Ron Firestein, Cezary Marcinkiewicz, Linyan Nie, Hui Kheng Chua, Ines Velazquez Quesada, Marco Torelli, Mark Sternberg, Bojana Gligorijevic, Olga Shenderova, Romana Schirhagl, Giora Z Feuerstein
Background: We recently reported on preferential deposition of bare fluorescent diamond particles FDP-NV-700/800nm (FDP-NV) in the liver following intravenous administration to rats. The pharmacokinetics of FDP-NV in that species indicated short residency in the circulation by rapid clearance by the liver. Retention of FDP-NV in the liver was not associated with any pathology. These observations suggested that cancer therapeutics, such as doxorubicin, linked to FDP-NV, could potentially serve for anti-cancer treatment while sparing toxicities of peripheral organs.
Purpose: To generate proof-of-concept (POC) and detail mechanisms of action of doxorubicin-coated FDP-NV-700/800nm (FDP-DOX) as a prospective chemotherapeutic for metastatic liver cancer.
Methods: FDP-DOX was generated by adsorption chemistry. Experimental design included concentration and time-dependent efficacy studies as compared with naïve (baren) FDP-NV in in vitro liver cancer cells models. Uptake of FDP-NV and FDP-DOX by HepG-2, Hep-3B and hCRC organoids were demonstrated by flow-cytometry and fluorescent microscopy. FDP-DOX pharmacodynamic effects included metabolic as well as cell death biomarkers Annexin V, TUNEL and LDH leakage. DOX desorpted from FDP-DOX was assessed by confocal microscopy and chemical assay of cells fractions.
Results: FDP-DOX efficacy was dose- and time-dependent and manifested in both liver cancer cell lines and human CRC organoids. FDP-DOX was rapidly internalized into cancer cells/organoids leading to cancer growth inhibition and apoptosis. FDP-DOX disrupted cell membrane integrity as evident by LDH release and suppressing mitochondrial metabolic pathways (AlamarBlue assay). Access of free DOX to the nuclei was confirmed by direct UV-Visible fluorescent assay and confocal microscopy of DOX fluorescence.
Conclusion: The rapid uptake and profound cancer inhibition observed using FDP-DOX in clinically relevant cancer models, highlight FDP-DOX promise for cancer chemotherapeutics. We also conclude that the in vitro data justify further investment in in vivo POC studies.
{"title":"Pharmacodynamic Studies of Fluorescent Diamond Carriers of Doxorubicin in Liver Cancer Cells and Colorectal Cancer Organoids.","authors":"Ron Firestein, Cezary Marcinkiewicz, Linyan Nie, Hui Kheng Chua, Ines Velazquez Quesada, Marco Torelli, Mark Sternberg, Bojana Gligorijevic, Olga Shenderova, Romana Schirhagl, Giora Z Feuerstein","doi":"10.2147/NSA.S321725","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/NSA.S321725","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>We recently reported on preferential deposition of bare fluorescent diamond particles FDP-NV-700/800nm (FDP-NV) in the liver following intravenous administration to rats. The pharmacokinetics of FDP-NV in that species indicated short residency in the circulation by rapid clearance by the liver. Retention of FDP-NV in the liver was not associated with any pathology. These observations suggested that cancer therapeutics, such as doxorubicin, linked to FDP-NV, could potentially serve for anti-cancer treatment while sparing toxicities of peripheral organs.</p><p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To generate proof-of-concept (POC) and detail mechanisms of action of doxorubicin-coated FDP-NV-700/800nm (FDP-DOX) as a prospective chemotherapeutic for metastatic liver cancer.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>FDP-DOX was generated by adsorption chemistry. Experimental design included concentration and time-dependent efficacy studies as compared with naïve (baren) FDP-NV in in vitro liver cancer cells models. Uptake of FDP-NV and FDP-DOX by HepG-2, Hep-3B and hCRC organoids were demonstrated by flow-cytometry and fluorescent microscopy. FDP-DOX pharmacodynamic effects included metabolic as well as cell death biomarkers Annexin V, TUNEL and LDH leakage. DOX desorpted from FDP-DOX was assessed by confocal microscopy and chemical assay of cells fractions.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>FDP-DOX efficacy was dose- and time-dependent and manifested in both liver cancer cell lines and human CRC organoids. FDP-DOX was rapidly internalized into cancer cells/organoids leading to cancer growth inhibition and apoptosis. FDP-DOX disrupted cell membrane integrity as evident by LDH release and suppressing mitochondrial metabolic pathways (AlamarBlue assay). Access of free DOX to the nuclei was confirmed by direct UV-Visible fluorescent assay and confocal microscopy of DOX fluorescence.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The rapid uptake and profound cancer inhibition observed using FDP-DOX in clinically relevant cancer models, highlight FDP-DOX promise for cancer chemotherapeutics. We also conclude that the in vitro data justify further investment in in vivo POC studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":18881,"journal":{"name":"Nanotechnology, Science and Applications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/dd/74/nsa-14-139.PMC8434926.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10668630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-31eCollection Date: 2020-01-01DOI: 10.2147/NSA.S287658
Ekaterina A Skomorokhova, Tatiana P Sankova, Iurii A Orlov, Andrew N Savelev, Daria N Magazenkova, Mikhail G Pliss, Alexey N Skvortsov, Ilya M Sosnin, Demid A Kirilenko, Ivan V Grishchuk, Elena I Sakhenberg, Elena V Polishchuk, Pavel N Brunkov, Alexey E Romanov, Ludmila V Puchkova, Ekaterina Yu Ilyechova
Purpose: The ability of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) of different sizes to influence copper metabolism in mice is assessed.
Materials and methods: AgNPs with diameters of 10, 20, and 75 nm were fabricated through a chemical reduction of silver nitrate and characterized by UV/Vis spectrometry, transmission and scanning electronic microscopy, and laser diffractometry. To test their bioactivity, Escherichia coli cells, cultured A549 cells, and C57Bl/6 mice were used. The antibacterial activity of AgNPs was determined by inhibition of colony-forming ability, and cytotoxicity was tested using the MTT test (viability, %). Ceruloplasmin (Cp, the major mammalian extracellular copper-containing protein) concentration and enzymatic activity were measured using gel-assay analyses and WB, respectively. In vitro binding of AgNPs with serum proteins was monitored with UV/Vis spectroscopy. Metal concentrations were measured using atomic absorption spectrometry.
Results: The smallest AgNPs displayed the largest dose- and time-dependent antibacterial activity. All nanoparticles inhibited the metabolic activity of A549 cells in accordance with dose and time, but no correlation between cytotoxicity and nanoparticle size was found. Nanosilver was not uniformly distributed through the body of mice intraperitoneally treated with low AgNP concentrations. It was predominantly accumulated in liver. There, nanosilver was included in ceruloplasmin, and Ag-ceruloplasmin with low oxidase activity level was formed. Larger nanoparticles more effectively interfered with the copper metabolism of mice. Large AgNPs quickly induced a drop of blood serum oxidase activity to practically zero, but after cancellation of AgNP treatment, the activity was rapidly restored. A major fraction of the nanosilver was excreted in the bile with Cp. Nanosilver was bound by alpha-2-macroglobulin in vitro and in vivo, but silver did not substitute for the copper atoms of Cp in vitro.
Conclusion: The data showed that even at low concentrations, AgNPs influence murine copper metabolism in size-dependent manner. This property negatively correlated with the antibacterial activity of AgNPs.
{"title":"Size-Dependent Bioactivity of Silver Nanoparticles: Antibacterial Properties, Influence on Copper Status in Mice, and Whole-Body Turnover.","authors":"Ekaterina A Skomorokhova, Tatiana P Sankova, Iurii A Orlov, Andrew N Savelev, Daria N Magazenkova, Mikhail G Pliss, Alexey N Skvortsov, Ilya M Sosnin, Demid A Kirilenko, Ivan V Grishchuk, Elena I Sakhenberg, Elena V Polishchuk, Pavel N Brunkov, Alexey E Romanov, Ludmila V Puchkova, Ekaterina Yu Ilyechova","doi":"10.2147/NSA.S287658","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/NSA.S287658","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The ability of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) of different sizes to influence copper metabolism in mice is assessed.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>AgNPs with diameters of 10, 20, and 75 nm were fabricated through a chemical reduction of silver nitrate and characterized by UV/Vis spectrometry, transmission and scanning electronic microscopy, and laser diffractometry. To test their bioactivity, <i>Escherichia coli</i> cells, cultured A549 cells, and C57Bl/6 mice were used. The antibacterial activity of AgNPs was determined by inhibition of colony-forming ability, and cytotoxicity was tested using the MTT test (viability, %). Ceruloplasmin (Cp, the major mammalian extracellular copper-containing protein) concentration and enzymatic activity were measured using gel-assay analyses and WB, respectively. In vitro binding of AgNPs with serum proteins was monitored with UV/Vis spectroscopy. Metal concentrations were measured using atomic absorption spectrometry.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The smallest AgNPs displayed the largest dose- and time-dependent antibacterial activity. All nanoparticles inhibited the metabolic activity of A549 cells in accordance with dose and time, but no correlation between cytotoxicity and nanoparticle size was found. Nanosilver was not uniformly distributed through the body of mice intraperitoneally treated with low AgNP concentrations. It was predominantly accumulated in liver. There, nanosilver was included in ceruloplasmin, and Ag-ceruloplasmin with low oxidase activity level was formed. Larger nanoparticles more effectively interfered with the copper metabolism of mice. Large AgNPs quickly induced a drop of blood serum oxidase activity to practically zero, but after cancellation of AgNP treatment, the activity was rapidly restored. A major fraction of the nanosilver was excreted in the bile with Cp. Nanosilver was bound by alpha-2-macroglobulin in vitro and in vivo, but silver did not substitute for the copper atoms of Cp in vitro.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The data showed that even at low concentrations, AgNPs influence murine copper metabolism in size-dependent manner. This property negatively correlated with the antibacterial activity of AgNPs.</p>","PeriodicalId":18881,"journal":{"name":"Nanotechnology, Science and Applications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/60/e4/nsa-13-137.PMC7781014.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38788982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Lopez, J. R. Esparza, G. D. L. Cruz, P. R. Fragoso, C. Pacheco, L. R. Fragoso
Erythrocytes are sensitive to the effects of interaction with external agents and pathogens, which results in biochemical and morphological changes. This study evaluated the effects of CdS-dextrin nanoparticles on the biocompatibility, morphology and ζ-potential of erythrocytes in vitro. Blood was obtained from healthy male Wistar rats and erythrocytes were obtained by centrifugation. Hemolysis and topographical analyses were done using spectrophotometry and AFM, respectively. Determination of ζ-potential and molecular docking were also performed. CdS-dextrin quantum dots were evaluated at 0.1, 1, 10, and 100 μg/mL. CdS-dextrin quantum dots produced hemolysis (5%) with all concentrations used. Morphological changes included loss of biconcavity, and surface cracks were observed with 0.1 and 1 μg/mL during 30 min of exposure. When erythrocytes were incubated for 60 minutes this resulted in loss of concavity, increased size, and the presence of surface accumulations, which increased in a concentration dependent manner. The ζ-potential values did not change, regardless of the concentration of quantum dots. The analysis of CdS-dextrin quantum dots uptake showed that they did not enter the cell, though green fluorescence surrounding the erythrocytes was observed. The molecular docking revealed that dextrin of quantum dots might be interacting with glucose transporter GLUT1. Therefore, the interaction of CdSdextrin quantum dots with erythrocytes induce minimal hemolysis but important morphological changes. It is not clear if these changes could be associated with functional changes. These preliminary findings provide evidence that nanomaterials can interact with erythrocytes and might cause associated pathophysiological processes following human exposure.
{"title":"Effect of Cadmium Sulfide Quantum Dots Capped with Dextrin on Erythrocyte In Vitro","authors":"A. Lopez, J. R. Esparza, G. D. L. Cruz, P. R. Fragoso, C. Pacheco, L. R. Fragoso","doi":"10.33425/2639-9466.1023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33425/2639-9466.1023","url":null,"abstract":"Erythrocytes are sensitive to the effects of interaction with external agents and pathogens, which results in biochemical and morphological changes. This study evaluated the effects of CdS-dextrin nanoparticles on the biocompatibility, morphology and ζ-potential of erythrocytes in vitro. Blood was obtained from healthy male Wistar rats and erythrocytes were obtained by centrifugation. Hemolysis and topographical analyses were done using spectrophotometry and AFM, respectively. Determination of ζ-potential and molecular docking were also performed. CdS-dextrin quantum dots were evaluated at 0.1, 1, 10, and 100 μg/mL. CdS-dextrin quantum dots produced hemolysis (5%) with all concentrations used. Morphological changes included loss of biconcavity, and surface cracks were observed with 0.1 and 1 μg/mL during 30 min of exposure. When erythrocytes were incubated for 60 minutes this resulted in loss of concavity, increased size, and the presence of surface accumulations, which increased in a concentration dependent manner. The ζ-potential values did not change, regardless of the concentration of quantum dots. The analysis of CdS-dextrin quantum dots uptake showed that they did not enter the cell, though green fluorescence surrounding the erythrocytes was observed. The molecular docking revealed that dextrin of quantum dots might be interacting with glucose transporter GLUT1. Therefore, the interaction of CdSdextrin quantum dots with erythrocytes induce minimal hemolysis but important morphological changes. It is not clear if these changes could be associated with functional changes. These preliminary findings provide evidence that nanomaterials can interact with erythrocytes and might cause associated pathophysiological processes following human exposure.","PeriodicalId":18881,"journal":{"name":"Nanotechnology, Science and Applications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2020-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86553693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sharvare Palwai, P. Guggilla, A. Chilvery, A. Batra
In the recent years, nanocomposites have exhibited a catalytic role in improving electronic and optoelectronic properties of conventional ferroelectric polymers such as Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF). In the present work, we have discovered that PVDF doped with perovskite materials such as calcium titanate (CT) and zinc titanate (ZT) nanoparticles would display improved bandgaps, high absorption, and superior dielectric properties. These features are further complimented by optical studies that display improved absorption and finer spectral analysis.
{"title":"Impact of Perovskite Materials in Ferroelectric Polymer","authors":"Sharvare Palwai, P. Guggilla, A. Chilvery, A. Batra","doi":"10.33425/2639-9466.1024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33425/2639-9466.1024","url":null,"abstract":"In the recent years, nanocomposites have exhibited a catalytic role in improving electronic and optoelectronic properties of conventional ferroelectric polymers such as Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF). In the present work, we have discovered that PVDF doped with perovskite materials such as calcium titanate (CT) and zinc titanate (ZT) nanoparticles would display improved bandgaps, high absorption, and superior dielectric properties. These features are further complimented by optical studies that display improved absorption and finer spectral analysis.","PeriodicalId":18881,"journal":{"name":"Nanotechnology, Science and Applications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2020-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77489256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Malange Nanyongo Fedo Elikwo, A. Nota, Tchoumbou M Adele, J. Fru-cho, Tabe T. Regine Claire, Tibab Brice, R. Sehgal
The impact of environmental changes due to deforestation that gives rise to the spread of infectious diseases remain insufficiently studied, particularly in parasitic co-infection scenarios. The mark-recapture of birds is of particular interest since we can study human-impacted environments and conduct longitudinal studies of infections. Birds in the South West region of Cameroon were sampled prior to deforestation in 2016 and again in 2017 following deforestation in an area slated for palm oil agriculture. The impact of deforestation on parasitaemia, co-infections trends (of four avian haematozoans and the Superfamily Filarioidea) and the relationships between the prevalence of co-infection of parasites and microclimatic factors (temperature and relative humidity) in all recaptured birds were analyzed using both microscopy and PCR techniques. A total of 1798 birds were caught, 156 of which were recaptures. The three most abundant birds recaptured were Bleda notatus (20.51%), Alethe castanea (18.59%) and Stiphrornis erythrothorax (8.97%). 90.39% of recaptures harbored at least one parasite genus and 81.56% had co-infections. Plasmodium, Trypanosoma and microfilariae parasitaemia, did not change significantly while Haemoproteus and Leucocytozoon parasitaemia varied significantly in particular bird species from first capture to subsequent recapture. Plasmodium exhibited the highest diversity, prevalence and prevalence of co-infection with other avian haematozoans, and differed significantly across both forest types. Random forest analysis revealed that year of sampling, temperature and relative humidity are important predictors of parasitic co-infections. This study recorded fourteen new genetic cytochrome b lineages (10 Plasmodium and 4 Haemoproteus). Our work suggests that of the parasites tested, avian Plasmodium spp. are the best indicators of environmental disturbance because prevalence of infection varied significantly across forest types. Being in the early stages of understanding the complex interactions between avian hematozoa and their hosts in light of rapid environmental change, the study provides baseline information of parasitic co-infection trends in response deforestation.
{"title":"Effects of Deforestation on Avian Parasitic Co-infections in Recaptured Birds from an African Tropical Rainforest","authors":"Malange Nanyongo Fedo Elikwo, A. Nota, Tchoumbou M Adele, J. Fru-cho, Tabe T. Regine Claire, Tibab Brice, R. Sehgal","doi":"10.33425/2639-9466.1022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33425/2639-9466.1022","url":null,"abstract":"The impact of environmental changes due to deforestation that gives rise to the spread of infectious diseases remain insufficiently studied, particularly in parasitic co-infection scenarios. The mark-recapture of birds is of particular interest since we can study human-impacted environments and conduct longitudinal studies of infections. Birds in the South West region of Cameroon were sampled prior to deforestation in 2016 and again in 2017 following deforestation in an area slated for palm oil agriculture. The impact of deforestation on parasitaemia, co-infections trends (of four avian haematozoans and the Superfamily Filarioidea) and the relationships between the prevalence of co-infection of parasites and microclimatic factors (temperature and relative humidity) in all recaptured birds were analyzed using both microscopy and PCR techniques. A total of 1798 birds were caught, 156 of which were recaptures. The three most abundant birds recaptured were Bleda notatus (20.51%), Alethe castanea (18.59%) and Stiphrornis erythrothorax (8.97%). 90.39% of recaptures harbored at least one parasite genus and 81.56% had co-infections. Plasmodium, Trypanosoma and microfilariae parasitaemia, did not change significantly while Haemoproteus and Leucocytozoon parasitaemia varied significantly in particular bird species from first capture to subsequent recapture. Plasmodium exhibited the highest diversity, prevalence and prevalence of co-infection with other avian haematozoans, and differed significantly across both forest types. Random forest analysis revealed that year of sampling, temperature and relative humidity are important predictors of parasitic co-infections. This study recorded fourteen new genetic cytochrome b lineages (10 Plasmodium and 4 Haemoproteus). Our work suggests that of the parasites tested, avian Plasmodium spp. are the best indicators of environmental disturbance because prevalence of infection varied significantly across forest types. Being in the early stages of understanding the complex interactions between avian hematozoa and their hosts in light of rapid environmental change, the study provides baseline information of parasitic co-infection trends in response deforestation.","PeriodicalId":18881,"journal":{"name":"Nanotechnology, Science and Applications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2020-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84861264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-18eCollection Date: 2020-01-01DOI: 10.2147/NSA.S282357
Fitria Cita Dirna, Istie Rahayu, Akhiruddin Maddu, Wayan Darmawan, Dodi Nandika, Esti Prihatini
Introductions: Ultrasonication can be used to synthesize nanosilica from silica derived from betung bamboo sticks and leaves. This study aimed to synthesize nanosilica from betung bamboo sticks and leaves by the use of ultrasonication and to characterize the nanosilica produced.
Methods: The main materials used in this study were bamboo sticks and leaves. Betung bamboo sticks and leaves were sun-dried and then burned separately without adding fuel to produce charcoal. Then the produced charcoal was burned at a temperature of 700°C for 6 hours in a furnace to produce ash. Silica was extracted from furnace ash using reflux methods. The production of nanosilica from the silica derived from the betung bamboo sticks and leaves was carried out using ultrasonication.
Results: The yield of silica from sticks and leaves was based on ash dry weight 45.73% and 79.93%, respectively. The nanosilica derived from betung bamboo sticks had a particle size in the range of 169.87-1479.50 nm, with an average size of 502.35 nm and a particle dispersion index value of 0.1420. Nanosilica derived from betung bamboo leaves had a particle size in the range of 234.49-851.36 nm, with an average size of 472.67 nm and a particle dispersion index value of 0.0670. Scanning electron microscopy analysis showed that silica from betung bamboo sticks and leaves still agglomerated. The particle size of silica could minimize through ultrasonication to synthesize nanosilica.
Discussions: X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the structure of nanosilica differed from that of silica, and it appeared to be semicrystalline. The ultrasonication method for the synthesis of nanosilica derived from betung bamboo sticks and leaves ash can produce nanosilica that has a semicrystalline phase. The use of surfactants in the process can make the size of the nanosilica particles more uniform and reduce the size of the nanoparticles produced.
{"title":"Nanosilica Synthesis from Betung Bamboo Sticks and Leaves by Ultrasonication.","authors":"Fitria Cita Dirna, Istie Rahayu, Akhiruddin Maddu, Wayan Darmawan, Dodi Nandika, Esti Prihatini","doi":"10.2147/NSA.S282357","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/NSA.S282357","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introductions: </strong>Ultrasonication can be used to synthesize nanosilica from silica derived from betung bamboo sticks and leaves. This study aimed to synthesize nanosilica from betung bamboo sticks and leaves by the use of ultrasonication and to characterize the nanosilica produced.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The main materials used in this study were bamboo sticks and leaves. Betung bamboo sticks and leaves were sun-dried and then burned separately without adding fuel to produce charcoal. Then the produced charcoal was burned at a temperature of 700°C for 6 hours in a furnace to produce ash. Silica was extracted from furnace ash using reflux methods. The production of nanosilica from the silica derived from the betung bamboo sticks and leaves was carried out using ultrasonication.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The yield of silica from sticks and leaves was based on ash dry weight 45.73% and 79.93%, respectively. The nanosilica derived from betung bamboo sticks had a particle size in the range of 169.87-1479.50 nm, with an average size of 502.35 nm and a particle dispersion index value of 0.1420. Nanosilica derived from betung bamboo leaves had a particle size in the range of 234.49-851.36 nm, with an average size of 472.67 nm and a particle dispersion index value of 0.0670. Scanning electron microscopy analysis showed that silica from betung bamboo sticks and leaves still agglomerated. The particle size of silica could minimize through ultrasonication to synthesize nanosilica.</p><p><strong>Discussions: </strong>X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the structure of nanosilica differed from that of silica, and it appeared to be semicrystalline. The ultrasonication method for the synthesis of nanosilica derived from betung bamboo sticks and leaves ash can produce nanosilica that has a semicrystalline phase. The use of surfactants in the process can make the size of the nanosilica particles more uniform and reduce the size of the nanoparticles produced.</p>","PeriodicalId":18881,"journal":{"name":"Nanotechnology, Science and Applications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2020-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2147/NSA.S282357","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38762232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-18DOI: 10.46718/JBGSR.2020.06.000147
Farahnaz Behgounia, Bahman Zohuri
Artificial intelligence is a new phenomenon that has occupied a prominent place in our present lives. Its presence in almost any industry that deals with any huge sheer volume of data are taking advantage of AI by integrating it into its day-to-day operation. AI has predictive power based on its data analytic functionality and some levels of autonomous learning, which its raw ingredient is just the massive sheer volume of data. Artificial intelligence is about extracting value from data, which has become the core business value when insight can be extracted. AI has various fundamental applications. This technology can be applied to many different sectors and industries. There has been a tremendous use of artificial intelligence in Nanotechnology research during the last decades. Convergence between artificial intelligence and Nanotechnology can shape the path for various technological developments and a large variety of disciplines. In this short communication, we present such innovative and dynamic sites utilizing artificial intelligence and its sub-sets of machine learning driven by deep learning in Nanotechnology
{"title":"Artificial Intelligence Integration with Nanotechnology","authors":"Farahnaz Behgounia, Bahman Zohuri","doi":"10.46718/JBGSR.2020.06.000147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46718/JBGSR.2020.06.000147","url":null,"abstract":"Artificial intelligence is a new phenomenon that has occupied a prominent place in our present lives. Its presence in almost any industry that deals with any huge sheer volume of data are taking advantage of AI by integrating it into its day-to-day operation. AI has predictive power based on its data analytic functionality and some levels of autonomous learning, which its raw ingredient is just the massive sheer volume of data. Artificial intelligence is about extracting value from data, which has become the core business value when insight can be extracted. AI has various fundamental applications. This technology can be applied to many different sectors and industries. There has been a tremendous use of artificial intelligence in Nanotechnology research during the last decades. Convergence between artificial intelligence and Nanotechnology can shape the path for various technological developments and a large variety of disciplines. In this short communication, we present such innovative and dynamic sites utilizing artificial intelligence and its sub-sets of machine learning driven by deep learning in Nanotechnology","PeriodicalId":18881,"journal":{"name":"Nanotechnology, Science and Applications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2020-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76401069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-09eCollection Date: 2020-01-01DOI: 10.2147/NSA.S282204
Ralf P Friedrich, Eveline Schreiber, Rainer Tietze, Hai Yang, Christian Pilarsky, Christoph Alexiou
Background: The limitations of optical microscopy to determine the cellular localization of label-free nanoparticles prevent a solid prediction of the cellular effect of particles intended for medical applications. To avoid the strong physicochemical changes associated with fluorescent labelling, which often result in differences in cellular uptake, efficiency and toxicity of particles, novel detection techniques are required.
Methods: In the present study, we determined the intracellular content of unlabeled SPIONs by analyzing refractive index (RI)-based images from holotomographic three-dimensional (3D) microscopy and side scatter data measured by flow cytometry. The results were compared with the actual cellular SPION amount as quantified by atomic emission spectroscopy (AES).
Results: Live cell imaging by 3D holotomographic microscopy demonstrated cell-specific differences in intracellular nanoparticle uptake in different pancreatic cell lines. Thus, treatment of PANC-1SMAD4 (1-4) and PANC-1SMAD4 (2-6) with SPIONs resulted in a significant increase in number of areas with higher RI, whereas in PANC-1, SUIT-2 and PaCa DD183, only a minimal increase of spots with high RI was observed. The increase in areas with high RI was in accordance with the SPION content determined by quantitative iron measurements using AES. In contrast, determination of the SPION amount by flow cytometry was strongly cell type-dependent and did not allow the discrimination between intracellular and membrane-bound SPIONs. However, flow cytometry is a very rapid and reliable method to assess the cellular toxicity and allows an estimation of the cell-associated SPION content.
Conclusion: Holotomographic 3D microscopy is a useful method to distinguish between intracellular and membrane-associated particles. Thus, it provides a valuable tool for scientists to evaluate the cellular localization and the particle load, which facilitates prediction of potential toxicity and efficiency of nanoparticles for medical applications.
{"title":"Intracellular Quantification and Localization of Label-Free Iron Oxide Nanoparticles by Holotomographic Microscopy.","authors":"Ralf P Friedrich, Eveline Schreiber, Rainer Tietze, Hai Yang, Christian Pilarsky, Christoph Alexiou","doi":"10.2147/NSA.S282204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/NSA.S282204","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The limitations of optical microscopy to determine the cellular localization of label-free nanoparticles prevent a solid prediction of the cellular effect of particles intended for medical applications. To avoid the strong physicochemical changes associated with fluorescent labelling, which often result in differences in cellular uptake, efficiency and toxicity of particles, novel detection techniques are required.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In the present study, we determined the intracellular content of unlabeled SPIONs by analyzing refractive index (RI)-based images from holotomographic three-dimensional (3D) microscopy and side scatter data measured by flow cytometry. The results were compared with the actual cellular SPION amount as quantified by atomic emission spectroscopy (AES).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Live cell imaging by 3D holotomographic microscopy demonstrated cell-specific differences in intracellular nanoparticle uptake in different pancreatic cell lines. Thus, treatment of PANC-1<sup>SMAD4 (1-4)</sup> and PANC-1<sup>SMAD4 (2-6)</sup> with SPIONs resulted in a significant increase in number of areas with higher RI, whereas in PANC-1, SUIT-2 and PaCa DD183, only a minimal increase of spots with high RI was observed. The increase in areas with high RI was in accordance with the SPION content determined by quantitative iron measurements using AES. In contrast, determination of the SPION amount by flow cytometry was strongly cell type-dependent and did not allow the discrimination between intracellular and membrane-bound SPIONs. However, flow cytometry is a very rapid and reliable method to assess the cellular toxicity and allows an estimation of the cell-associated SPION content.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Holotomographic 3D microscopy is a useful method to distinguish between intracellular and membrane-associated particles. Thus, it provides a valuable tool for scientists to evaluate the cellular localization and the particle load, which facilitates prediction of potential toxicity and efficiency of nanoparticles for medical applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":18881,"journal":{"name":"Nanotechnology, Science and Applications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2020-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2147/NSA.S282204","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38381149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-06eCollection Date: 2020-01-01DOI: 10.2147/NSA.S268107
Cezary Marcinkiewicz, Peter I Lelkes, Mark Sternberg, Giora Z Feuerstein
Background: Recently, we reported the safety and biocompatibility of fluorescent diamond particles, FDP-NV-Z-800nm (FDP-NV) injected intravenously into rats, where no morbidity and mortality were noted over a period of 3 months. The acute effects of FDP-NV-800nm particles on cultured human endothelial and hepatic cells remain unexplored.
Purpose: In this study, we aimed to explore select cellular and biochemical functions in cultured human umbilical endothelial cells (HUVEC) and a human hepatic cancer cell line (HepG-2) exposed to FDP-NV-800 in vitro at exposure levels within the pharmacokinetics (Cmax and the nadir) previously reported in vivo.
Methods: Diverse cellular and biochemical functions were monitored, which cumulatively can provide insights into some vital cellular functions. Cell proliferation and migration were assessed by quantitative microscopy. Mitochondrial metabolic functions were tested by the MTT assay, and cytosolic esterase activity was studied by the calcein AM assay. Chaperons (CHOP), BiP and apoptosis (caspase-3 activation) were monitored by using Western blot (WB). MAPK Erk1/2 signaling was assessed by the detection of the phosphorylated form of the protein (P-Erk 1/2) and its translocation into the cell nucleus.
Results: At all concentrations tested (0.001-0.1mg/mL), FDP-NV did not affect any of the biomarkers of cell integrity of HepG2 cells. In contrast, the proliferation of HUVEC was affected at the highest concentration tested (0.1mg/mL, Cmax). Exposure of HUVEC to (0.01 mg/mL) FDP-NV had a mild-moderate effect on cell proliferation as evident in the MTT assay and was absent when proliferation was assessed by direct cell counting or by using the calcein AM assays. In both cell types, exposure to the highest concentration (0.1 mg/mL) of FDP-NV did neither affect FBS-stimulated cell signaling (MAPK Erk1/2 phosphorylation) nor did it activate of Caspase 3.
Conclusion: Our data suggest that FDP-NV-800nm are largely biocompatible with HepG-2 cells proliferation within the pharmacokinetic data reported previously. In contrast, HUVEC proliferation at the highest exposure dose (0.1 mg/mL) responded adversely with respect to several biomarkers of cell integrity. However, since the Cmax levels are very short-living, the risk for endothelial injury is likely minimal for slow rate cell proliferation such as endothelial cells.
背景:最近,我们报道了FDP-NV- z -800nm荧光金刚石颗粒(FDP-NV)静脉注射大鼠的安全性和生物相容性,在3个月的时间里没有出现发病率和死亡率。FDP-NV-800nm颗粒对培养的人内皮细胞和肝细胞的急性作用尚未研究。目的:在本研究中,我们旨在探讨体外培养的人脐内皮细胞(HUVEC)和人肝癌细胞系(HepG-2)暴露于FDP-NV-800的细胞和生化功能,暴露水平在体内的药代动力学(Cmax和最低点)范围内。方法:对不同的细胞和生化功能进行监测,从而对一些重要的细胞功能有深入的了解。定量显微镜观察细胞增殖和迁移情况。MTT法测定线粒体代谢功能,钙黄蛋白AM法测定胞质酯酶活性。Western blot (WB)检测Chaperons (CHOP)、BiP和凋亡(caspase-3活化)。MAPK Erk1/2信号通过检测蛋白磷酸化形式(P-Erk 1/2)及其在细胞核中的易位来评估。结果:在所有浓度(0.001 ~ 0.1mg/mL)下,FDP-NV均未影响HepG2细胞完整性的任何生物标志物。而在最高浓度(0.1mg/mL, Cmax)时,HUVEC的增殖受到影响。在MTT试验中,HUVEC暴露于(0.01 mg/mL) FDP-NV对细胞增殖有轻度-中度影响,而通过直接细胞计数或使用钙黄蛋白AM试验评估增殖时则不存在这种影响。在两种细胞类型中,暴露于最高浓度(0.1 mg/mL)的FDP-NV既不影响fbs刺激的细胞信号传导(MAPK Erk1/2磷酸化),也不激活Caspase 3。结论:我们的数据表明,FDP-NV-800nm与HepG-2细胞增殖具有很大的生物相容性,符合先前报道的药代动力学数据。相反,在最高暴露剂量(0.1 mg/mL)下,HUVEC增殖对几种细胞完整性的生物标志物有不利反应。然而,由于Cmax水平的存在时间非常短,对于增殖缓慢的细胞(如内皮细胞),内皮损伤的风险可能很小。
{"title":"Effects of Fluorescent Diamond Particles FDP-NV-800nm on Essential Biochemical Functions of Primary Human Umbilical Vein Cells and Human Hepatic Cell Line, HepG-2 in vitro (Part VI): Acute Biocompatibility Studies.","authors":"Cezary Marcinkiewicz, Peter I Lelkes, Mark Sternberg, Giora Z Feuerstein","doi":"10.2147/NSA.S268107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/NSA.S268107","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Recently, we reported the safety and biocompatibility of fluorescent diamond particles, FDP-NV-Z-800nm (FDP-NV) injected intravenously into rats, where no morbidity and mortality were noted over a period of 3 months. The acute effects of FDP-NV-800nm particles on cultured human endothelial and hepatic cells remain unexplored.</p><p><strong>Purpose: </strong>In this study, we aimed to explore select cellular and biochemical functions in cultured human umbilical endothelial cells (HUVEC) and a human hepatic cancer cell line (HepG-2) exposed to FDP-NV-800 in vitro at exposure levels within the pharmacokinetics (Cmax and the nadir) previously reported in vivo.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Diverse cellular and biochemical functions were monitored, which cumulatively can provide insights into some vital cellular functions. Cell proliferation and migration were assessed by quantitative microscopy. Mitochondrial metabolic functions were tested by the MTT assay, and cytosolic esterase activity was studied by the calcein AM assay. Chaperons (CHOP), BiP and apoptosis (caspase-3 activation) were monitored by using Western blot (WB). MAPK Erk1/2 signaling was assessed by the detection of the phosphorylated form of the protein (P-Erk 1/2) and its translocation into the cell nucleus.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>At all concentrations tested (0.001-0.1mg/mL), FDP-NV did not affect any of the biomarkers of cell integrity of HepG2 cells. In contrast, the proliferation of HUVEC was affected at the highest concentration tested (0.1mg/mL, C<sub>max</sub>). Exposure of HUVEC to (0.01 mg/mL) FDP-NV had a mild-moderate effect on cell proliferation as evident in the MTT assay and was absent when proliferation was assessed by direct cell counting or by using the calcein AM assays. In both cell types, exposure to the highest concentration (0.1 mg/mL) of FDP-NV did neither affect FBS-stimulated cell signaling (MAPK Erk1/2 phosphorylation) nor did it activate of Caspase 3.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our data suggest that FDP-NV-800nm are largely biocompatible with HepG-2 cells proliferation within the pharmacokinetic data reported previously. In contrast, HUVEC proliferation at the highest exposure dose (0.1 mg/mL) responded adversely with respect to several biomarkers of cell integrity. However, since the C<sub>max</sub> levels are very short-living, the risk for endothelial injury is likely minimal for slow rate cell proliferation such as endothelial cells.</p>","PeriodicalId":18881,"journal":{"name":"Nanotechnology, Science and Applications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2020-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2147/NSA.S268107","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38642578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-23eCollection Date: 2020-01-01DOI: 10.2147/NSA.S266663
Anubhav Bussooa
Introduction: Biological research relies on the culture of mammalian cells, which are prone to changes in phenotype during experiments involving several passages of cells. In regenerative medicine, specifically, there is an increasing need to expand the characterisation landscape for stem cells by identifying novel stable markers. This paper reports on a novel electric cell-substrate impedance sensing-based electroanalytical diagram which can be used for the "electrical characterisation" of cell monolayers consisting of smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells or co-culture.
Materials and methods: Interdigitated electrodes were microfabricated using standard cleanroom procedures and integrated into cell chambers. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy data were acquired for 2 vascular cell types after they formed monolayers on the electrodes.
Results and discussion: A Mean impedance per unit area vs Mean phase plots provided a reproducible, visually obvious and statistically significant method of characterising cell monolayers. This electroanalytic diagram has never been used in previous papers, but it confirms findings by other research groups using similar approaches that the complex impedance spectra of different cell type are different. Further work is required to determine whether this method could be extended to other cell types, and if this is the case, a library of "signature spectra" could be generated for "electrical characterisation" of cells.
{"title":"Characterising Vascular Cell Monolayers Using Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy and a Novel Electroanalytical Plot.","authors":"Anubhav Bussooa","doi":"10.2147/NSA.S266663","DOIUrl":"10.2147/NSA.S266663","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Biological research relies on the culture of mammalian cells, which are prone to changes in phenotype during experiments involving several passages of cells. In regenerative medicine, specifically, there is an increasing need to expand the characterisation landscape for stem cells by identifying novel stable markers. This paper reports on a novel electric cell-substrate impedance sensing-based electroanalytical diagram which can be used for the \"electrical characterisation\" of cell monolayers consisting of smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells or co-culture.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Interdigitated electrodes were microfabricated using standard cleanroom procedures and integrated into cell chambers. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy data were acquired for 2 vascular cell types after they formed monolayers on the electrodes.</p><p><strong>Results and discussion: </strong>A Mean impedance per unit area vs Mean phase plots provided a reproducible, visually obvious and statistically significant method of characterising cell monolayers. This electroanalytic diagram has never been used in previous papers, but it confirms findings by other research groups using similar approaches that the complex impedance spectra of different cell type are different. Further work is required to determine whether this method could be extended to other cell types, and if this is the case, a library of \"signature spectra\" could be generated for \"electrical characterisation\" of cells.</p>","PeriodicalId":18881,"journal":{"name":"Nanotechnology, Science and Applications","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2020-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7520662/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38493768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}