In this perspectives paper we define knowledge-context as meta information that searchers use when making sense of information displayed in and accessible from a search engine results page (SERP). We argue that enriching the knowledge-context in SERPs has great potential for facilitating human learning, critical thinking, and creativity by expanding searchers' information-literate actions such as comparing, evaluating, and differentiating between information sources. Thus it supports the development of learning-centric search systems. Using theories and empirical findings from psychology and the learning sciences, we first discuss general effects of Web search on memory and learning. After reviewing selected research addressing metacognition and self-regulated learning, we discuss design goals for search systems that support metacognitive skills required for long-term learning, creativity, and critical thinking. We then propose that SERPs make both bibliographic and inferential knowledge-context readily accessible to motivate and facilitate information-literate actions for learning and creative endeavors. A brief discussion of related ideas, designs, and prototypes found in prior work follows. We conclude the paper by presenting future research directions and questions on knowledge-context, information-literate actions, and learning-centric search systems.
{"title":"Knowledge-Context in Search Systems: Toward Information-Literate Actions","authors":"Catherine L. Smith, Soo Young Rieh","doi":"10.1145/3295750.3298940","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3295750.3298940","url":null,"abstract":"In this perspectives paper we define knowledge-context as meta information that searchers use when making sense of information displayed in and accessible from a search engine results page (SERP). We argue that enriching the knowledge-context in SERPs has great potential for facilitating human learning, critical thinking, and creativity by expanding searchers' information-literate actions such as comparing, evaluating, and differentiating between information sources. Thus it supports the development of learning-centric search systems. Using theories and empirical findings from psychology and the learning sciences, we first discuss general effects of Web search on memory and learning. After reviewing selected research addressing metacognition and self-regulated learning, we discuss design goals for search systems that support metacognitive skills required for long-term learning, creativity, and critical thinking. We then propose that SERPs make both bibliographic and inferential knowledge-context readily accessible to motivate and facilitate information-literate actions for learning and creative endeavors. A brief discussion of related ideas, designs, and prototypes found in prior work follows. We conclude the paper by presenting future research directions and questions on knowledge-context, information-literate actions, and learning-centric search systems.","PeriodicalId":187771,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Human Information Interaction and Retrieval","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122910689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In due diligence, lawyers are tasked with reviewing a large set of legal documents to identify documents and portions thereof that may be problematic for a merger or acquisition. In an effort to aid users to review more efficiently, we sought to determine how document-level clustering may help users of a due diligence system during their workflow. Following an iterative design methodology, we conducted several user studies with different versions of a document-level clustering feature consisting of three distinct phases and 27 users. We found that the interface should adapt to a user's understanding of what "similar documents" means so that trust can be established in the feature. Furthermore, the ability to negotiate with the underlying algorithm is facilitated by the establishment of trust. Finally, while the usage of this feature may be influenced by a user's role, it remains primarily a project management tool.
{"title":"From Bubbles to Lists: Designing Clustering for Due Diligence","authors":"Winter Wei, Adam Roegiest, M. Mikhail","doi":"10.1145/3295750.3298951","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3295750.3298951","url":null,"abstract":"In due diligence, lawyers are tasked with reviewing a large set of legal documents to identify documents and portions thereof that may be problematic for a merger or acquisition. In an effort to aid users to review more efficiently, we sought to determine how document-level clustering may help users of a due diligence system during their workflow. Following an iterative design methodology, we conducted several user studies with different versions of a document-level clustering feature consisting of three distinct phases and 27 users. We found that the interface should adapt to a user's understanding of what \"similar documents\" means so that trust can be established in the feature. Furthermore, the ability to negotiate with the underlying algorithm is facilitated by the establishment of trust. Finally, while the usage of this feature may be influenced by a user's role, it remains primarily a project management tool.","PeriodicalId":187771,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Human Information Interaction and Retrieval","volume":"70 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116956669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Health consumers usually face difficulties on their online searches, mainly because of the differences between terminologies used by laypeople and health professionals. This work presents a tool, HealthTranslator, available as a Google Chrome extension that intends to reduce this terminological gap while users are searching the Web for health information. HealthTranslator automatically annotates medical concepts in web documents, providing additional information, such as concept definition, related concepts and links to external references. The solution was evaluated regarding its: (a) performance - the document processing is done gradually, typically from the top to the bottom of the document and performance was not an issue raised by the users; (b) concept coverage - the solution was compared to a similar extension performing in English recognizing significantly more concepts. A comparison with a corpus of Portuguese documents manually annotated with medical concepts showed an average F-measure between 27% and 33%, depending on the type of concepts being recognized; (c) users' receptivity to HealthTranslator and its usability - many aspects were surveyed on a user study. In general, the extension has a good acceptance and users find it useful.
{"title":"Assisting Health Consumers While Searching the Web through Medical Annotations","authors":"C. Lopes, Hugo Sousa","doi":"10.1145/3295750.3298941","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3295750.3298941","url":null,"abstract":"Health consumers usually face difficulties on their online searches, mainly because of the differences between terminologies used by laypeople and health professionals. This work presents a tool, HealthTranslator, available as a Google Chrome extension that intends to reduce this terminological gap while users are searching the Web for health information. HealthTranslator automatically annotates medical concepts in web documents, providing additional information, such as concept definition, related concepts and links to external references. The solution was evaluated regarding its: (a) performance - the document processing is done gradually, typically from the top to the bottom of the document and performance was not an issue raised by the users; (b) concept coverage - the solution was compared to a similar extension performing in English recognizing significantly more concepts. A comparison with a corpus of Portuguese documents manually annotated with medical concepts showed an average F-measure between 27% and 33%, depending on the type of concepts being recognized; (c) users' receptivity to HealthTranslator and its usability - many aspects were surveyed on a user study. In general, the extension has a good acceptance and users find it useful.","PeriodicalId":187771,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Human Information Interaction and Retrieval","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114077872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The concept of surprise has special significance in information retrieval in attracting user attention and arousing curiosity. In this paper, we introduced two computational measures of calculating the amount of surprise contained in a piece of text, and validated with the perceived surprise by users with different background knowledge expertise. We utilized a crowdsourcing approach and a lab-based user study to reach a large amount of users. The implication could be used to propose or refine future computational approaches to better predict human feeling of surprise triggered by reading a body of text.
{"title":"Computational Surprise, Perceptual Surprise, and Personal Background in Text Understanding","authors":"Xi Niu, Fakhri Abbas","doi":"10.1145/3295750.3298963","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3295750.3298963","url":null,"abstract":"The concept of surprise has special significance in information retrieval in attracting user attention and arousing curiosity. In this paper, we introduced two computational measures of calculating the amount of surprise contained in a piece of text, and validated with the perceived surprise by users with different background knowledge expertise. We utilized a crowdsourcing approach and a lab-based user study to reach a large amount of users. The implication could be used to propose or refine future computational approaches to better predict human feeling of surprise triggered by reading a body of text.","PeriodicalId":187771,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Human Information Interaction and Retrieval","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114367710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The ubiquitous application of mobile web technology is having a significant impact on education and is changing the way of learning and teaching. With this evolving technological change, new ways of exploring information behaviour and user experience with mobile devices are needed. This research aims to explore user experience (UX) by using an innovative ethnographic approach-cognitive mapping, trying to investigate this issue from an interpretivist viewpoint. A triangulation of log analysis, cognitive mapping and semi-structured interview is adopted to gain a comprehensive view of how users interact with mobile technology with a specific look into their experience on using the mobile library service.
{"title":"Exploring User Experience on Mobile Library Service by Cognitive Mapping","authors":"Yaming Fu, C. Inskip","doi":"10.1145/3295750.3298968","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3295750.3298968","url":null,"abstract":"The ubiquitous application of mobile web technology is having a significant impact on education and is changing the way of learning and teaching. With this evolving technological change, new ways of exploring information behaviour and user experience with mobile devices are needed. This research aims to explore user experience (UX) by using an innovative ethnographic approach-cognitive mapping, trying to investigate this issue from an interpretivist viewpoint. A triangulation of log analysis, cognitive mapping and semi-structured interview is adopted to gain a comprehensive view of how users interact with mobile technology with a specific look into their experience on using the mobile library service.","PeriodicalId":187771,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Human Information Interaction and Retrieval","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114827881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this study, we pair different perspectives on information sharing held by the information behaviour and computational social science communities. By reflecting on different conceptual models of sharing (two-actor vs three-actor model) and applying methods from social network analysis and text mining, we investigate the influence that different user interface features (retweeting and quote retweeting) have on politicians' sharing behaviour during an election campaign on the social media platform Twitter. Amongst other results, our analyses show that the two features are used quite differently with the quote RT feature promoting non-partisan interaction, which leads to a more civilized discourse with opponents and support for colleagues.
{"title":"Studying Politicians' Information Sharing on Social Media","authors":"F. Meier, David Elsweiler","doi":"10.1145/3295750.3298944","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3295750.3298944","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, we pair different perspectives on information sharing held by the information behaviour and computational social science communities. By reflecting on different conceptual models of sharing (two-actor vs three-actor model) and applying methods from social network analysis and text mining, we investigate the influence that different user interface features (retweeting and quote retweeting) have on politicians' sharing behaviour during an election campaign on the social media platform Twitter. Amongst other results, our analyses show that the two features are used quite differently with the quote RT feature promoting non-partisan interaction, which leads to a more civilized discourse with opponents and support for colleagues.","PeriodicalId":187771,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Human Information Interaction and Retrieval","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121901772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tessel Bogaard, L. Hollink, J. Wielemaker, L. Hardman, J. V. Ossenbruggen
Modeling user interests helps to improve system support or refine recommendations in Interactive Information Retrieval. The aim of this study is to identify user interests in different parts of an online collection and investigate the related search behavior. To do this, we propose to use the metadata of selected facets and clicked documents as features for clustering sessions identified in user logs. We evaluate the session clusters by measuring their stability over a six-month period. We apply our approach to data from the National Library of the Netherlands, a typical digital library with a richly annotated historical newspaper collection and a faceted search interface. Our results show that users interested in specific parts of the collection use different search techniques. We demonstrate that a metadata-based clustering helps to reveal and understand user interests in terms of the collection, and how search behavior is related to specific parts within the collection.
{"title":"Searching for Old News: User Interests and Behavior within a National Collection","authors":"Tessel Bogaard, L. Hollink, J. Wielemaker, L. Hardman, J. V. Ossenbruggen","doi":"10.1145/3295750.3298925","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3295750.3298925","url":null,"abstract":"Modeling user interests helps to improve system support or refine recommendations in Interactive Information Retrieval. The aim of this study is to identify user interests in different parts of an online collection and investigate the related search behavior. To do this, we propose to use the metadata of selected facets and clicked documents as features for clustering sessions identified in user logs. We evaluate the session clusters by measuring their stability over a six-month period. We apply our approach to data from the National Library of the Netherlands, a typical digital library with a richly annotated historical newspaper collection and a faceted search interface. Our results show that users interested in specific parts of the collection use different search techniques. We demonstrate that a metadata-based clustering helps to reveal and understand user interests in terms of the collection, and how search behavior is related to specific parts within the collection.","PeriodicalId":187771,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Human Information Interaction and Retrieval","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123441774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I aim to investigate how autonomous motivation versus controlled motivation affects Web search behaviors of health consumers, as well as their search effort and enjoyment. I will conduct a within-subject study to investigate the research questions. The design of the search tasks will be the key to whether participants are autonomously motivated to search or not. The design of the search tasks will be based on the Self-Determination Theory (SDT), a theory of motivation. The results of the experiment will enrich our understanding of how users within different motivational situations search online information.
{"title":"The Effect of Motivation on Web Search Behaviors of Health Consumers","authors":"I. Tahamtan","doi":"10.1145/3295750.3298969","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3295750.3298969","url":null,"abstract":"I aim to investigate how autonomous motivation versus controlled motivation affects Web search behaviors of health consumers, as well as their search effort and enjoyment. I will conduct a within-subject study to investigate the research questions. The design of the search tasks will be the key to whether participants are autonomously motivated to search or not. The design of the search tasks will be based on the Self-Determination Theory (SDT), a theory of motivation. The results of the experiment will enrich our understanding of how users within different motivational situations search online information.","PeriodicalId":187771,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Human Information Interaction and Retrieval","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128954153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The second WEPIR 2019 workshop brings together researchers with different backgrounds interested in continuing to explore and advance the evaluation of personalisation in information retrieval. The workshop builds on the first WEPIR workshop held at CHIIR 2018, and will focus on further developing a common understanding of the challenges, requirements and practical limitations of meaningful evaluation of personalisation in information retrieval. In particular, the planned outcome of the workshop is to progress the work from WEPIR 2018 towards the development of concrete proposals for novel and innovative methodologies to support evaluation of personalised information retrieval from both the perspectives of the user experience in interactive search settings, and of user models for personalised information retrieval and their algorithmic incorporation in the search process.
{"title":"Second Workshop on Evaluation of Personalisation in Information Retrieval (WEPIR 2019)","authors":"G. Jones, N. Belkin, S. Lawless, G. Pasi","doi":"10.1145/3295750.3298966","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3295750.3298966","url":null,"abstract":"The second WEPIR 2019 workshop brings together researchers with different backgrounds interested in continuing to explore and advance the evaluation of personalisation in information retrieval. The workshop builds on the first WEPIR workshop held at CHIIR 2018, and will focus on further developing a common understanding of the challenges, requirements and practical limitations of meaningful evaluation of personalisation in information retrieval. In particular, the planned outcome of the workshop is to progress the work from WEPIR 2018 towards the development of concrete proposals for novel and innovative methodologies to support evaluation of personalised information retrieval from both the perspectives of the user experience in interactive search settings, and of user models for personalised information retrieval and their algorithmic incorporation in the search process.","PeriodicalId":187771,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Human Information Interaction and Retrieval","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124655066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chatbots that can automatically answer customer requests have become a common feature on e-commerce Web sites. There are many factors that might affect overall customer satisfaction with such services. We explore how adding language style to e-commerce chatbots can be used to increase user satisfaction, perceived product value, user interest in a product, and user engagement with a chatbot service. We conducted an experimental pilot study, where two chatbots were used to sell theatre tickets: one communicating in modern English and one in a Shakespearean-style dialect. 169 participants interacted with a randomly-assigned version of the chatbot. The results indicate that the bot talking in modern English showed a significantly higher user satisfaction, whereas the Shakespearean-styled chatbot showed higher user engagement and perceived product value. It was also found that the modern chatbot version was more often referred to as being 'easy to use', whereas the Shakespearean chatbot version was more often referred to as being 'fun to use'.
{"title":"Exploring Language Style in Chatbots to Increase Perceived Product Value and User Engagement","authors":"Ela Elsholz, Jon Chamberlain, Udo Kruschwitz","doi":"10.1145/3295750.3298956","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3295750.3298956","url":null,"abstract":"Chatbots that can automatically answer customer requests have become a common feature on e-commerce Web sites. There are many factors that might affect overall customer satisfaction with such services. We explore how adding language style to e-commerce chatbots can be used to increase user satisfaction, perceived product value, user interest in a product, and user engagement with a chatbot service. We conducted an experimental pilot study, where two chatbots were used to sell theatre tickets: one communicating in modern English and one in a Shakespearean-style dialect. 169 participants interacted with a randomly-assigned version of the chatbot. The results indicate that the bot talking in modern English showed a significantly higher user satisfaction, whereas the Shakespearean-styled chatbot showed higher user engagement and perceived product value. It was also found that the modern chatbot version was more often referred to as being 'easy to use', whereas the Shakespearean chatbot version was more often referred to as being 'fun to use'.","PeriodicalId":187771,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Human Information Interaction and Retrieval","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126601017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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