均匀空间分辨率至关重要，并且表明包含视场的探测器的全层析成像配置比旋转探测器PET或WB PET提供了更好的成像性能，具有非常高的灵敏度(视场中心> 60%)，更好的病变视觉识别，并显着提高了CNR。基于这些定量评估，该模拟研究表明，即使是粗DOI分辨率(~5 mm)也可以大大提高小孔径系统的成像性能和不同系统几何形状的设计灵活性。
{"title":"Imaging performance of DOI measurable PET systems for breast imaging: Monte Carlo simulation studies","authors":"Jing Wu, Xishan Sun, K. Lou, Yan Xia, Tianyu Ma, Y. Shao","doi":"10.1109/NSSMIC.2012.6551516","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NSSMIC.2012.6551516","url":null,"abstract":"GATE based simulation studies were conducted to guide breast PET system designs with different system geometries. A breast phantom (modeled as a half prolate spheroid with 7 cm equatorial radii and 11 cm polar radius) was generated for the study with warm background and hot lesions of different diameters (2, 3, 4 and 6 mm) and lesion/background activity ratios (3:1, 5:1 and 8:1, F-18 isotope). Each detector consists of an 8 × 8 array of 2 mm × 2 mm × 30 mm LSO scintillators with depth-of-interaction (DOI) measurement capability. Four systems were simulated: two stationary systems both with four detector panels arranged in a box-shaped geometry but different panel-to-panel separations of 17.2 cm and 20.4 cm, a system with two rotating detector panels separated at 17.2 cm panel-to-panel distance, and a whole-body (WB) PET with ~90 cm detector ring diameter. Axial FOVs are 12.8 cm for all three breast systems and 16 cm for WB PET. A list-mode OSEM algorithm with 40 subsets and one-pass iteration was used for image reconstruction. The reconstructed images and measured contrast-noise-ratio (CNR) with different system configurations, DOI resolutions, lesion size, and activity ratios were used to compare the imaging performance of different systems. The results validate that DOI is critical to providing uniform spatial resolution across the FOV for a breast PET system with compact geometry, and show that the full-tomographic configuration with detectors encompassing the FOV provides superior imaging performance than that from the rotating detector PET or WB PET, with very high sensitivity (> 60% at the center of FOV), much better lesion visual identification, and significantly improved CNR. Based on these quantitative evaluations, this simulation study has demonstrated that even coarse DOI resolution (~5 mm) can provide substantially improved imaging performance for a small bore system and design flexbility with different system geometries.","PeriodicalId":187728,"journal":{"name":"2012 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference Record (NSS/MIC)","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125983328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-12-01DOI: 10.1109/NSSMIC.2012.6551119
A. Giaz, L. Pellegri, S. Riboldi, F. Camera, N. Blasi, C. Boiano, S. Brambilla, S. Ceruti, F. Crespi, M. Csatlós, J. Gulyás, A. Krasznahorkay, S. Lodetti, B. Million, L. Stuhl, O. Wieland
LaBr3:Ce scintillators have excellent properties, such as energy resolution, time resolution and efficiency. However LaBr3:Ce performances have been investigated only for small or medium volume crystals. We investigated the properties of a large volume 3.5" × 8" LaBr3:Ce crystal and we compared them with those measured for smaller detectors. The 3.5" × 8" LaBr3:Ce crystal was coupled to a HAMAMATSU RI0233-100SEL photomultiplier and with a custom-made active voltage divider. In this work we have studied pulse lineshape, energy, and linearity in the energy range 5 keV (the average L shell binding energy) up to 22 MeV (from a (p,y) reaction). In addition the stability of energy estimation as a function of count rate (2 kHz - 250 kHz) was also measured.
{"title":"Properties of a very large volume LaBr3:Ce detector","authors":"A. Giaz, L. Pellegri, S. Riboldi, F. Camera, N. Blasi, C. Boiano, S. Brambilla, S. Ceruti, F. Crespi, M. Csatlós, J. Gulyás, A. Krasznahorkay, S. Lodetti, B. Million, L. Stuhl, O. Wieland","doi":"10.1109/NSSMIC.2012.6551119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NSSMIC.2012.6551119","url":null,"abstract":"LaBr3:Ce scintillators have excellent properties, such as energy resolution, time resolution and efficiency. However LaBr3:Ce performances have been investigated only for small or medium volume crystals. We investigated the properties of a large volume 3.5\" × 8\" LaBr3:Ce crystal and we compared them with those measured for smaller detectors. The 3.5\" × 8\" LaBr3:Ce crystal was coupled to a HAMAMATSU RI0233-100SEL photomultiplier and with a custom-made active voltage divider. In this work we have studied pulse lineshape, energy, and linearity in the energy range 5 keV (the average L shell binding energy) up to 22 MeV (from a (p,y) reaction). In addition the stability of energy estimation as a function of count rate (2 kHz - 250 kHz) was also measured.","PeriodicalId":187728,"journal":{"name":"2012 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference Record (NSS/MIC)","volume":"243 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114406730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-12-01DOI: 10.1109/NSSMIC.2012.6551083
G. Kunnen, Daniel Pressler, Edward H. Lee, D. Allee, John W. Murphy, I. Mejia, M. Quevedo, B. Gnade
Developments of flexible detection arrays suggest that portable robust detectors are indeed possible. A large area flexible array promises a large capture cross section in a light weight rugged format suitable for deployment at ports of entry. The approach for this detector uses a high neutron-capture cross-section layer, such as 10B, which captures incident thermal neutrons, and emits energetic ionizing charged particles. These ionizing particles are sensed using an integrated diode. The resulting charge is then amplified via a low-noise thin film transistor amplifier. We present a low-noise optimized active pixel sensor (APS) design which can be implemented in either a low temperature InGaZnO or an a-Si:H thin film transistor (TFT) process compatible with plastic substrates. Here, we also present a detectable alpha particle response with our dual stage APS design in combination with an externally connected commercial PIN diode. Furthermore, we discuss detector and array modeling which will further aid in future designs.
{"title":"Large area sensing arrays for detection of thermal neutrons","authors":"G. Kunnen, Daniel Pressler, Edward H. Lee, D. Allee, John W. Murphy, I. Mejia, M. Quevedo, B. Gnade","doi":"10.1109/NSSMIC.2012.6551083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NSSMIC.2012.6551083","url":null,"abstract":"Developments of flexible detection arrays suggest that portable robust detectors are indeed possible. A large area flexible array promises a large capture cross section in a light weight rugged format suitable for deployment at ports of entry. The approach for this detector uses a high neutron-capture cross-section layer, such as 10B, which captures incident thermal neutrons, and emits energetic ionizing charged particles. These ionizing particles are sensed using an integrated diode. The resulting charge is then amplified via a low-noise thin film transistor amplifier. We present a low-noise optimized active pixel sensor (APS) design which can be implemented in either a low temperature InGaZnO or an a-Si:H thin film transistor (TFT) process compatible with plastic substrates. Here, we also present a detectable alpha particle response with our dual stage APS design in combination with an externally connected commercial PIN diode. Furthermore, we discuss detector and array modeling which will further aid in future designs.","PeriodicalId":187728,"journal":{"name":"2012 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference Record (NSS/MIC)","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121240845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-12-01DOI: 10.1109/NSSMIC.2012.6551356
Xuezhou Zhu, Zhi Deng, Kejian A. Lan, Xishan Sun, Yi Liu, Yiping Shao
A second version ASIC for front-end detector readout, TIMPIC-II, has been developed for Solid-State Photomultiplier (SSPM) based PET applications. It uses the previously developed and evaluated time-based-readout (TBR) architecture. However, several major changes have been made to make TIMPIC-II more flexible and suited for PET applications, including adding a common energy trigger to select the true events and using a constant width integrator to improve linearity. A special logic unit is added to combine the energy and the timing pulses into one output signal that reduces half of the output pins. A 16channel chip has been designed and fabricated with 0.3S,.m 2P4M CMOS technology. The die area is 3mm × 3mm, and the chip is provided in a compact 14mm × 14mm BGA package. TIMPIC-II initial evaluated result shows that the trigger and TBR with control logic function works as designed. And the ASIC specifications including linearity, intrinsic noise and timing jitter, etc. are well achieved as the linear regression R > 0.999 in full dynamic range, intrinsic energy resolution is better than 0.1 % FWHM of SOOpC and the timing jitter standard deviation is 100-300ps for different input signal range. This ASIC is also tested and used for a PET front-end detector module with FPGAbased TDC and acquisition.
{"title":"TIMPIC-II: The second version time-based-readout ASIC for SSPM based PET applications","authors":"Xuezhou Zhu, Zhi Deng, Kejian A. Lan, Xishan Sun, Yi Liu, Yiping Shao","doi":"10.1109/NSSMIC.2012.6551356","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NSSMIC.2012.6551356","url":null,"abstract":"A second version ASIC for front-end detector readout, TIMPIC-II, has been developed for Solid-State Photomultiplier (SSPM) based PET applications. It uses the previously developed and evaluated time-based-readout (TBR) architecture. However, several major changes have been made to make TIMPIC-II more flexible and suited for PET applications, including adding a common energy trigger to select the true events and using a constant width integrator to improve linearity. A special logic unit is added to combine the energy and the timing pulses into one output signal that reduces half of the output pins. A 16channel chip has been designed and fabricated with 0.3S,.m 2P4M CMOS technology. The die area is 3mm × 3mm, and the chip is provided in a compact 14mm × 14mm BGA package. TIMPIC-II initial evaluated result shows that the trigger and TBR with control logic function works as designed. And the ASIC specifications including linearity, intrinsic noise and timing jitter, etc. are well achieved as the linear regression R > 0.999 in full dynamic range, intrinsic energy resolution is better than 0.1 % FWHM of SOOpC and the timing jitter standard deviation is 100-300ps for different input signal range. This ASIC is also tested and used for a PET front-end detector module with FPGAbased TDC and acquisition.","PeriodicalId":187728,"journal":{"name":"2012 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference Record (NSS/MIC)","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123196379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-12-01DOI: 10.1109/NSSMIC.2012.6551608
A. Krizsan, S. Kis, J. Gál, G. Hegyesi, L. Balkay
The concept of implementing Positron Emission Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging in a dual modality imaging system gained high scientific importance recently. SiPM photo detectors became a solution for operation in high magnetic fields instead of the conventional photomultipliers. The method of Anger logics in the SiPM readout of pixelated scintillator crystals would produce significant noise in the readout signals, while single channel readout for each crystal pixel would not be cost effective. Another solution could be defined if we sum the SiPM signals for each row and column and an appropriate algorithm may select the X and Y coordinates of the original position of the scintillation source. It is expected that the highest signal related row and column would indicate correct position. The scope of this work was to calculate the optimal light distribution for different SiPM and scintillator matrix geometries, that would result in the greatest signal difference between the primary and adjacent readout channels and therefore would perform the best reliable selection of the relevant row and column indices.
{"title":"Simulation studies with SiPM arrays and LYSO crystal matrix analyzing a new readout scheme","authors":"A. Krizsan, S. Kis, J. Gál, G. Hegyesi, L. Balkay","doi":"10.1109/NSSMIC.2012.6551608","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NSSMIC.2012.6551608","url":null,"abstract":"The concept of implementing Positron Emission Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging in a dual modality imaging system gained high scientific importance recently. SiPM photo detectors became a solution for operation in high magnetic fields instead of the conventional photomultipliers. The method of Anger logics in the SiPM readout of pixelated scintillator crystals would produce significant noise in the readout signals, while single channel readout for each crystal pixel would not be cost effective. Another solution could be defined if we sum the SiPM signals for each row and column and an appropriate algorithm may select the X and Y coordinates of the original position of the scintillation source. It is expected that the highest signal related row and column would indicate correct position. The scope of this work was to calculate the optimal light distribution for different SiPM and scintillator matrix geometries, that would result in the greatest signal difference between the primary and adjacent readout channels and therefore would perform the best reliable selection of the relevant row and column indices.","PeriodicalId":187728,"journal":{"name":"2012 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference Record (NSS/MIC)","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115284986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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