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Carbon-rich atmospheres hard to explain 富碳大气很难解释
IF 14.3 1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS Pub Date : 2026-01-22 DOI: 10.1038/s41550-026-02772-2
Paul Woods
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引用次数: 0
Finding a galaxy in a haystack 在干草堆中寻找星系
IF 14.3 1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS Pub Date : 2026-01-22 DOI: 10.1038/s41550-026-02773-1
Lindsay Oldham
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引用次数: 0
The growth of light seed black holes in the early Universe 早期宇宙中光种子黑洞的生长
IF 14.1 1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS Pub Date : 2026-01-21 DOI: 10.1038/s41550-025-02767-5
Daxal H. Mehta, John A. Regan, Lewis Prole
Observations by the James Webb Space Telescope have uncovered supermassive black holes with masses exceeding 106 M⊙ at redshifts z > 8, posing serious challenges to existing models of early black hole formation and growth. Here we show, in a fully cosmological setting, that light seed black holes, remnants of population III stars, can grow rapidly to ~104 M⊙ in the early Universe. This growth is enabled by our new black hole seeding prescription and the unprecedented resolution of our zoom-in cosmological simulations, which resolve the dense environments necessary for efficient accretion. Our results provide robust evidence that light seed black holes can attain the masses required to serve as the dominant progenitors of the population of supermassive black holes observed at later cosmic epochs. These findings have far-reaching implications for the interpretation of observations by the James Webb Space Telescope and future gravitational wave detections with LISA.
詹姆斯·韦伯太空望远镜的观测发现,在红移z >.8处发现了质量超过106 M⊙的超大质量黑洞,这对现有的早期黑洞形成和成长模型提出了严峻的挑战。在这里,我们展示了,在一个完全宇宙学的环境中,轻种子黑洞,III星族恒星的残余物,可以在早期宇宙中迅速生长到~104 M⊙。这种增长是由我们新的黑洞播种处方和我们的放大宇宙模拟的前所未有的分辨率实现的,它解决了有效吸积所必需的密集环境。我们的结果提供了有力的证据,证明轻种子黑洞可以达到所需的质量,作为在后来的宇宙时代观测到的超大质量黑洞种群的主要祖先。这些发现对詹姆斯韦伯太空望远镜的观测结果的解释以及LISA未来的引力波探测具有深远的意义。
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引用次数: 0
An interstellar energetic and non-aqueous pathway to peptide formation 一种星际能量和非水的多肽形成途径
IF 14.1 1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS Pub Date : 2026-01-20 DOI: 10.1038/s41550-025-02765-7
Alfred Thomas Hopkinson, Ann Mary Wilson, Joe Pitfield, Alejandra Traspas Muiña, Richárd Rácz, Duncan V. Mifsud, Péter Herczku, Gergö Lakatos, Béla Sulik, Zoltán Juhász, Sándor Biri, Robert W. McCullough, Nigel J. Mason, Carsten Scavenius, Liv Hornekær, Sergio Ioppolo
The origin of the molecular building blocks of life is a central question in science. A few α-amino acids, such as glycine, the simplest proteinogenic amino acid, have been detected in meteorites and comets, indicating an extraterrestrial origin for some prebiotic molecules. However, the formation of peptides, short chains of α-amino acids linked by peptide bonds, has remained unresolved under astrophysical conditions. Here we show that the building blocks of proteins can form in interstellar ice analogues exposed to ionizing radiation without the presence of liquid water. Using isotopically labelled glycine irradiated with protons at cryogenic temperatures, we detect the formation of glycylglycine, the simplest dipeptide, along with deuterated and undeuterated water as by-products. The formation of peptide bonds is confirmed by infrared spectroscopy and high-resolution mass spectrometry, which also reveal the production of other complex organic species. These findings demonstrate a non-aqueous route to peptide formation under space-like conditions and suggest that such molecules could form in the cold interstellar medium and be incorporated into forming planetary systems. Our results challenge aqueous-centric models of early biochemical evolution and broaden potential settings for the origins of life.
构成生命的分子的起源是科学中的一个中心问题。一些α-氨基酸,如甘氨酸,最简单的蛋白质生成氨基酸,已经在陨石和彗星中被检测到,这表明一些益生元分子起源于地外。然而,在天体物理条件下,肽(由肽键连接的α-氨基酸短链)的形成仍未得到解决。在这里,我们展示了蛋白质的构建块可以在星际冰类似物中形成,暴露于电离辐射而没有液态水的存在。利用同位素标记的甘氨酸在低温下用质子辐照,我们检测了甘氨酸(最简单的二肽)的形成,以及作为副产物的氘化水和未氘化水。通过红外光谱和高分辨率质谱分析证实了肽键的形成,这也揭示了其他复杂有机物质的产生。这些发现证明了在类太空条件下形成肽的非水途径,并表明这些分子可以在寒冷的星际介质中形成,并被纳入形成行星系统。我们的研究结果挑战了以水为中心的早期生化进化模型,并拓宽了生命起源的潜在背景。
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引用次数: 0
Clouds as the driver of variability and colour changes in brown dwarf atmospheres 云是棕矮星大气中可变性和颜色变化的驱动因素
IF 14.3 1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS Pub Date : 2026-01-19 DOI: 10.1038/s41550-025-02709-1
Lucas Teinturier, Benjamin Charnay, Aymeric Spiga, Bruno Bézard
Brown dwarfs are massive, giant exoplanet analogues subject to variability and colour changes, known as the L/T transition, fundamental for their thermal evolution. The drivers of the L/T transition remain elusive, with atmospheric circulations and/or clouds usually suggested as potential mechanisms. Here, using a three-dimensional global climate model including cloud formation, transport and multiwavelength radiative effects, we show that clouds play a major role in shaping the atmospheric properties of brown dwarfs. The cloud radiative effect, which triggers atmospheric convection, leads to spectral, spatial and temporal variability in the modelled brown dwarfs, in agreement with the observed variability and L/T transition. Low latitudes are subject to sustained wave activity, whereas eddies dominate higher latitudes. Our results highlight that the role of clouds as a driver of atmospheric dynamics and climate, well known for giant exoplanets, extends to all substellar bodies. Brown dwarfs are substellar objects subject to variability and colour changes. A 3D general circulation model shows that clouds explain this observed behaviour and highlights their role as a driver of atmospheric dynamics and climate.
褐矮星是巨大的系外行星的类似物,受到可变性和颜色变化的影响,被称为L/T转变,这是它们热演化的基础。L/T转变的驱动因素仍然难以捉摸,大气环流和/或云通常被认为是潜在的机制。在这里,我们使用一个三维全球气候模型,包括云的形成、传输和多波长辐射效应,我们表明云在塑造棕矮星的大气特性中起着主要作用。云辐射效应触发大气对流,导致模拟棕矮星的光谱、空间和时间变率,与观测到的变率和L/T跃迁一致。低纬度地区受持续波浪活动的影响,而高纬度地区则受涡旋的影响。我们的研究结果强调了云作为大气动力学和气候的驱动因素的作用,众所周知,巨大的系外行星,延伸到所有的亚恒星体。
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引用次数: 0
Variability as a new discovery channel for intermediate-mass black holes in the time-domain era 变率作为中质量黑洞在时域时代的新发现渠道
IF 14.3 1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS Pub Date : 2026-01-16 DOI: 10.1038/s41550-025-02759-5
Colin J. Burke, Priyamvada Natarajan
Between the groundbreaking detections of stellar-mass black holes by LIGO/Virgo/KAGRA and the James Webb Space Telescope’s revelation of a surprisingly abundant population of supermassive black holes, one crucial missing link remains: the elusive intermediate-mass black holes (IMBHs). IMBHs represent a key phase in the hierarchical growth of black holes, yet they have persistently evaded detection. Traditional methods, effective for both actively accreting and quiescent black holes, have largely failed to uncover this hidden population. Here, we argue that novel observational strategies—particularly time-domain variability studies of active galactic nuclei and tidal disruption events—provide a promising path forward. Finding IMBHs will resolve critical gaps in our understanding of black hole formation and the various mechanisms driving their subsequent growth. The upcoming Vera C. Rubin Observatory, with its unprecedented capacity to monitor the dynamic sky, stands to revolutionize our ability to detect these long-sought IMBHs, shedding new light on the assembly history of black holes across cosmic time. Though understood to exist in large numbers, intermediate-mass black holes are difficult to identify. This Perspective makes a case for the use of time-domain variability studies to increase the known intermediate-mass black hole population.
在LIGO/Virgo/KAGRA对恒星质量黑洞的突破性探测和詹姆斯·韦伯太空望远镜对大量超大质量黑洞的惊人发现之间,一个关键的缺失环节仍然存在:难以捉摸的中质量黑洞(IMBHs)。IMBHs代表了黑洞分层成长的关键阶段,但它们一直逃避探测。传统的方法对活跃的吸积黑洞和静止的黑洞都有效,但在很大程度上未能发现这个隐藏的群体。在这里,我们认为新的观测策略——特别是对活动星系核和潮汐破坏事件的时域变异性研究——提供了一条有希望的前进道路。发现IMBHs将解决我们对黑洞形成和推动其后续增长的各种机制的理解中的关键空白。即将到来的Vera C. Rubin天文台,以其前所未有的监测动态天空的能力,将彻底改变我们探测这些长期寻找的IMBHs的能力,为黑洞在宇宙时间内的聚集历史提供新的线索。中等质量黑洞虽然被认为大量存在,但很难识别。这一视角为使用时域变异性研究来增加已知的中等质量黑洞数量提供了一个案例。
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引用次数: 0
A practical Bayesian method for gravitational-wave ringdown analysis with multiple modes 多模态引力波衰荡分析的实用贝叶斯方法
IF 14.1 1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS Pub Date : 2026-01-15 DOI: 10.1038/s41550-025-02766-6
Yiming Dong, Ziming Wang, Hai-Tian Wang, Junjie Zhao, Lijing Shao
Gravitational-wave (GW) ringdown signals from black holes encode crucial information about the gravitational dynamics in the strong-field regime, which offers unique insights into the properties of black holes. Improving the sensitivity of GW detectors will enable the extraction of several quasi-normal modes from ringdown signals. However, incorporating several modes drastically enlarges the parameter space, posing computational challenges to data analysis. Inspired by the {mathcal{F}}{mathcal{F}}-statistic method in the continuous GW searches, here we develop an algorithm that enhances the parameter-marginalization scheme, dubbed FIREFLY, which is tailored for accelerating the ringdown signal analysis. FIREFLY analytically marginalizes the amplitude and phase parameters of quasi-normal modes to reduce the computational cost and to speed up the standard Bayesian inference with full parameters from hours to minutes while achieving consistent posterior and evidence. The acceleration becomes more pronounced when more quasi-normal modes are considered. Rigorously based on Bayesian inference and importance sampling, our method is statistically interpretable, flexible in prior choice and compatible with various advanced sampling techniques and, thus, provides a new perspective for accelerating future GW data analysis.
来自黑洞的引力波(GW)响铃信号编码了关于强场状态下引力动力学的关键信息,这为了解黑洞的特性提供了独特的见解。提高GW探测器的灵敏度可以从衰荡信号中提取出几种准正态模式。然而,多种模式的合并极大地扩大了参数空间,给数据分析带来了计算挑战。受连续GW搜索中的{mathcal{F}}{mathcal{F}}统计方法的启发,本文开发了一种改进参数边缘化方案的算法FIREFLY,该算法是为加速环衰信号分析而定制的。FIREFLY对准正态模态的振幅和相位参数进行了解析边缘化处理,降低了计算成本,并将全参数的标准贝叶斯推理从小时加快到分钟,同时获得了一致的后验和证据。当考虑更多的准正态模态时,加速度变得更加明显。该方法严格基于贝叶斯推理和重要抽样,具有统计学上的可解释性,灵活的先验选择,并与各种先进的抽样技术兼容,从而为加速未来GW数据分析提供了新的视角。
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引用次数: 0
Electrical conductivities of (Mg,Fe)O at extreme pressures and implications for planetary magma oceans 极端压力下(Mg,Fe)O的电导率及其对行星岩浆海洋的影响
IF 14.3 1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS Pub Date : 2026-01-15 DOI: 10.1038/s41550-025-02729-x
Miki Nakajima, Sarah K. Harter, Alex V. Jasko, Danae N. Polsin, Ian Szumila, Kim A. Cone, Victor Lherm, Eric G. Blackman, Francis Dragulet, Lars Stixrude, Dustin Trail, Margaret F. Huff, J. Ryan Rygg, Angel Paz, Gilbert W. Collins, Alexa LaPierre, Zaire Sprowal
During planet formation, planets undergo many impacts that can generate magma oceans. When these crystallize, part of the magma densifies via iron enrichment and migrates to the core–mantle boundary, forming an iron-rich basal magma ocean (BMO). The BMO could generate a dynamo in early Earth and super-Earths if the electrical conductivity of the BMO, which is thought to be sensitive to its Fe content, is sufficiently high. To test this hypothesis, here we conduct laser-driven shock experiments on ferropericlase (Mgx,Fe1−x)O (0.95 ≤ x ≤ 1) as an Fe-rich BMO analogue, perform density functional theory molecular dynamics simulations on MgO and calculate the long-term evolution of super-Earths. We find that the d.c. conductivities of MgO and (Mg,Fe)O are indistinguishable between 467 GPa and 1,400 GPa, despite previous predictions. We predict that super-Earths larger than 3–6 Earth masses can produce BMO-driven dynamos that are almost one order of magnitude stronger than core-driven dynamos for several billion years. High-pressure measurements of the electrical conductivity of (Mg,Fe)O, used as an analogue for basal magma ocean material, indicate that the conductivity is high enough to produce a dynamo much stronger than a core-driven dynamo for super-Earths larger than 3–6 Earth masses.
在行星形成的过程中,行星经历了许多可以产生岩浆海洋的撞击。当这些岩浆结晶时,部分岩浆通过铁富集而致密并迁移到核幔边界,形成富铁基岩浆海(BMO)。如果BMO的电导率足够高的话,BMO可以在早期地球和超级地球上产生发电机。BMO被认为对其铁含量很敏感。为了验证这一假设,我们对铁方长石(Mgx,Fe1−x)O(0.95≤x≤1)作为富铁BMO类似物进行了激光驱动冲击实验,对MgO进行了密度泛函理论分子动力学模拟,并计算了超级地球的长期演化。我们发现MgO和(Mg,Fe)O的直流电导率在467 GPa和1,400 GPa之间没有区别,这与之前的预测不同。我们预测,在几十亿年的时间里,质量大于3-6个地球质量的超级地球可以产生bmo驱动的发电机,几乎比核心驱动的发电机强一个数量级。
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引用次数: 0
Magma oceans could host dynamos in massive Earth-like planets 岩浆海洋可以在巨大的类地行星上容纳发电机
IF 14.3 1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS Pub Date : 2026-01-15 DOI: 10.1038/s41550-025-02731-3
The generation mechanism of planetary magnetic fields in massive Earth-like planets (super-Earths) is uncertain. Now, shock experiments on a magma ocean analogue (Mg,Fe)O suggest that magma becomes metallic and electrically conductive under high pressures. This finding indicates that deep magma oceans in super-Earths might be metallic enough to produce strong magnetic fields.
大质量类地行星(超级地球)中行星磁场的产生机制是不确定的。现在,在岩浆海洋类似物(Mg,Fe)O上进行的冲击实验表明,岩浆在高压下变得金属化并具有导电性。这一发现表明,超级地球深处的岩浆海洋可能含有足够的金属,足以产生强大的磁场。
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引用次数: 0
The astronomical year ahead 即将到来的天文年
IF 14.3 1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS Pub Date : 2026-01-13 DOI: 10.1038/s41550-026-02779-9
The calendar for 2026 looks set to be busy for the scientific and human exploration of the Solar System, the Galaxy and the wider Universe. From long-awaited planetary rendez-vous to cutting-edge telescope launches, these events will define the frontiers of astronomy, this year and beyond.
2026年的日历看起来将会非常繁忙,因为科学和人类探索太阳系、银河系和更广阔的宇宙。从期待已久的行星会合到尖端望远镜的发射,这些事件将定义今年及以后天文学的前沿。
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引用次数: 0
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