Pub Date : 2024-10-31DOI: 10.1038/s41575-024-01003-1
David Goldberg, Julius Wilder, Norah Terrault
Morbidity and mortality from cirrhosis are substantial and increasing. Health disparities in cirrhosis and liver transplantation are reflective of inequities along the entire spectrum of chronic liver disease care, from screening and diagnosis to prevention and treatment of liver-related complications. The key populations experiencing disparities in health status and healthcare delivery include racial and ethnic minority groups, sexual and gender minorities, people of lower socioeconomic status and underserved rural communities. These disparities lead to delayed diagnosis of chronic liver disease and complications of cirrhosis (for example, hepatocellular carcinoma), to differences in treatment of chronic liver disease and its complications, and ultimately to unequal access to transplantation for those with end-stage liver disease. Calling out these disparities is only the first step towards implementing solutions that can improve health equity and clinical outcomes for everyone. Multi-level interventions along the care continuum for chronic liver disease are needed to mitigate these disparities and provide equitable access to care.
{"title":"Health disparities in cirrhosis care and liver transplantation","authors":"David Goldberg, Julius Wilder, Norah Terrault","doi":"10.1038/s41575-024-01003-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41575-024-01003-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Morbidity and mortality from cirrhosis are substantial and increasing. Health disparities in cirrhosis and liver transplantation are reflective of inequities along the entire spectrum of chronic liver disease care, from screening and diagnosis to prevention and treatment of liver-related complications. The key populations experiencing disparities in health status and healthcare delivery include racial and ethnic minority groups, sexual and gender minorities, people of lower socioeconomic status and underserved rural communities. These disparities lead to delayed diagnosis of chronic liver disease and complications of cirrhosis (for example, hepatocellular carcinoma), to differences in treatment of chronic liver disease and its complications, and ultimately to unequal access to transplantation for those with end-stage liver disease. Calling out these disparities is only the first step towards implementing solutions that can improve health equity and clinical outcomes for everyone. Multi-level interventions along the care continuum for chronic liver disease are needed to mitigate these disparities and provide equitable access to care.</p>","PeriodicalId":18793,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Gastroenterology &Hepatology","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":65.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142555847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-30DOI: 10.1038/s41575-024-01001-3
Maria Carmen Collado, Suzanne Devkota, Tarini Shankar Ghosh
To mark the twentieth anniversary of Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology, we asked three experts to comment on how the gut microbiome has transformed our understanding of biology and the strengths and limitations of microbiome research today as well as to look ahead at what the next 20 years of microbiome research and clinical applications might look like. In this Viewpoint, Maria Carmen Collado, Suzanne Devkota and Tarini Shankar Ghosh comment on the past and future of gut microbiome research and clinical applications.
为纪念《Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology》创刊二十周年,我们邀请三位专家就肠道微生物组如何改变了我们对生物学的理解、当今微生物组研究的优势和局限性发表评论,并展望未来二十年微生物组研究和临床应用的前景。在本视点中,玛丽亚-卡门-科拉多(Maria Carmen Collado)、苏珊娜-德夫科塔(Suzanne Devkota)和塔里尼-尚卡尔-戈什(Tarini Shankar Ghosh)对肠道微生物组研究和临床应用的过去和未来发表了看法。
{"title":"Gut microbiome: a biomedical revolution","authors":"Maria Carmen Collado, Suzanne Devkota, Tarini Shankar Ghosh","doi":"10.1038/s41575-024-01001-3","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41575-024-01001-3","url":null,"abstract":"To mark the twentieth anniversary of Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology, we asked three experts to comment on how the gut microbiome has transformed our understanding of biology and the strengths and limitations of microbiome research today as well as to look ahead at what the next 20 years of microbiome research and clinical applications might look like. In this Viewpoint, Maria Carmen Collado, Suzanne Devkota and Tarini Shankar Ghosh comment on the past and future of gut microbiome research and clinical applications.","PeriodicalId":18793,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Gastroenterology &Hepatology","volume":"21 12","pages":"830-833"},"PeriodicalIF":45.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41575-024-01001-3.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142541692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-28DOI: 10.1038/s41575-024-01005-z
Catia Sternini, Enrique Rozengurt
Taste is important in the selection of food and is orchestrated by a group of distinct receptors, the taste G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Taste 1 receptors (Tas1rs in mice and TAS1Rs in humans; also known as T1Rs) detect sweet and umami tastes, and taste 2 receptors (Tas2rs in mice and TAS2Rs in humans; also known as T2Rs) detect bitterness. These receptors are also expressed in extraoral sites, including the gastrointestinal mucosa. Tas2rs/TAS2Rs have gained interest as potential targets to prevent or treat metabolic disorders. These bitter taste receptors are expressed in functionally distinct types of gastrointestinal mucosal cells, including enteroendocrine cells, which, upon stimulation, increase intracellular Ca2+ and release signalling molecules that regulate gut chemosensory processes critical for digestion and absorption of nutrients, for neutralization and expulsion of harmful substances, and for metabolic regulation. Expression of Tas2rs/TAS2Rs in gut mucosa is upregulated by high-fat diets, and intraluminal bitter ‘tastants’ affect gastrointestinal functions and ingestive behaviour through local and gut–brain axis signalling. Tas2rs/TAS2Rs are also found in Paneth and goblet cells, which release antimicrobial peptides and glycoproteins, and in tuft cells, which trigger type 2 immune response against parasites, thus providing a direct line of defence against pathogens. This Review will focus on gut Tas2r/TAS2R distribution, signalling and regulation in enteroendocrine cells, supporting their role as chemosensors of luminal content that serve distinct functions as regulators of body homeostasis and immune response.
{"title":"Bitter taste receptors as sensors of gut luminal contents","authors":"Catia Sternini, Enrique Rozengurt","doi":"10.1038/s41575-024-01005-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41575-024-01005-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Taste is important in the selection of food and is orchestrated by a group of distinct receptors, the taste G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Taste 1 receptors (Tas1rs in mice and TAS1Rs in humans; also known as T1Rs) detect sweet and umami tastes, and taste 2 receptors (Tas2rs in mice and TAS2Rs in humans; also known as T2Rs) detect bitterness. These receptors are also expressed in extraoral sites, including the gastrointestinal mucosa. Tas2rs/TAS2Rs have gained interest as potential targets to prevent or treat metabolic disorders. These bitter taste receptors are expressed in functionally distinct types of gastrointestinal mucosal cells, including enteroendocrine cells, which, upon stimulation, increase intracellular Ca<sup>2+</sup> and release signalling molecules that regulate gut chemosensory processes critical for digestion and absorption of nutrients, for neutralization and expulsion of harmful substances, and for metabolic regulation. Expression of Tas2rs/TAS2Rs in gut mucosa is upregulated by high-fat diets, and intraluminal bitter ‘tastants’ affect gastrointestinal functions and ingestive behaviour through local and gut–brain axis signalling. Tas2rs/TAS2Rs are also found in Paneth and goblet cells, which release antimicrobial peptides and glycoproteins, and in tuft cells, which trigger type 2 immune response against parasites, thus providing a direct line of defence against pathogens. This Review will focus on gut Tas2r/TAS2R distribution, signalling and regulation in enteroendocrine cells, supporting their role as chemosensors of luminal content that serve distinct functions as regulators of body homeostasis and immune response.</p>","PeriodicalId":18793,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Gastroenterology &Hepatology","volume":"79 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":65.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142519249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-25DOI: 10.1038/s41575-024-01002-2
Twenty years since the launch of Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology, developments in research and clinical practice continue apace. In our anniversary issue, we focus on the past, present and future of gastroenterology and hepatology.
{"title":"Celebrating 20 years of Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology","authors":"","doi":"10.1038/s41575-024-01002-2","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41575-024-01002-2","url":null,"abstract":"Twenty years since the launch of Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology, developments in research and clinical practice continue apace. In our anniversary issue, we focus on the past, present and future of gastroenterology and hepatology.","PeriodicalId":18793,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Gastroenterology &Hepatology","volume":"21 11","pages":"739-739"},"PeriodicalIF":45.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41575-024-01002-2.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142488368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-25DOI: 10.1038/s41575-024-01006-y
Thomas Marjot, Ashwin Dhanda
Consumption of no and low-alcohol (NoLo) beverages is now commonplace in modern society. However, the debate surrounding the relative risks and benefits of these products is nuanced and evolving, particularly in patients with a history of alcohol use disorder or alcohol-related liver disease. This Comment summarizes the major individual and public health implications of NoLo drinks in order to help inform our interactions with these patient groups.
{"title":"Alcohol-free and low-strength drinks: friend or foe?","authors":"Thomas Marjot, Ashwin Dhanda","doi":"10.1038/s41575-024-01006-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41575-024-01006-y","url":null,"abstract":"Consumption of no and low-alcohol (NoLo) beverages is now commonplace in modern society. However, the debate surrounding the relative risks and benefits of these products is nuanced and evolving, particularly in patients with a history of alcohol use disorder or alcohol-related liver disease. This Comment summarizes the major individual and public health implications of NoLo drinks in order to help inform our interactions with these patient groups.","PeriodicalId":18793,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Gastroenterology &Hepatology","volume":"59 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":65.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142490078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-24DOI: 10.1038/s41575-024-01008-w
Tamir Diamond, Binita M. Kamath
Apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter inhibitors have revolutionized care for children with genetic cholestasis. This Clinical Outlook discusses how this new class of drugs came into clinical practice and how they might benefit transplant-free survival for a multitude of indications.
{"title":"Bile acid transport inhibitors in paediatric hepatology: more than just an itch","authors":"Tamir Diamond, Binita M. Kamath","doi":"10.1038/s41575-024-01008-w","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41575-024-01008-w","url":null,"abstract":"Apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter inhibitors have revolutionized care for children with genetic cholestasis. This Clinical Outlook discusses how this new class of drugs came into clinical practice and how they might benefit transplant-free survival for a multitude of indications.","PeriodicalId":18793,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Gastroenterology &Hepatology","volume":"21 12","pages":"825-826"},"PeriodicalIF":45.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142488867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-24DOI: 10.1038/s41575-024-00997-y
Roberta Caruso, Bernard C. Lo, Grace Y. Chen, Gabriel Núñez
The mammalian intestine is colonized by trillions of microorganisms that are collectively referred to as the gut microbiota. The majority of symbionts have co-evolved with their host in a mutualistic relationship that benefits both. Under certain conditions, such as in Crohn’s disease, a subtype of inflammatory bowel disease, some symbionts bloom to cause disease in genetically susceptible hosts. Although the identity and function of disease-causing microorganisms or pathobionts in Crohn’s disease remain largely unknown, mounting evidence from animal models suggests that pathobionts triggering Crohn’s disease-like colitis inhabit certain niches and penetrate the intestinal tissue to trigger inflammation. In this Review, we discuss the distinct niches occupied by intestinal symbionts and the evidence that pathobionts triggering Crohn’s disease live in the mucus layer or near the intestinal epithelium. We also discuss how Crohn’s disease-associated mutations in the host disrupt intestinal homeostasis by promoting the penetration and accumulation of pathobionts in the intestinal tissue. Finally, we discuss the potential role of microbiome-based interventions in precision therapeutic strategies for the treatment of Crohn’s disease.
{"title":"Host–pathobiont interactions in Crohn’s disease","authors":"Roberta Caruso, Bernard C. Lo, Grace Y. Chen, Gabriel Núñez","doi":"10.1038/s41575-024-00997-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41575-024-00997-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The mammalian intestine is colonized by trillions of microorganisms that are collectively referred to as the gut microbiota. The majority of symbionts have co-evolved with their host in a mutualistic relationship that benefits both. Under certain conditions, such as in Crohn’s disease, a subtype of inflammatory bowel disease, some symbionts bloom to cause disease in genetically susceptible hosts. Although the identity and function of disease-causing microorganisms or pathobionts in Crohn’s disease remain largely unknown, mounting evidence from animal models suggests that pathobionts triggering Crohn’s disease-like colitis inhabit certain niches and penetrate the intestinal tissue to trigger inflammation. In this Review, we discuss the distinct niches occupied by intestinal symbionts and the evidence that pathobionts triggering Crohn’s disease live in the mucus layer or near the intestinal epithelium. We also discuss how Crohn’s disease-associated mutations in the host disrupt intestinal homeostasis by promoting the penetration and accumulation of pathobionts in the intestinal tissue. Finally, we discuss the potential role of microbiome-based interventions in precision therapeutic strategies for the treatment of Crohn’s disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":18793,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Gastroenterology &Hepatology","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":65.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142488860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-23DOI: 10.1038/s41575-024-01000-4
Bahtiyar Yilmaz, Andrew J. Macpherson
The small intestinal microbiota has a crucial role in gastrointestinal health, affecting digestion, immune function, bile acid homeostasis and nutrient metabolism. The challenges of accessibility at this site mean that our knowledge of the small intestinal microbiota is less developed than of the colonic or faecal microbiota. Here, we summarize the features and fluctuations of the microbiota along the small intestinal tract, focusing on humans, and discuss physicochemical factors and assessment methods, including the technical challenges of investigating the low microbial biomass of the proximal small bowel. We highlight the essential protective mechanisms of the small intestine, including motility, the paracellular barrier and mucus, and secretory immunity, to show their roles in limiting excessive exposure of host tissues to microbial metabolites. We address current knowledge gaps, particularly the variability among individuals, the effects of dysbiosis of the small intestinal microbiota on health and how different taxa in small intestinal microbiota could compensate for each other functionally.
{"title":"Delving the depths of ‘terra incognita’ in the human intestine — the small intestinal microbiota","authors":"Bahtiyar Yilmaz, Andrew J. Macpherson","doi":"10.1038/s41575-024-01000-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41575-024-01000-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The small intestinal microbiota has a crucial role in gastrointestinal health, affecting digestion, immune function, bile acid homeostasis and nutrient metabolism. The challenges of accessibility at this site mean that our knowledge of the small intestinal microbiota is less developed than of the colonic or faecal microbiota. Here, we summarize the features and fluctuations of the microbiota along the small intestinal tract, focusing on humans, and discuss physicochemical factors and assessment methods, including the technical challenges of investigating the low microbial biomass of the proximal small bowel. We highlight the essential protective mechanisms of the small intestine, including motility, the paracellular barrier and mucus, and secretory immunity, to show their roles in limiting excessive exposure of host tissues to microbial metabolites. We address current knowledge gaps, particularly the variability among individuals, the effects of dysbiosis of the small intestinal microbiota on health and how different taxa in small intestinal microbiota could compensate for each other functionally.</p>","PeriodicalId":18793,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Gastroenterology &Hepatology","volume":"60 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":65.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142487841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}