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Health disparities in cirrhosis care and liver transplantation 肝硬化护理和肝移植中的健康差异
IF 65.1 1区 医学 Q1 GASTROENTEROLOGY & HEPATOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-31 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-024-01003-1
David Goldberg, Julius Wilder, Norah Terrault

Morbidity and mortality from cirrhosis are substantial and increasing. Health disparities in cirrhosis and liver transplantation are reflective of inequities along the entire spectrum of chronic liver disease care, from screening and diagnosis to prevention and treatment of liver-related complications. The key populations experiencing disparities in health status and healthcare delivery include racial and ethnic minority groups, sexual and gender minorities, people of lower socioeconomic status and underserved rural communities. These disparities lead to delayed diagnosis of chronic liver disease and complications of cirrhosis (for example, hepatocellular carcinoma), to differences in treatment of chronic liver disease and its complications, and ultimately to unequal access to transplantation for those with end-stage liver disease. Calling out these disparities is only the first step towards implementing solutions that can improve health equity and clinical outcomes for everyone. Multi-level interventions along the care continuum for chronic liver disease are needed to mitigate these disparities and provide equitable access to care.

肝硬化的发病率和死亡率都很高,而且还在不断上升。肝硬化和肝移植的健康差异反映了从筛查和诊断到预防和治疗肝脏相关并发症的整个慢性肝病治疗过程中的不平等。在健康状况和医疗服务方面存在差异的主要人群包括少数种族和族裔群体、性和性别少数群体、社会经济地位较低的人群以及服务不足的农村社区。这些差异导致慢性肝病和肝硬化并发症(如肝细胞癌)的诊断延迟,慢性肝病及其并发症的治疗存在差异,最终导致终末期肝病患者接受移植的机会不平等。指出这些差异只是实施解决方案的第一步,这些解决方案可以改善每个人的健康公平和临床结果。我们需要在慢性肝病的治疗过程中采取多层次的干预措施,以减少这些差距,并提供公平的治疗机会。
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引用次数: 0
Gut microbiome: a biomedical revolution 肠道微生物组:一场生物医学革命
IF 45.9 1区 医学 Q1 GASTROENTEROLOGY & HEPATOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-30 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-024-01001-3
Maria Carmen Collado, Suzanne Devkota, Tarini Shankar Ghosh
To mark the twentieth anniversary of Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology, we asked three experts to comment on how the gut microbiome has transformed our understanding of biology and the strengths and limitations of microbiome research today as well as to look ahead at what the next 20 years of microbiome research and clinical applications might look like. In this Viewpoint, Maria Carmen Collado, Suzanne Devkota and Tarini Shankar Ghosh comment on the past and future of gut microbiome research and clinical applications.
为纪念《Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology》创刊二十周年,我们邀请三位专家就肠道微生物组如何改变了我们对生物学的理解、当今微生物组研究的优势和局限性发表评论,并展望未来二十年微生物组研究和临床应用的前景。在本视点中,玛丽亚-卡门-科拉多(Maria Carmen Collado)、苏珊娜-德夫科塔(Suzanne Devkota)和塔里尼-尚卡尔-戈什(Tarini Shankar Ghosh)对肠道微生物组研究和临床应用的过去和未来发表了看法。
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引用次数: 0
Intestinal tuft cells can act as injury-resistant stem cells 肠簇细胞可作为抗损伤干细胞
IF 45.9 1区 医学 Q1 GASTROENTEROLOGY & HEPATOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-29 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-024-01016-w
Caroline Barranco
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引用次数: 0
Bitter taste receptors as sensors of gut luminal contents 作为肠腔内容物传感器的苦味感受器
IF 65.1 1区 医学 Q1 GASTROENTEROLOGY & HEPATOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-28 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-024-01005-z
Catia Sternini, Enrique Rozengurt

Taste is important in the selection of food and is orchestrated by a group of distinct receptors, the taste G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Taste 1 receptors (Tas1rs in mice and TAS1Rs in humans; also known as T1Rs) detect sweet and umami tastes, and taste 2 receptors (Tas2rs in mice and TAS2Rs in humans; also known as T2Rs) detect bitterness. These receptors are also expressed in extraoral sites, including the gastrointestinal mucosa. Tas2rs/TAS2Rs have gained interest as potential targets to prevent or treat metabolic disorders. These bitter taste receptors are expressed in functionally distinct types of gastrointestinal mucosal cells, including enteroendocrine cells, which, upon stimulation, increase intracellular Ca2+ and release signalling molecules that regulate gut chemosensory processes critical for digestion and absorption of nutrients, for neutralization and expulsion of harmful substances, and for metabolic regulation. Expression of Tas2rs/TAS2Rs in gut mucosa is upregulated by high-fat diets, and intraluminal bitter ‘tastants’ affect gastrointestinal functions and ingestive behaviour through local and gut–brain axis signalling. Tas2rs/TAS2Rs are also found in Paneth and goblet cells, which release antimicrobial peptides and glycoproteins, and in tuft cells, which trigger type 2 immune response against parasites, thus providing a direct line of defence against pathogens. This Review will focus on gut Tas2r/TAS2R distribution, signalling and regulation in enteroendocrine cells, supporting their role as chemosensors of luminal content that serve distinct functions as regulators of body homeostasis and immune response.

味觉在选择食物时非常重要,由一组不同的受体--味觉 G 蛋白偶联受体(GPCRs)--协调。味觉 1 受体(小鼠的 Tas1rs 和人类的 TAS1Rs,也称为 T1Rs)可检测甜味和鲜味,味觉 2 受体(小鼠的 Tas2rs 和人类的 TAS2Rs,也称为 T2Rs)可检测苦味。这些受体在口外部位也有表达,包括胃肠粘膜。作为预防或治疗代谢紊乱的潜在靶点,Tas2rs/TAS2Rs 引起了人们的兴趣。这些苦味受体在功能不同类型的胃肠道粘膜细胞(包括肠内分泌细胞)中表达,这些细胞在受到刺激时会增加细胞内 Ca2+ 并释放信号分子,从而调节对营养物质的消化和吸收、有害物质的中和与排出以及新陈代谢调节至关重要的肠道化学感受过程。Tas2rs/TAS2Rs在肠道粘膜中的表达受高脂肪饮食的影响而上调,肠道内的苦味 "味道剂 "通过局部和肠道-大脑轴信号影响胃肠功能和摄食行为。Tas2rs/TAS2Rs还存在于释放抗菌肽和糖蛋白的Paneth细胞和鹅口疮细胞以及触发针对寄生虫的2型免疫反应的簇细胞中,从而为抵御病原体提供了一道直接防线。本综述将重点探讨肠道 Tas2r/TAS2R 在肠内分泌细胞中的分布、信号传导和调节,支持它们作为肠腔内容物化学传感器的作用,这些化学传感器具有调节机体平衡和免疫反应的独特功能。
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引用次数: 0
Celebrating 20 years of Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology 庆祝《自然》杂志《胃肠病学与肝病学》创刊 20 周年
IF 45.9 1区 医学 Q1 GASTROENTEROLOGY & HEPATOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-25 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-024-01002-2
Twenty years since the launch of Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology, developments in research and clinical practice continue apace. In our anniversary issue, we focus on the past, present and future of gastroenterology and hepatology.
Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology》创刊二十年来,研究和临床实践继续快速发展。在周年纪念特刊中,我们将聚焦胃肠病学和肝病学的过去、现在和未来。
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引用次数: 0
Alcohol-free and low-strength drinks: friend or foe? 无酒精和低浓度饮料:朋友还是敌人?
IF 65.1 1区 医学 Q1 GASTROENTEROLOGY & HEPATOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-25 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-024-01006-y
Thomas Marjot, Ashwin Dhanda
Consumption of no and low-alcohol (NoLo) beverages is now commonplace in modern society. However, the debate surrounding the relative risks and benefits of these products is nuanced and evolving, particularly in patients with a history of alcohol use disorder or alcohol-related liver disease. This Comment summarizes the major individual and public health implications of NoLo drinks in order to help inform our interactions with these patient groups.
饮用无酒精和低酒精(NoLo)饮料在现代社会已司空见惯。然而,围绕这些产品的相对风险和益处的争论是细致入微和不断变化的,尤其是对有酒精使用障碍或酒精相关肝病史的患者而言。本评论总结了无酒精饮料对个人和公共健康的主要影响,以帮助我们了解与这些患者群体的互动。
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引用次数: 0
Bile acid transport inhibitors in paediatric hepatology: more than just an itch 胆汁酸转运抑制剂在儿科肝病中的应用:不仅仅是瘙痒
IF 45.9 1区 医学 Q1 GASTROENTEROLOGY & HEPATOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-24 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-024-01008-w
Tamir Diamond, Binita M. Kamath
Apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter inhibitors have revolutionized care for children with genetic cholestasis. This Clinical Outlook discusses how this new class of drugs came into clinical practice and how they might benefit transplant-free survival for a multitude of indications.
尖端钠依赖性胆汁酸转运体抑制剂彻底改变了对遗传性胆汁淤积症患儿的治疗。本期《临床展望》将讨论这一类新药是如何进入临床实践的,以及它们如何在多种适应症中为无移植生存带来益处。
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引用次数: 0
Host–pathobiont interactions in Crohn’s disease 克罗恩病中宿主与病原体之间的相互作用
IF 65.1 1区 医学 Q1 GASTROENTEROLOGY & HEPATOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-24 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-024-00997-y
Roberta Caruso, Bernard C. Lo, Grace Y. Chen, Gabriel Núñez

The mammalian intestine is colonized by trillions of microorganisms that are collectively referred to as the gut microbiota. The majority of symbionts have co-evolved with their host in a mutualistic relationship that benefits both. Under certain conditions, such as in Crohn’s disease, a subtype of inflammatory bowel disease, some symbionts bloom to cause disease in genetically susceptible hosts. Although the identity and function of disease-causing microorganisms or pathobionts in Crohn’s disease remain largely unknown, mounting evidence from animal models suggests that pathobionts triggering Crohn’s disease-like colitis inhabit certain niches and penetrate the intestinal tissue to trigger inflammation. In this Review, we discuss the distinct niches occupied by intestinal symbionts and the evidence that pathobionts triggering Crohn’s disease live in the mucus layer or near the intestinal epithelium. We also discuss how Crohn’s disease-associated mutations in the host disrupt intestinal homeostasis by promoting the penetration and accumulation of pathobionts in the intestinal tissue. Finally, we discuss the potential role of microbiome-based interventions in precision therapeutic strategies for the treatment of Crohn’s disease.

哺乳动物肠道内有数万亿微生物,统称为肠道微生物群。大多数共生菌与宿主共同进化,形成了互惠互利的关系。在某些条件下,例如在克罗恩病(炎症性肠病的一种亚型)中,一些共生菌在易感基因宿主体内开花结果,导致疾病。虽然克罗恩病中致病微生物或病原菌的身份和功能在很大程度上仍不为人所知,但来自动物模型的越来越多的证据表明,引发克罗恩病样结肠炎的病原菌栖息在特定的龛位中,并穿透肠道组织引发炎症。在本综述中,我们将讨论肠道共生体占据的独特壁龛,以及引发克罗恩病的病原体生活在粘液层或肠道上皮附近的证据。我们还讨论了宿主体内与克罗恩病相关的突变是如何通过促进肠组织中病原菌的渗透和积累来破坏肠道平衡的。最后,我们讨论了基于微生物组的干预措施在克罗恩病精准治疗策略中的潜在作用。
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引用次数: 0
UEG Week 2024 UEG 2024 周
IF 45.9 1区 医学 Q1 GASTROENTEROLOGY & HEPATOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-24 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-024-01013-z
Katrina Ray
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引用次数: 0
Delving the depths of ‘terra incognita’ in the human intestine — the small intestinal microbiota 探索人类肠道 "未知领域 "的深处--小肠微生物群
IF 65.1 1区 医学 Q1 GASTROENTEROLOGY & HEPATOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-23 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-024-01000-4
Bahtiyar Yilmaz, Andrew J. Macpherson

The small intestinal microbiota has a crucial role in gastrointestinal health, affecting digestion, immune function, bile acid homeostasis and nutrient metabolism. The challenges of accessibility at this site mean that our knowledge of the small intestinal microbiota is less developed than of the colonic or faecal microbiota. Here, we summarize the features and fluctuations of the microbiota along the small intestinal tract, focusing on humans, and discuss physicochemical factors and assessment methods, including the technical challenges of investigating the low microbial biomass of the proximal small bowel. We highlight the essential protective mechanisms of the small intestine, including motility, the paracellular barrier and mucus, and secretory immunity, to show their roles in limiting excessive exposure of host tissues to microbial metabolites. We address current knowledge gaps, particularly the variability among individuals, the effects of dysbiosis of the small intestinal microbiota on health and how different taxa in small intestinal microbiota could compensate for each other functionally.

小肠微生物群对胃肠道健康起着至关重要的作用,影响消化、免疫功能、胆汁酸平衡和营养代谢。与结肠或粪便微生物群相比,我们对小肠微生物群的了解还不够深入。在此,我们以人类为重点,总结了小肠微生物群的特征和波动,并讨论了理化因素和评估方法,包括调查小肠近端微生物生物量低的技术挑战。我们强调了小肠的基本保护机制,包括运动、细胞旁屏障和粘液以及分泌性免疫,以显示它们在限制宿主组织过度暴露于微生物代谢物方面的作用。我们探讨了目前的知识空白,特别是个体之间的差异、小肠微生物群失调对健康的影响以及小肠微生物群中不同类群如何在功能上相互补偿。
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Nature Reviews Gastroenterology &Hepatology
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