Pub Date : 2023-11-06DOI: 10.1163/15685411-bja10290
Jianfeng Gu, Xinxin Ma, Yanchun Liu, Ruihang Cai
Summary Longidorus zhengi n. sp. was recovered in the rhizosphere of Quercus aliena in China. The new species is characterised by medium-length females (3.2-4.0 mm), lip region slightly offset, anteriorly flat and separated from the rest of the body by constriction, funnel-shaped amphidial pouches, a simple guiding ring located at 57.0-60.0 μ m distance from the anterior end, stylet composed of a moderately long odontostyle (108.0-139.0 μ m) and weakly developed odontophore (56.0-68.0 μ m), 61.0-74.0 μ m long pharyngeal bulb, well-developed offset cardia, and a short conical tail with widely rounded terminus. The species has four juvenile developmental stages (J1-J4) and no male was found. The matrix codes of the new species are: A45-B23-C5-D2-E1-F2-G1-H1-I1-J1-K5. The new species was molecularly characterised using ITS1 and 28S D2-D3 rRNA gene sequences. The phylogenetic analyses placed L. zhengi n. sp. with several species described from the mainland of China, which were clustered with L. litchi , L. diadecturus and L. juglans .
{"title":"Description of Longidorus zhengi n. sp. (Nematoda: Longidoridae) from the rhizosphere of Quercus aliena in China","authors":"Jianfeng Gu, Xinxin Ma, Yanchun Liu, Ruihang Cai","doi":"10.1163/15685411-bja10290","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15685411-bja10290","url":null,"abstract":"Summary Longidorus zhengi n. sp. was recovered in the rhizosphere of Quercus aliena in China. The new species is characterised by medium-length females (3.2-4.0 mm), lip region slightly offset, anteriorly flat and separated from the rest of the body by constriction, funnel-shaped amphidial pouches, a simple guiding ring located at 57.0-60.0 μ m distance from the anterior end, stylet composed of a moderately long odontostyle (108.0-139.0 μ m) and weakly developed odontophore (56.0-68.0 μ m), 61.0-74.0 μ m long pharyngeal bulb, well-developed offset cardia, and a short conical tail with widely rounded terminus. The species has four juvenile developmental stages (J1-J4) and no male was found. The matrix codes of the new species are: A45-B23-C5-D2-E1-F2-G1-H1-I1-J1-K5. The new species was molecularly characterised using ITS1 and 28S D2-D3 rRNA gene sequences. The phylogenetic analyses placed L. zhengi n. sp. with several species described from the mainland of China, which were clustered with L. litchi , L. diadecturus and L. juglans .","PeriodicalId":18928,"journal":{"name":"Nematology","volume":"39 19","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135680078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-06DOI: 10.1163/15685411-bja10294
Yuji Oka
Summary A bioassay was developed to characterise the effects of nematicidal compounds and tested using low concentrations (0.125 and 0.25 mg l −1 ) of three nematicides: fluensulfone, fluopyram and fluazaindolizine. Germinating lettuce seeds with ca 2-3 mm roots were planted in a 5.5-cm-diam. Petri dish on agar containing the nematicides. Second-stage juveniles (J2) of Meloidogyne javanica and M. incognita were introduced to the agar plate immediately after planting. Alternatively, lettuce seeds were planted 48 h after introducing J2 to the plate. The number of J2 attracted to a root tip and J2 mobility were recorded 19 h after inoculation or planting, and infection rate and root length were recorded 5 days after planting. The three nematicides showed different effects on J2 of the Meloidogyne species. Fluensulfone did not inhibit infection by either species if the lettuce was planted immediately after inoculation, but their infection rates, and especially those of M. incognita , were reduced when lettuce seeds were planted 2 days later. Fluopyram reduced infection with M. javanica J2 at higher rates (>83.3%) than for M. incognita J2 (<58.4%) compared to the control, even without 48 h exposure before planting. Fluazaindolizine reduced M. incognita infection at high rates (>83.3%), although the J2 were attracted to the lettuce roots. Root lengths also showed differences in infection severity. This assay distinguished the effects of the three nematicides on the two Meloidogyne species and can also serve to screen compounds that inhibit nematode infection without killing Meloidogyne J2.
开发了一种生物测定法来表征杀线虫化合物的效果，并使用低浓度(0.125和0.25 mg l - 1)的三种杀线虫剂进行了测试:氟砜、氟吡仑和氟氮唑嗪。发芽的生菜种子，根约2-3毫米，种植在5.5厘米直径的土壤中。含有杀线虫剂的琼脂培养皿。种植后立即将javanica和M. incognita二期幼体(J2)引入琼脂平板。或者，在将J2引入培养皿后48 h种植生菜种子。接种或播种后19 h记录J2在根尖上的吸附数量和J2的迁移率，播种后5 d记录侵染率和根长。3种杀线虫剂对丝虫病种J2的影响不同。接种后立即播种时，氟砜对两种病原菌的侵染率均无抑制作用，但2天后播种时，两种病原菌的侵染率均有所降低，其中以黑穗病菌的侵染率最高。与对照相比，即使在种植前未暴露48小时，氟吡喃对爪哇菊J2的感染率(83.3%)也高于对不认识菊J2的感染率(58.4%)。虽然J2被莴苣根部吸引，但氟唑嗪对隐殖僵菌的侵染率很高(83.3%)。根长也表现出感染严重程度的差异。该实验区分了三种杀线虫剂对两种旋律线虫的作用，也可以用于筛选抑制线虫感染而不杀死旋律线虫J2的化合物。
{"title":"Bioassay to characterise the effects of nematicidal compounds on Meloidogyne species","authors":"Yuji Oka","doi":"10.1163/15685411-bja10294","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15685411-bja10294","url":null,"abstract":"Summary A bioassay was developed to characterise the effects of nematicidal compounds and tested using low concentrations (0.125 and 0.25 mg l −1 ) of three nematicides: fluensulfone, fluopyram and fluazaindolizine. Germinating lettuce seeds with ca 2-3 mm roots were planted in a 5.5-cm-diam. Petri dish on agar containing the nematicides. Second-stage juveniles (J2) of Meloidogyne javanica and M. incognita were introduced to the agar plate immediately after planting. Alternatively, lettuce seeds were planted 48 h after introducing J2 to the plate. The number of J2 attracted to a root tip and J2 mobility were recorded 19 h after inoculation or planting, and infection rate and root length were recorded 5 days after planting. The three nematicides showed different effects on J2 of the Meloidogyne species. Fluensulfone did not inhibit infection by either species if the lettuce was planted immediately after inoculation, but their infection rates, and especially those of M. incognita , were reduced when lettuce seeds were planted 2 days later. Fluopyram reduced infection with M. javanica J2 at higher rates (>83.3%) than for M. incognita J2 (<58.4%) compared to the control, even without 48 h exposure before planting. Fluazaindolizine reduced M. incognita infection at high rates (>83.3%), although the J2 were attracted to the lettuce roots. Root lengths also showed differences in infection severity. This assay distinguished the effects of the three nematicides on the two Meloidogyne species and can also serve to screen compounds that inhibit nematode infection without killing Meloidogyne J2.","PeriodicalId":18928,"journal":{"name":"Nematology","volume":"40 21","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135680482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Summary Tobriloides sinensis sp. n. is described from Shanxi province, China. It is characterised by relatively long body (1620-1935 m), two subventral teeth posterior to dorsal tooth, a short pharynx (b = 4.2-5.0), cardia three times longer than wide (91-98 μ m long and 30-37 μ m wide), female reproductive system amphidelphic, the vulva situated slightly posterior to mid-body (V = 59.0-69.9), and the tail relatively short (c = 8.4-9.7 and c′ = 4.6-5.7). The phylogenetic relationships of the new species were analysed using data from the near full length small subunit (SSU) and D2-D3 segments of large subunit (LSU) of rRNA genes. The status of T. sinensis sp. n. is discussed based on both morphological and molecular characteristics.
{"title":"Description of Tobriloides sinensis sp. n. (Nematoda: Triplonchida: Tobrilidae) from Shanxi province, north China","authors":"Gurong Yang, Meina Liu, Yibing Ma, Zengqi Zhao, Jianming Wang, Yumei Xu","doi":"10.1163/15685411-bja10289","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15685411-bja10289","url":null,"abstract":"Summary Tobriloides sinensis sp. n. is described from Shanxi province, China. It is characterised by relatively long body (1620-1935 m), two subventral teeth posterior to dorsal tooth, a short pharynx (b = 4.2-5.0), cardia three times longer than wide (91-98 μ m long and 30-37 μ m wide), female reproductive system amphidelphic, the vulva situated slightly posterior to mid-body (V = 59.0-69.9), and the tail relatively short (c = 8.4-9.7 and c′ = 4.6-5.7). The phylogenetic relationships of the new species were analysed using data from the near full length small subunit (SSU) and D2-D3 segments of large subunit (LSU) of rRNA genes. The status of T. sinensis sp. n. is discussed based on both morphological and molecular characteristics.","PeriodicalId":18928,"journal":{"name":"Nematology","volume":"148 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135371383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-30DOI: 10.1163/15685411-bja10292
Sergei A. Subbotin, Tatiana V. Roubtsova, Richard M. Bostock, Zahra Tanha Maafi, Vladimir N. Chizhov, Juan E. Palomares-Rius, Pablo Castillo
Summary Cyst-forming nematodes of the genus Heterodera are highly derived and economically important plant parasites. The Schachtii group of this genus is one of the largest ones with a total of 18 species parasitising dicotyledons. In this study, we provided comprehensive phylogenetic analyses of several hundred COI and ITS rRNA gene sequences of selected species from the Schachtii group, including H. betae , H. cajani , H. ciceri , H. galeopsidis , H. glycines , H. medicaginis , H. mediterranea , H. schachtii , H. sonchophila and H. trifolii , using Bayesian inference, maximum likelihood, and statistical parsimony. One hundred and twenty four new COI , 57 ITS rRNA and eight hsp90 gene sequences from 81 nematode populations collected in 19 countries were obtained in this study. Our study showed that the ITS rRNA gene has limited discrimination power compared to the COI gene. However, our analysis also revealed that partial COI gene sequences were identical for H. trifolii , H. betae and H. galeopsidis . Based on the results of phylogeographical analysis and age estimation of clades with a molecular clock approach, it was hypothesised that the majority of the Schachtii group species originated and diversified in the Mediterranean Basin biodiversity hotspot during the Pleistocene and then dispersed from this region across the world. The Sino-Japanese Floristic Region is likely one of the centres of diversification for the soybean cyst nematode, which showed distinct population structure. The possible role of hybridisation and polyploidisation in the evolution of species of the Schachtii group is discussed.
{"title":"DNA barcoding, phylogeny and phylogeography of the cyst nematode species of the Schachtii group from the genus Heterodera (Tylenchida: Heteroderidae)","authors":"Sergei A. Subbotin, Tatiana V. Roubtsova, Richard M. Bostock, Zahra Tanha Maafi, Vladimir N. Chizhov, Juan E. Palomares-Rius, Pablo Castillo","doi":"10.1163/15685411-bja10292","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15685411-bja10292","url":null,"abstract":"Summary Cyst-forming nematodes of the genus Heterodera are highly derived and economically important plant parasites. The Schachtii group of this genus is one of the largest ones with a total of 18 species parasitising dicotyledons. In this study, we provided comprehensive phylogenetic analyses of several hundred COI and ITS rRNA gene sequences of selected species from the Schachtii group, including H. betae , H. cajani , H. ciceri , H. galeopsidis , H. glycines , H. medicaginis , H. mediterranea , H. schachtii , H. sonchophila and H. trifolii , using Bayesian inference, maximum likelihood, and statistical parsimony. One hundred and twenty four new COI , 57 ITS rRNA and eight hsp90 gene sequences from 81 nematode populations collected in 19 countries were obtained in this study. Our study showed that the ITS rRNA gene has limited discrimination power compared to the COI gene. However, our analysis also revealed that partial COI gene sequences were identical for H. trifolii , H. betae and H. galeopsidis . Based on the results of phylogeographical analysis and age estimation of clades with a molecular clock approach, it was hypothesised that the majority of the Schachtii group species originated and diversified in the Mediterranean Basin biodiversity hotspot during the Pleistocene and then dispersed from this region across the world. The Sino-Japanese Floristic Region is likely one of the centres of diversification for the soybean cyst nematode, which showed distinct population structure. The possible role of hybridisation and polyploidisation in the evolution of species of the Schachtii group is discussed.","PeriodicalId":18928,"journal":{"name":"Nematology","volume":"23 12","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136105757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-30DOI: 10.1163/15685411-bja10278
Murray D. Dunn, Antoinette P. Malan
Summary Optimising the in vitro liquid mass production process for entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) is a critical step in the development of a cost-effective EPN biopesticide product. Recording the nematode population and growth dynamics in an Erlenmeyer shake flask environment is essential to gaining a better understanding of which factors may influence the final yield. Although infective juvenile (IJ) inoculum concentration has previously been studied, no consensus yet exists as to whether it influences the final yield. This study sought to determine the impact of IJ inoculum concentration and timing on the recovery, growth and yield of the South African EPN isolate of Steinernema yirgalemense in shake flasks. The results indicated that the IJ inoculum concentration positively affects the final IJ yield of 2.88 × 15 5 IJ ml −1 . Moreover, at higher IJ inoculum concentrations, a higher number of reproductive females and males are produced, when recovery percentages were similar. The lowest IJ inoculum concentration treatment was also the only treatment to show signs of an unwanted second generation in the final yield. The IJ inoculation timing trials confirmed that once the bacterium, Xenorhabdus indica , has ended the exponential growth phase and entered the stationary phase, it is ideal to then inoculate the IJ. However, it was found that the S. yirgalemense can be inoculated into the X. indica bacteria solution after 36 h of growth, instead of after 44-48 h. These trials demonstrated the need for further optimisation to produce consistent yields of the highly pathogenic South African EPN isolate of S. yirgalemense .
优化昆虫病原线虫(EPN)体外液体批量生产工艺是开发高性价比的EPN生物农药产品的关键一步。在Erlenmeyer摇瓶环境中记录线虫种群和生长动态对于更好地了解哪些因素可能影响最终产量至关重要。虽然以前研究过感染幼鱼(IJ)的接种浓度，但它是否影响最终产量尚未达成共识。本研究旨在确定IJ接种浓度和时间对摇瓶中南非斯坦纳马yirgalemense EPN分离株的恢复、生长和产量的影响。结果表明，IJ接种量对最终IJ产量的影响为2.88 × 15 5 IJ ml−1。此外，在较高的IJ接种浓度下，在恢复百分比相似的情况下，产生的繁殖雌虫和雄虫数量较多。最低IJ接种浓度处理也是唯一在最终产量中显示不需要的第二代的处理。IJ接种时机试验证实，一旦Xenorhabdus indica细菌的指数生长期结束，进入稳常期，则是理想的接种IJ。然而，研究发现，在生长36小时后，而不是44-48小时后，金黄色葡萄球菌可以接种到印度X.细菌溶液中。这些试验表明，需要进一步优化，以产生高致病性南非金黄色葡萄球菌EPN分离物的一致产量。
{"title":"Steinernema yirgalemense inoculum size and timing impact on the population dynamics of in vitro liquid culture shake flask production","authors":"Murray D. Dunn, Antoinette P. Malan","doi":"10.1163/15685411-bja10278","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15685411-bja10278","url":null,"abstract":"Summary Optimising the in vitro liquid mass production process for entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) is a critical step in the development of a cost-effective EPN biopesticide product. Recording the nematode population and growth dynamics in an Erlenmeyer shake flask environment is essential to gaining a better understanding of which factors may influence the final yield. Although infective juvenile (IJ) inoculum concentration has previously been studied, no consensus yet exists as to whether it influences the final yield. This study sought to determine the impact of IJ inoculum concentration and timing on the recovery, growth and yield of the South African EPN isolate of Steinernema yirgalemense in shake flasks. The results indicated that the IJ inoculum concentration positively affects the final IJ yield of 2.88 × 15 5 IJ ml −1 . Moreover, at higher IJ inoculum concentrations, a higher number of reproductive females and males are produced, when recovery percentages were similar. The lowest IJ inoculum concentration treatment was also the only treatment to show signs of an unwanted second generation in the final yield. The IJ inoculation timing trials confirmed that once the bacterium, Xenorhabdus indica , has ended the exponential growth phase and entered the stationary phase, it is ideal to then inoculate the IJ. However, it was found that the S. yirgalemense can be inoculated into the X. indica bacteria solution after 36 h of growth, instead of after 44-48 h. These trials demonstrated the need for further optimisation to produce consistent yields of the highly pathogenic South African EPN isolate of S. yirgalemense .","PeriodicalId":18928,"journal":{"name":"Nematology","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136069172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-24DOI: 10.1163/15685411-bja10291
Claudia Azpilicueta, Natalia Turuelo, María Estela Kees, Andrea Rodríguez, Carolina Cantalapiedra-Navarrete, Alba N. Ruiz-Cuenca, Juan E. Palomares-Rius
{"title":"First report of the dagger nematode, Xiphinema pachtaicum (Tulaganov, 1938) Kirjanova, 1951 in Argentina","authors":"Claudia Azpilicueta, Natalia Turuelo, María Estela Kees, Andrea Rodríguez, Carolina Cantalapiedra-Navarrete, Alba N. Ruiz-Cuenca, Juan E. Palomares-Rius","doi":"10.1163/15685411-bja10291","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15685411-bja10291","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18928,"journal":{"name":"Nematology","volume":"2012 10","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135322665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-23DOI: 10.1163/15685411-bja10288
Emmanuel A. Tzortzakakis
{"title":"Survival of Xiphinema index for six years in stored clay soil from a vineyard","authors":"Emmanuel A. Tzortzakakis","doi":"10.1163/15685411-bja10288","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15685411-bja10288","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18928,"journal":{"name":"Nematology","volume":"27 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135461120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-20DOI: 10.1163/15685411-bja10285
Hacer Acan, Ebubekir Yüksel, Nagihan Duman, Atilla Öcal, Dilek Dinçer, Refik Bozbuğa, Şenol Yildiz, Salah-Eddine Laasli, Mohammed Amer, Ramazan Canhilal, Abdelfattah Dababat, Mustafa İmren
Summary Plant-parasitic nematodes are among the most influential soil organisms worldwide and have a detrimental impact on wheat productivity; they also play a major role in maintaining soil diversity. However, limited information is available on the biodiversity of nematodes associated with wheat cropping systems in Turkey. To address this knowledge gap, 45 wheat fields in the Afyonkarahisar Province of Turkey were sampled in 2021 in order to extract and identify nematodes. A total of 14 genera and 44 species of these nematodes were identified based on their physical traits and ITS DNA sequences examination. Shannon diversity index was used to determine the prevalence and biodiversity features of these nematodes. This study represents the first comprehensive research on plant-parasitic nematodes from wheat-growing regions in the Afyonkarahisar Province. The genera Helicotylenchus , Heterodera , Merlinius , Pratylenchoides and Pratylenchus dominated with a high relative abundance percentage >60%, and were extremely common (>90% for each). The average Shannon index of nematode species in the wheat fields was 2.20, with an evenness value of 0.81, indicating moderate diversification and good nematode evenness. This study also revealed a significant correlation between nematode genus biodiversity and edaphic, climatic and geographical factors. Finally, this research demonstrated a remarkable diversity of soil nematodes associated with wheat crops and they have the potential to be useful tools for extensive soil bio-study.
{"title":"Incidence and diversity of plant-parasitic nematodes associated with wheat-cropping systems in the inner part of the Aegean Region of Turkey","authors":"Hacer Acan, Ebubekir Yüksel, Nagihan Duman, Atilla Öcal, Dilek Dinçer, Refik Bozbuğa, Şenol Yildiz, Salah-Eddine Laasli, Mohammed Amer, Ramazan Canhilal, Abdelfattah Dababat, Mustafa İmren","doi":"10.1163/15685411-bja10285","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/15685411-bja10285","url":null,"abstract":"Summary Plant-parasitic nematodes are among the most influential soil organisms worldwide and have a detrimental impact on wheat productivity; they also play a major role in maintaining soil diversity. However, limited information is available on the biodiversity of nematodes associated with wheat cropping systems in Turkey. To address this knowledge gap, 45 wheat fields in the Afyonkarahisar Province of Turkey were sampled in 2021 in order to extract and identify nematodes. A total of 14 genera and 44 species of these nematodes were identified based on their physical traits and ITS DNA sequences examination. Shannon diversity index was used to determine the prevalence and biodiversity features of these nematodes. This study represents the first comprehensive research on plant-parasitic nematodes from wheat-growing regions in the Afyonkarahisar Province. The genera Helicotylenchus , Heterodera , Merlinius , Pratylenchoides and Pratylenchus dominated with a high relative abundance percentage >60%, and were extremely common (>90% for each). The average Shannon index of nematode species in the wheat fields was 2.20, with an evenness value of 0.81, indicating moderate diversification and good nematode evenness. This study also revealed a significant correlation between nematode genus biodiversity and edaphic, climatic and geographical factors. Finally, this research demonstrated a remarkable diversity of soil nematodes associated with wheat crops and they have the potential to be useful tools for extensive soil bio-study.","PeriodicalId":18928,"journal":{"name":"Nematology","volume":"97 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135616691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-20DOI: 10.1163/15685411-bja10287
Chinnasamy Sellaperumal, Santosh J. Eapen, Balakumaran Manimaran, Jeyaveeran Berliner, Selvi B. Senthamizh, Borlakunta Mahendar, Kalidasu Giridhar, Vavilapalli Sivakumar
Summary Turmeric ( Curcuma longa ) is a major spice of Indian origin. Turmeric is commonly used in Ayurvedic and Siddha medicine, and also in Indian cuisine. India produces nearly 1.2 million tonnes (Mt) of turmeric annually and is one of the world’s largest producers. Turmeric production is limited by a number of biotic and abiotic factors. Among the biotic factors, plant-parasitic nematodes (PPN) are important. They include Meloidogyne spp., Pratylenchus spp., Radopholus similis and Rotylenchulus reniformis . However, the information about the distribution, density and prominence of plant-parasitic nematodes and their interrelation with soil types is very scarce. Hence, the present comprehensive nematode survey was undertaken in the major turmeric-producing states of India: Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana and Odisha. The results indicated that Meloidogyne spp., R. reniformis , Pratylenchus spp., R. similis , Hoplolaimus spp., Helicotylenchus spp. and Tylenchorhynchus spp. were associated with turmeric. The most abundant nematodes were Meloidogyne spp. (115 individuals (100 cm 3 soil) −1 ), followed by R. reniformis (68 (100 cm 3 soil) −1 ) and Pratylenchus spp. (50 (100 cm 3 soil) −1 ). The frequency of occurrence ranged from 0 to 60%, with Meloidogyne spp. (60%) and R. reniformis (51%) being the most common. Meloidogyne spp. (38%) and Pratylenchus spp. (19%) were the most prominent nematodes in plant samples. Overall, Meloidogyne spp. followed by Pratylenchus spp., R. reniformis and R. similis were the key nematodes associated with the turmeric crop in all the four states. Further, we have identified hotspot areas for the plant-parasitic nematodes, namely: Meloidogyne spp. (16), Pratylenchus spp. (16), R. reniformis (20), and R. similis (5) on the basis of the economic threshold level. The interrelationship of soil type and nematode distribution was also investigated.
姜黄(Curcuma longa)是一种主要的印度香料。姜黄通常用于阿育吠陀和悉达医学，也用于印度美食。印度每年生产近120万吨姜黄，是世界上最大的姜黄生产国之一。姜黄的生产受到许多生物和非生物因素的限制。在生物因子中，植物寄生线虫(PPN)是一个重要的因素。它们包括Meloidogyne、Pratylenchus、Radopholus similis和Rotylenchulus reniformis。然而，关于植物寄生线虫的分布、密度和显著性及其与土壤类型的相互关系的资料非常少。因此，目前的综合线虫调查是在印度主要的姜黄生产邦:泰米尔纳德邦、安得拉邦、特伦甘纳邦和奥里萨邦进行的。结果表明:姜黄与Meloidogyne、reniformis、Pratylenchus、similis、Hoplolaimus、Helicotylenchus和Tylenchorhynchus有亲缘关系。线虫数量最多的是Meloidogyne spp.(115个(100 cm 3土壤)−1)，其次是R. reniformis(68个(100 cm 3土壤)−1)和Pratylenchus spp.(50个(100 cm 3土壤)−1)。发生频率在0 ~ 60%之间，以Meloidogyne spp.(60%)和r.r eniformis(51%)最为常见。在植物样本中最显著的线虫是Meloidogyne spp(38%)和Pratylenchus spp(19%)。总体而言，4个州与姜黄作物相关的关键线虫依次为Meloidogyne spp.、Pratylenchus spp.、reniformis r.s和similis r.s。此外，我们还根据经济阈值水平确定了植物寄生线虫的热点区域，即:Meloidogyne spp.(16)、Pratylenchus spp.(16)、R. reniformis(20)和R. similis(5)。研究了土壤类型与线虫分布的相互关系。
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Pub Date : 2023-10-20DOI: 10.1163/15685411-bja10286
Katsumi Togashi, Hayami Kasuga, Satomi Kasuga, Koji Matsunaga, Shota Jikumaru
Summary The pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner et Buhrer), is the causative agent of pine wilt disease. It is native to North America and has been devastating pine forests in East Asia and West Europe since its introduction. The pathogenic nematode is transmitted by cerambycid beetle adults of Monochamus alternatus Hope in East Asia and M. galloprovincialis (Olivier) in West Europe. Bursaphelenchus mucronatus Mamiya et Enda is widely distributed in Eurasia and has no or little pathogenicity to pine species. If hybrids between the two species are backcrossed with B. xylophilus nematodes repeatedly, a small proportion of B. mucronatus genes will be infused into B. xylophilus genome (introgression) and may lead to adaptation to locally harsh environments. Inoculation tests in this study revealed that two of eight hybrid-derived populations from crossing B. xylophilus and B. mucronatus caused pine seedling mortalities of 36-70%. The pathogenic hybrid-derived populations carried nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA) of two species and B. xylophilus extra-nuclear genes, whereas non-pathogenic populations carried B. mucronatus rDNA and extranuclear genes of B. xylophilus or B. mucronatus . Thus, it is inferred that a gene or genes associated with pathogenicity are present in the nuclear genome of B. xylophilus . A laboratory experiment revealed that the pathogenic hybrid-derived population had as great an ability to board M. alternatus adults as the parental-lineage B. xylophilus isolate. Thus, the introgressive hybridisation is considered to occur in pine forests if two species cohabit in host trees.
松材线虫(Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, Steiner et Buhrer)是松材枯萎病的病原。它原产于北美，自引进以来一直破坏东亚和西欧的松林。致病性线虫是由东亚的交替单chamus alternatus Hope的陶粒甲虫成虫和西欧的加洛省单跖虫(Olivier)传播的。巨松病菌(Bursaphelenchus mucronatus Mamiya et Enda)广泛分布于欧亚大陆，对松树没有或只有很小的致病性。如果两种杂交种与嗜木线虫反复回交，一小部分嗜木线虫基因会被注入到嗜木线虫基因组中(渗入)，并可能导致其适应当地恶劣的环境。本研究的接种试验结果表明，在8个由木嗜木霉与巨巨木霉杂交而成的群体中，有2个群体的幼苗死亡率为36 ~ 70%。致病性杂交种群体携带两种病原菌的核糖体DNA (rDNA)和木褐螺旋藻的核外基因，而非致病性杂交种群体携带木褐螺旋藻或木褐螺旋藻的rDNA和核外基因。因此，我们推断，与致病性相关的一个或多个基因存在于嗜木杆菌的核基因组中。室内实验结果表明，该致病杂交种种群与亲本系嗜木耳白僵菌分离株具有同样强的寄主能力。因此，如果两个物种在寄主树上同居，则可以认为在松林中发生了渐渗杂交。
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