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Factors determining the stability, size distribution, and cellular accumulation of small, monodisperse chitosan nanoparticles as candidate vectors for anticancer drug delivery: application to the passive encapsulation of [14C]-doxorubicin 决定小单分散壳聚糖纳米颗粒作为抗癌药物递送候选载体的稳定性、大小分布和细胞积累的因素:在[14C]-阿霉素被动包封中的应用
IF 4.9 Q1 Engineering Pub Date : 2015-12-11 DOI: 10.2147/NSA.S91785
M. J. Masarudin, S. Cutts, Benny J. Evison, Don R. Phillips, P. Pigram
Development of parameters for the fabrication of nanosized vectors is pivotal for its successful administration in therapeutic applications. In this study, homogeneously distributed chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs) with diameters as small as 62 nm and a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.15 were synthesized and purified using a simple, robust method that was highly reproducible. Nanoparticles were synthesized using modified ionic gelation of the chitosan polymer with sodium tripolyphosphate. Using this method, larger aggregates were mechanically isolated from single particles in the nanoparticle population by selective efficient centrifugation. The presence of disaggregated monodisperse nanoparticles was confirmed using atomic force microscopy. Factors such as anions, pH, and concentration were found to affect the size and stability of nanoparticles directly. The smallest nanoparticle population was ∼62 nm in hydrodynamic size, with a low PDI of 0.15, indicating high particle homogeneity. CNPs were highly stable and retained their monodisperse morphology in serum-supplemented media in cell culture conditions for up to 72 hours, before slowly degrading over 6 days. Cell viability assays demonstrated that cells remained viable following a 72-hour exposure to 1 mg/mL CNPs, suggesting that the nanoparticles are well tolerated and highly suited for biomedical applications. Cellular uptake studies using fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled CNPs showed that cancer cells readily accumulate the nanoparticles 30 minutes posttreatment and that nanoparticles persisted within cells for up to 24 hours posttreatment. As a proof of principle for use in anticancer therapeutic applications, a [14C]-radiolabeled form of the anticancer agent doxorubicin was efficiently encapsulated within the CNP, confirming the feasibility of using this system as a drug delivery vector.
制备纳米载体的参数的发展对其在治疗应用中的成功施用至关重要。在本研究中,我们合成了直径小至62 nm、多分散指数(PDI)为0.15的均匀分布的壳聚糖纳米颗粒(CNPs),并采用一种简单、可靠、重复性高的方法进行了纯化。采用三聚磷酸钠修饰的离子凝胶法制备了壳聚糖纳米颗粒。使用这种方法,通过选择性高效离心,从纳米粒子群中的单个粒子中机械分离出较大的聚集体。原子力显微镜证实了单分散纳米颗粒的存在。研究发现,阴离子、pH和浓度等因素直接影响纳米颗粒的大小和稳定性。最小的纳米粒子群的水动力尺寸为~ 62 nm,低PDI为0.15,表明颗粒均匀性高。CNPs高度稳定,在细胞培养条件下,在添加血清的培养基中保持其单分散形态长达72小时,然后在6天内缓慢降解。细胞活力测试表明,细胞在暴露于1mg /mL CNPs 72小时后仍保持活力,这表明纳米颗粒耐受性良好,非常适合生物医学应用。使用异硫氰酸荧光素标记CNPs进行的细胞摄取研究表明,癌细胞在处理后30分钟很容易积累纳米颗粒,并且纳米颗粒在处理后24小时内持续存在。作为抗癌治疗应用的原理证明,一种[14C]放射性标记形式的抗癌剂阿霉素被有效地封装在CNP中,证实了使用该系统作为药物传递载体的可行性。
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引用次数: 391
Nanotechnology-based inhalation treatments for lung cancer: state of the art 基于纳米技术的肺癌吸入治疗:最新进展
IF 4.9 Q1 Engineering Pub Date : 2015-11-19 DOI: 10.2147/NSA.S49052
J. Ahmad, S. Akhter, M. Rizwanullah, S. Amin, Mahfoozur Rahman, M. Ahmad, M. Rizvi, M. Kamal, Farhan Jalees Ahmad
Considering the challenges associated with conventional chemotherapy, targeted and local delivery of chemotherapeutics via nanoparticle (NP) carriers to the lungs is an emerging area of interest. Recent studies and growing clinical application in cancer nanotechnology showed the huge potential of NPs as drug carriers in cancer therapy, including in lung carcinoma for diagnosis, imaging, and theranostics. Researchers have confirmed that nanotechnology-based inhalation chemotherapy is viable and more effective than conventional chemotherapy, with lesser side effects. Recently, many nanocarriers have been investigated, including liposomes, polymeric micelles, polymeric NPs, solid lipid NPs, and inorganic NPs for inhalation treatments of lung cancer. Yet, the toxicity of such nanomaterials to the lungs tissues and further distribution to other organs due to systemic absorption on inhalation delivery is a debatable concern. Here, prospect of NPs-based local lung cancer targeting through inhalation route as well as its associated challenges are discussed.
考虑到与传统化疗相关的挑战,通过纳米颗粒(NP)载体将化疗药物靶向和局部递送到肺部是一个新兴的研究领域。最近的研究和越来越多的癌症纳米技术临床应用表明,NPs作为药物载体在癌症治疗中的巨大潜力,包括肺癌的诊断、成像和治疗。研究人员已经证实,基于纳米技术的吸入化疗是可行的,而且比传统化疗更有效,副作用更小。近年来,人们研究了许多纳米载体,包括脂质体、聚合物胶束、聚合物NPs、固体脂质NPs和无机NPs,用于吸入治疗肺癌。然而,这种纳米材料对肺组织的毒性以及吸入后由于全身吸收而进一步分布到其他器官的毒性是一个有争议的问题。本文就nps吸入途径靶向治疗局部肺癌的前景及其面临的挑战进行了讨论。
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引用次数: 116
Emerging optical nanoscopy techniques. 新兴的光学纳米技术。
IF 4.9 Q1 Engineering Pub Date : 2015-09-29 eCollection Date: 2015-01-01 DOI: 10.2147/NSA.S50042
Paul C Montgomery, Audrey Leong-Hoi

To face the challenges of modern health care, new imaging techniques with subcellular resolution or detection over wide fields are required. Far field optical nanoscopy presents many new solutions, providing high resolution or detection at high speed. We present a new classification scheme to help appreciate the growing number of optical nanoscopy techniques. We underline an important distinction between superresolution techniques that provide improved resolving power and nanodetection techniques for characterizing unresolved nanostructures. Some of the emerging techniques within these two categories are highlighted with applications in biophysics and medicine. Recent techniques employing wider angle imaging by digital holography and scattering lens microscopy allow superresolution to be achieved for subcellular and even in vivo, imaging without labeling. Nanodetection techniques are divided into four subcategories using contrast, phase, deconvolution, and nanomarkers. Contrast enhancement is illustrated by means of a polarized light-based technique and with strobed phase-contrast microscopy to reveal nanostructures. Very high sensitivity phase measurement using interference microscopy is shown to provide nanometric surface roughness measurement or to reveal internal nanometric structures. Finally, the use of nanomarkers is illustrated with stochastic fluorescence microscopy for mapping intracellular structures. We also present some of the future perspectives of optical nanoscopy.

为了面对现代医疗保健的挑战,需要具有亚细胞分辨率或宽视场检测的新成像技术。远场光学纳米技术提供了许多新的解决方案,提供高分辨率或高速检测。我们提出了一个新的分类方案,以帮助了解越来越多的光学纳米技术。我们强调了超分辨率技术和纳米检测技术之间的重要区别,超分辨率技术提供了改进的分辨率和纳米检测技术来表征未解析的纳米结构。这两类中的一些新兴技术在生物物理学和医学方面的应用得到了强调。最新技术采用数字全息和散射透镜显微镜的广角成像技术,可以实现亚细胞甚至体内的超分辨率成像,而无需标记。纳米检测技术分为四个子类别,使用对比,相位,反褶积和纳米标记。对比增强是通过基于偏振光的技术和用频闪灯相衬显微镜来揭示纳米结构。非常高的灵敏度相位测量使用干涉显微镜显示提供纳米表面粗糙度测量或揭示内部纳米结构。最后,纳米标记的使用是用随机荧光显微镜来绘制细胞内结构。我们还提出了光学纳米技术的一些未来前景。
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引用次数: 15
In vitro studies of the toxic effects of silver nanoparticles on HeLa and U937 cells. 银纳米粒子对 HeLa 和 U937 细胞毒性作用的体外研究。
IF 4.9 Q1 Engineering Pub Date : 2015-03-05 eCollection Date: 2015-01-01 DOI: 10.2147/NSA.S78134
Said I Kaba, Elena M Egorova

In the last decade, much attention has been paid to studies of the effect of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) on tumor cells. Apart from elucidation of the mechanism of NPs' interaction with mammalian cells, these studies are aimed at discovering new effective antitumor drugs. In this work, we report about the toxic effects of Ag NPs observed on two types of tumor cells: HeLa (adhesive cells) and U937 (suspension cells). The Ag NPs were obtained by an original method of biochemical synthesis. Particle size was 13.2±4.72 nm, and zeta potential was -61.9±3.2 mV. The toxicity of Ag NPs in the concentration range 0.5-8.0 μg Ag/mL was determined by means of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay and cytofluorometry after 4 and 24 hours' incubation. It was found that Ag NPs had high toxicity toward both cell types. The minimal concentrations where a toxicity effect was registered (toxicity thresholds) lied in the range 0.5-2.0 μg Ag/mL. In parallel with the Ag NP solution, cells were incubated with water solutions of the NP stabilizer (aerosol-OT) and Ag(+) ions (as silver nitrate). It was shown that aerosol-OT had no effect on the viability on HeLa cells, but was moderately toxic toward U937, though less dangerous for these cells than Ag NPs. With Ag(+) ions, for HeLa no toxic effect was observed, while for U937 they were as toxic as the Ag NPs. The data obtained indicate that Ag NPs as used in this study may prove to be useful for the creation of medicines for cancer therapy.

近十年来,银纳米粒子(Ag NPs)对肿瘤细胞影响的研究备受关注。除了阐明 NPs 与哺乳动物细胞相互作用的机制外,这些研究还旨在发现新的有效抗肿瘤药物。在这项工作中,我们报告了 Ag NPs 对两种肿瘤细胞的毒性作用:HeLa(粘附细胞)和 U937(悬浮细胞)。Ag NPs 是通过独创的生化合成方法获得的。粒径为 13.2±4.72 nm,zeta 电位为 -61.9±3.2 mV。通过 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide 法和细胞荧光测定法,测定了培养 4 小时和 24 小时后 Ag NPs 在 0.5-8.0 μg Ag/mL 浓度范围内的毒性。结果发现,Ag NPs 对这两种细胞都有很高的毒性。出现毒性效应的最小浓度(毒性阈值)范围为 0.5-2.0 μg Ag/mL。在用 Ag NP 溶液培养细胞的同时,还用 NP 稳定剂(气溶胶-OT)和 Ag(+)离子(硝酸银)的水溶液培养细胞。结果表明,气溶胶-OT 对 HeLa 细胞的存活率没有影响,但对 U937 有中度毒性,不过对这些细胞的危害小于 Ag NPs。Ag(+) 离子对 HeLa 细胞没有毒性影响,而对 U937 细胞的毒性则与 Ag NPs 相当。所获得的数据表明,本研究中使用的 Ag NPs 有可能被证明有助于制造治疗癌症的药物。
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引用次数: 0
Innovations in nanotechnology for water treatment. 纳米技术在水处理方面的创新。
IF 4.9 Q1 Engineering Pub Date : 2015-01-06 eCollection Date: 2015-01-01 DOI: 10.2147/NSA.S43773
Ilka Gehrke, Andreas Geiser, Annette Somborn-Schulz

Important challenges in the global water situation, mainly resulting from worldwide population growth and climate change, require novel innovative water technologies in order to ensure a supply of drinking water and reduce global water pollution. Against this background, the adaptation of highly advanced nanotechnology to traditional process engineering offers new opportunities in technological developments for advanced water and wastewater technology processes. Here, an overview of recent advances in nanotechnologies for water and wastewater treatment processes is provided, including nanobased materials, such as nanoadsorbents, nanometals, nanomembranes, and photocatalysts. The beneficial properties of these materials as well as technical barriers when compared with conventional processes are reported. The state of commercialization is presented and an outlook on further research opportunities is given for each type of nanobased material and process. In addition to the promising technological enhancements, the limitations of nanotechnology for water applications, such as laws and regulations as well as potential health risks, are summarized. The legal framework according to nanoengineered materials and processes that are used for water and wastewater treatment is considered for European countries and for the USA.

全球水资源形势的重大挑战主要是由世界人口增长和气候变化引起的,需要新颖的创新水技术,以确保饮用水的供应并减少全球水污染。在这种背景下,将高度先进的纳米技术应用于传统的工艺工程为先进的水和废水技术工艺的技术发展提供了新的机会。本文概述了水和废水处理过程中纳米技术的最新进展,包括纳米材料,如纳米吸附剂、纳米金属、纳米膜和光催化剂。报道了这些材料的有利性能以及与传统工艺相比的技术障碍。介绍了商业化的现状,并对每种纳米基材料和工艺的进一步研究机会进行了展望。除了有希望的技术增强外,还总结了纳米技术在水应用方面的局限性,例如法律法规以及潜在的健康风险。根据用于水和废水处理的纳米工程材料和工艺的法律框架正在考虑适用于欧洲国家和美国。
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引用次数: 365
Effects of spray-drying on w/o/w multiple emulsions prepared from a stearic acid matrix. 喷雾干燥对硬脂酸基质制备w/o/w复合乳剂的影响。
IF 4.9 Q1 Engineering Pub Date : 2014-12-01 eCollection Date: 2014-01-01 DOI: 10.2147/NSA.S72083
Nichrous Mlalila, Hulda Swai, Lonji Kalombo, Askwar Hilonga

The goal of this study was to explore the effects of spray-drying on w/o/w double emulsions of methyltestosterone (MT) loaded in a stearic acid matrix. MT-loaded nanoparticles were formulated by a water-in-oil-in-water emulsion technique using 50, 75, and 100 mg of stearic acid, 2% and 3% w/v polyvinyl alcohol, 5% w/v lactose, and 0.2% w/v chitosan. The emulsions were immediately spray-dried based on an optimized model of inlet temperature and pump rate, and characterized for optimized responses with regard to particle size, polydispersity index, and zeta potential, for both emulsion and powder samples. Dynamic light scattering analysis shown that the nanoparticles increased in size with increasing concentrations of polyvinyl alcohol and stearic acid. Scanning electron microscopy indicated that the MT-loaded nanoparticles were spherical in shape, had a smooth surface, and were in an amorphous state, which was confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry. These MT-loaded nanoparticles are a promising candidate carrier for the delivery of MT; however, further studies are needed in order to establish the stability of the system and the cargo release profile under normal conditions of use.

本研究的目的是探讨喷雾干燥对装载硬脂酸基质的w/o/w双甲基睾酮乳剂(MT)的影响。以硬脂酸50、75和100 mg,聚乙烯醇2%和3% w/v,乳糖5% w/v,壳聚糖0.2% w/v为原料,采用油包水乳液技术制备了载mt纳米颗粒。根据优化的入口温度和泵速模型,对乳液进行喷雾干燥,并对乳液和粉末样品的粒径、多分散性指数和zeta电位进行优化。动态光散射分析表明,随着聚乙烯醇和硬脂酸浓度的增加,纳米颗粒的尺寸增大。扫描电镜显示,负载mt的纳米颗粒呈球形,表面光滑,呈非晶态,差示扫描量热法证实了这一点。这些负载MT的纳米颗粒是一种很有前途的MT递送载体;但是,为了确定系统的稳定性和正常使用条件下的货物释放情况,还需要进一步的研究。
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引用次数: 16
Comparative performance of a panel of commercially available antimicrobial nanocoatings in Europe. 欧洲市售抗菌纳米涂层面板的比较性能。
IF 4.9 Q1 Engineering Pub Date : 2014-11-07 eCollection Date: 2014-01-01 DOI: 10.2147/NSA.S70782
Johan W Molling, Jacques W Seezink, Birgit Ej Teunissen, Inhua Muijrers-Chen, Paul Ja Borm

Background: Bacterial resistance against the classic antibiotics is posing an increasing challenge for the prevention and treatment of infections in health care environments. The introduction of antimicrobial nanocoatings with active ingredients provides alternative measures for active killing of microorganisms, through a preventive hygiene approach.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial activity of a panel of antimicrobial coatings available on the European market.

Methods: A comparative, biased selection of commercially available antimicrobial coatings was tested for antimicrobial efficiency. Suppliers were contacted to deliver their coatings on glass and/or stainless steel substrates. In total, 23 coatings from eleven suppliers were received, which were investigated for their effect on the growth of Escherichia coli, using the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 22196 protocol.

Results: The majority of nanomaterial-containing coatings (n=13) contained nanosilver (n=12), while only one had photocatalytic TiO2 as the active particle. The differences in antimicrobial activity among all of the coatings, expressed as log reduction values, varied between 1.3 and 6.6, while the variation within the nanomaterial-based group was between 2.0 and 6.2. Although nanosilver coatings were on average very effective in reducing the number of viable bacteria after challenge, the strongest log reduction (6.6) was seen with a coating that has immobilized, covalently bound quaternary ammonium salt in its matrix. Besides these two compounds, coatings containing TiO2, poly(dimethylsiloxane), triclosan, or zinc pyrithione evoked 100% killing of E. coli.

Conclusion: Our findings indicate that nanosilver dominates the nanoparticle-based coatings and performs adequately. However, considering the unknowns in relation to ecotoxicological emission and effects, it needs further consideration before widespread application into different environments.

背景:细菌对经典抗生素的耐药性对卫生保健环境中感染的预防和治疗提出了越来越大的挑战。引入具有活性成分的抗菌纳米涂层,通过预防性卫生方法为活性杀灭微生物提供了替代措施。目的:本研究的目的是调查一组抗菌涂料在欧洲市场上的抗菌活性。方法:对市售抗菌涂层的抗菌效率进行了比较,有偏见的选择。我们联系了供应商,要求他们提供玻璃和/或不锈钢基板上的涂料。总共收到了来自11家供应商的23种涂料,使用国际标准化组织(ISO) 22196协议研究了它们对大肠杆菌生长的影响。结果:大多数含纳米材料的涂层(n=13)含有纳米银(n=12),只有1种含光催化TiO2作为活性粒子。所有涂层之间的抗菌活性差异(用对数还原值表示)在1.3到6.6之间,而纳米材料组的差异在2.0到6.2之间。虽然纳米银涂层在攻击后平均非常有效地减少了活菌的数量,但在其基质中含有固定共价季铵盐的涂层,其对数减少幅度最大(6.6)。除了这两种化合物外,含有TiO2、聚二甲基硅氧烷、三氯生或吡啶硫锌的涂层对大肠杆菌的杀灭率为100%。结论:我们的研究结果表明纳米银在纳米颗粒基涂层中占主导地位,并且性能良好。然而,考虑到生态毒理学排放和影响的未知因素,在广泛应用于不同环境之前,需要进一步考虑。
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引用次数: 31
Investigation of structural and electronic properties of epitaxial graphene on 3C-SiC(100)/Si(100) substrates. 研究 3C-SiC(100)/Si(100) 基底上外延石墨烯的结构和电子特性。
IF 4.9 Q1 Engineering Pub Date : 2014-09-27 eCollection Date: 2014-01-01 DOI: 10.2147/NSA.S60324
Noelle Gogneau, Amira Ben Gouider Trabelsi, Mathieu G Silly, Mohamed Ridene, Marc Portail, Adrien Michon, Mehrezi Oueslati, Rachid Belkhou, Fausto Sirotti, Abdelkarim Ouerghi

Graphene has been intensively studied in recent years in order to take advantage of its unique properties. Its synthesis on SiC substrates by solid-state graphitization appears a suitable option for graphene-based electronics. However, before developing devices based on epitaxial graphene, it is desirable to understand and finely control the synthesis of material with the most promising properties. To achieve these prerequisites, many studies are being conducted on various SiC substrates. Here, we review 3C-SiC(100) epilayers grown by chemical vapor deposition on Si(100) substrates for producing graphene by solid state graphitization under ultrahigh-vacuum conditions. Based on various characterization techniques, the structural and electrical properties of epitaxial graphene layer grown on 3C-SiC(100)/Si(100) are discussed. We establish that epitaxial graphene presents properties similar to those obtained using hexagonal SiC substrates, with the advantage of being compatible with current Si-processing technology.

近年来,人们对石墨烯进行了深入研究,以利用其独特的性能。通过固态石墨化在碳化硅衬底上合成石墨烯似乎是基于石墨烯的电子器件的合适选择。然而,在开发基于外延石墨烯的设备之前,最好先了解并精细控制具有最有前途特性的材料的合成。为了实现这些先决条件,许多研究都是在各种碳化硅基底上进行的。在此,我们回顾了通过化学气相沉积在 Si(100) 基底上生长的 3C-SiC(100) 外延层,该外延层可在超高真空条件下通过固态石墨化生产石墨烯。基于各种表征技术,我们讨论了在 3C-SiC(100)/Si(100) 上生长的石墨烯外延层的结构和电学特性。我们发现,外延石墨烯具有与使用六方碳化硅衬底获得的石墨烯相似的特性,并且具有与当前的硅加工技术兼容的优点。
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引用次数: 0
Prevention of bacterial foodborne disease using nanobiotechnology. 利用纳米生物技术预防细菌性食源性疾病。
IF 4.9 Q1 Engineering Pub Date : 2014-08-25 eCollection Date: 2014-01-01 DOI: 10.2147/NSA.S51101
Craig Billington, J Andrew Hudson, Elaine D'Sa

Foodborne disease is an important source of expense, morbidity, and mortality for society. Detection and control constitute significant components of the overall management of foodborne bacterial pathogens, and this review focuses on the use of nanosized biological entities and molecules to achieve these goals. There is an emphasis on the use of organisms called bacteriophages (phages: viruses that infect bacteria), which are increasingly being used in pathogen detection and biocontrol applications. Detection of pathogens in foods by conventional techniques is time-consuming and expensive, although it can also be sensitive and accurate. Nanobiotechnology is being used to decrease detection times and cost through the development of biosensors, exploiting specific cell-recognition properties of antibodies and phage proteins. Although sensitivity per test can be excellent (eg, the detection of one cell), the very small volumes tested mean that sensitivity per sample is less compelling. An ideal detection method needs to be inexpensive, sensitive, and accurate, but no approach yet achieves all three. For nanobiotechnology to displace existing methods (culture-based, antibody-based rapid methods, or those that detect amplified nucleic acid) it will need to focus on improving sensitivity. Although manufactured nonbiological nanoparticles have been used to kill bacterial cells, nanosized organisms called phages are increasingly finding favor in food safety applications. Phages are amenable to protein and nucleic acid labeling, and can be very specific, and the typical large "burst size" resulting from phage amplification can be harnessed to produce a rapid increase in signal to facilitate detection. There are now several commercially available phages for pathogen control, and many reports in the literature demonstrate efficacy against a number of foodborne pathogens on diverse foods. As a method for control of pathogens, nanobiotechnology is therefore flourishing.

食源性疾病是社会开支、发病率和死亡率的重要来源。检测和控制是食源性细菌病原体整体管理的重要组成部分,本综述将重点讨论如何利用纳米生物实体和分子来实现这些目标。重点介绍被称为噬菌体(噬菌体:感染细菌的病毒)的生物体的使用,这种生物体正越来越多地用于病原体检测和生物控制应用。用传统技术检测食品中的病原体既费时又费钱,尽管这种方法也很灵敏和准确。纳米生物技术正通过开发生物传感器,利用抗体和噬菌体蛋白的特定细胞识别特性,缩短检测时间,降低检测成本。虽然每次检测的灵敏度可能很高(例如,检测一个细胞),但检测的体积非常小,这意味着每个样本的灵敏度不那么令人信服。理想的检测方法必须成本低廉、灵敏度高、准确性好,但目前还没有一种方法能同时做到这三点。纳米生物技术要取代现有方法(基于培养基、基于抗体的快速方法或检测扩增核酸的方法),就必须把重点放在提高灵敏度上。尽管人造非生物纳米粒子已被用于杀死细菌细胞,但被称为噬菌体的纳米生物体在食品安全应用中越来越受到青睐。噬菌体可进行蛋白质和核酸标记,具有很强的特异性,噬菌体扩增产生的典型大 "爆发尺寸 "可用于产生快速增加的信号,以便于检测。目前,市面上有几种用于病原体控制的噬菌体,许多文献报告显示,它们对不同食物中的多种食源性病原体都有效。因此,作为一种控制病原体的方法,纳米生物技术正在蓬勃发展。
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引用次数: 0
Nanotechnology in agriculture: prospects and constraints. 纳米技术在农业中的应用:前景和限制。
IF 4.9 Q1 Engineering Pub Date : 2014-08-04 eCollection Date: 2014-01-01 DOI: 10.2147/NSA.S39409
Siddhartha S Mukhopadhyay

Attempts to apply nanotechnology in agriculture began with the growing realization that conventional farming technologies would neither be able to increase productivity any further nor restore ecosystems damaged by existing technologies back to their pristine state; in particular because the long-term effects of farming with "miracle seeds", in conjunction with irrigation, fertilizers, and pesticides, have been questioned both at the scientific and policy levels, and must be gradually phased out. Nanotechnology in agriculture has gained momentum in the last decade with an abundance of public funding, but the pace of development is modest, even though many disciplines come under the umbrella of agriculture. This could be attributed to: a unique nature of farm production, which functions as an open system whereby energy and matter are exchanged freely; the scale of demand of input materials always being gigantic in contrast with industrial nanoproducts; an absence of control over the input nanomaterials in contrast with industrial nanoproducts (eg, the cell phone) and because their fate has to be conceived on the geosphere (pedosphere)-biosphere-hydrosphere-atmosphere continuum; the time lag of emerging technologies reaching the farmers' field, especially given that many emerging economies are unwilling to spend on innovation; and the lack of foresight resulting from agricultural education not having attracted a sufficient number of brilliant minds the world over, while personnel from kindred disciplines might lack an understanding of agricultural production systems. If these issues are taken care of, nanotechnologic intervention in farming has bright prospects for improving the efficiency of nutrient use through nanoformulations of fertilizers, breaking yield barriers through bionanotechnology, surveillance and control of pests and diseases, understanding mechanisms of host-parasite interactions at the molecular level, development of new-generation pesticides and their carriers, preservation and packaging of food and food additives, strengthening of natural fibers, removal of contaminants from soil and water, improving the shelf-life of vegetables and flowers, clay-based nanoresources for precision water management, reclamation of salt-affected soils, and stabilization of erosion-prone surfaces, to name a few.

将纳米技术应用于农业的尝试始于人们日益认识到,传统农业技术既不能进一步提高生产力,也不能将被现有技术破坏的生态系统恢复到原始状态;特别是因为用“神奇种子”耕作,加上灌溉、化肥和杀虫剂的长期影响,在科学和政策层面都受到了质疑,必须逐步淘汰。在过去的十年里,由于大量的公共资金,农业领域的纳米技术已经获得了发展的势头,但是发展的速度是缓慢的,尽管许多学科都在农业的保护伞下。这可以归因于:农业生产的独特性质,它是一个开放的系统,能量和物质可以自由交换;与工业纳米产品相比,输入材料的需求规模总是巨大的;与工业纳米产品(如手机)相比,缺乏对输入纳米材料的控制,并且由于它们的命运必须在地圈(土壤圈)-生物圈-水圈-大气连续体上构思;新兴技术进入农民领域的时间滞后,特别是考虑到许多新兴经济体不愿在创新上投入资金;缺乏远见是由于农业教育没有吸引到足够数量的世界各地的优秀人才,而来自同类学科的人员可能缺乏对农业生产系统的了解。如果这些问题得到解决,纳米技术对农业的干预在以下方面具有光明的前景:通过纳米肥料配方提高养分利用效率、通过生物纳米技术打破产量壁垒、监测和控制病虫害、在分子水平上了解宿主-寄生虫相互作用的机制、开发新一代农药及其载体、食品和食品添加剂的保存和包装。增强天然纤维、去除土壤和水中的污染物、提高蔬菜和花卉的保质期、用于精确水管理的粘土基纳米资源、盐渍土壤的复垦以及易侵蚀表面的稳定,等等。
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引用次数: 288
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Nanotechnology, Science and Applications
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