Pub Date : 2021-03-01DOI: 10.1088/2399-7532/abddc4
Vanessa J Neubauer, C. Kellner, V. Gruen, Anna S. Schenk, T. Scheibel
Mineral deposition in biological systems is often templated by organic matrices including proteins directing the nucleation and growth of bioceramics by interacting with early stage species of the mineralization process or coordinating specific facets of the forming crystal. Structurally, charged surface patches are a characteristic motif of biomineralization-associated proteins, which are able to accumulate and bind ions from the surrounding media and, therefore, initiate, promote or inhibit mineralization. Controlled protein engineering enables the manipulation and control of bioinspired in vitro precipitation systems, and thus not only opens prospects for the design of environmentally benign synthetic strategies towards hierarchically structured functional materials, but also enhances the understanding of fundamental interaction mechanisms in biomineralization processes. Here, two recombinant variants of the spider silk protein ADF4 were engineered with oppositely charged peptide tags. Both were processed into micrometer-sized particles and investigated for their influence on manganese carbonate mineralization. Micro- and nano-structured manganese carbonate represents an attractive material for diverse applications including catalysis and wastewater treatment. While both types of spider silk particles were incorporated into the mineral structure, the positively tagged proteins appeared to interact more strongly with the formed manganese carbonate crystals than their negatively charged counterparts. Combination of the spider silk particles and poly(acrylic acid) (PAA), a water-soluble structure-directing agent associated with the stabilization of amorphous precursor phases in carbonates, resulted in the formation of film-like non-equilibrium structures of MnCO3 entrapping the spider silk particles. With the aim to gain mechanistic insights and to elucidate the interaction between the different components involved in the mineralization process, we studied the interplay between PAA, positively or negatively tagged spider silk particles, and Mn(II) ions by time-resolved dynamic light scattering. The here used set-up affords the possibility to identify control strategies for the template-mediated mineralization of manganese carbonate.
{"title":"Recombinant major ampullate spidroin-particles as biotemplates for manganese carbonate mineralization","authors":"Vanessa J Neubauer, C. Kellner, V. Gruen, Anna S. Schenk, T. Scheibel","doi":"10.1088/2399-7532/abddc4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2399-7532/abddc4","url":null,"abstract":"Mineral deposition in biological systems is often templated by organic matrices including proteins directing the nucleation and growth of bioceramics by interacting with early stage species of the mineralization process or coordinating specific facets of the forming crystal. Structurally, charged surface patches are a characteristic motif of biomineralization-associated proteins, which are able to accumulate and bind ions from the surrounding media and, therefore, initiate, promote or inhibit mineralization. Controlled protein engineering enables the manipulation and control of bioinspired in vitro precipitation systems, and thus not only opens prospects for the design of environmentally benign synthetic strategies towards hierarchically structured functional materials, but also enhances the understanding of fundamental interaction mechanisms in biomineralization processes. Here, two recombinant variants of the spider silk protein ADF4 were engineered with oppositely charged peptide tags. Both were processed into micrometer-sized particles and investigated for their influence on manganese carbonate mineralization. Micro- and nano-structured manganese carbonate represents an attractive material for diverse applications including catalysis and wastewater treatment. While both types of spider silk particles were incorporated into the mineral structure, the positively tagged proteins appeared to interact more strongly with the formed manganese carbonate crystals than their negatively charged counterparts. Combination of the spider silk particles and poly(acrylic acid) (PAA), a water-soluble structure-directing agent associated with the stabilization of amorphous precursor phases in carbonates, resulted in the formation of film-like non-equilibrium structures of MnCO3 entrapping the spider silk particles. With the aim to gain mechanistic insights and to elucidate the interaction between the different components involved in the mineralization process, we studied the interplay between PAA, positively or negatively tagged spider silk particles, and Mn(II) ions by time-resolved dynamic light scattering. The here used set-up affords the possibility to identify control strategies for the template-mediated mineralization of manganese carbonate.","PeriodicalId":18949,"journal":{"name":"Multifunctional Materials","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47701647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-01DOI: 10.1088/2399-7532/abe929
Cun Zhou, Jize Liu, Zhenlin Lv, Yongyue Luo, Xinxing Zhang
Flexible sensors with skin-like self-healing and sensing properties are now drawing great attention for their prospective application in many promising fields, including electronic skins, wearable electronics and soft robots. However, the unavoidable irregularity external stimuli and repetitive motions usually resulting in function loss. So, the self-healing abilities on both mechanical and electrical characters are highly attractive. Till now, numerous studies have been given to realize the self-healing of mechanical properties, while the repair of electrical properties still remains a great concern. Herein, the current main methods to prepare self-healing flexible sensors are summarized and discussed, consisting of self-healing materials with conductive layers, self-healing materials with embedded conductive network and self-healing ionic conducting hydrogels. Finally, a summary and perspective on future research directions and the potential of each strategy are given.
{"title":"Recent progress in self-healing conductive materials and flexible sensors with desired functional repairability","authors":"Cun Zhou, Jize Liu, Zhenlin Lv, Yongyue Luo, Xinxing Zhang","doi":"10.1088/2399-7532/abe929","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2399-7532/abe929","url":null,"abstract":"Flexible sensors with skin-like self-healing and sensing properties are now drawing great attention for their prospective application in many promising fields, including electronic skins, wearable electronics and soft robots. However, the unavoidable irregularity external stimuli and repetitive motions usually resulting in function loss. So, the self-healing abilities on both mechanical and electrical characters are highly attractive. Till now, numerous studies have been given to realize the self-healing of mechanical properties, while the repair of electrical properties still remains a great concern. Herein, the current main methods to prepare self-healing flexible sensors are summarized and discussed, consisting of self-healing materials with conductive layers, self-healing materials with embedded conductive network and self-healing ionic conducting hydrogels. Finally, a summary and perspective on future research directions and the potential of each strategy are given.","PeriodicalId":18949,"journal":{"name":"Multifunctional Materials","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44281650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-08DOI: 10.1088/2399-7532/abd4f0
Mason Zadan, Cerwyn Chiew, C. Majidi, M. Malakooti
Future advanced wearable energy harvesters need to have high power densities, functionality under large deformations, scalability, and robust resistance against mechanical damages (i.e. fatigue, delamination, and fracture). To achieve this, ultra-flexible, high dielectric, and thermally conductive materials along with deformable and robust electrodes are needed. Here, we review recent progress in synthesis and integration of liquid metal (LM) material architectures as the building blocks of emerging wearable energy harvesting devices. After a brief introduction to room temperature LM alloys, LM’s various applications in a variety of soft and stretchable power harvesting devices including thermoelectric, triboelectric, dielectric elastomer, and piezoelectric generators are summarized. The unique opportunities and challenges introduced by LM material architectures in this field are also discussed.
{"title":"Liquid metal architectures for soft and wearable energy harvesting devices","authors":"Mason Zadan, Cerwyn Chiew, C. Majidi, M. Malakooti","doi":"10.1088/2399-7532/abd4f0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2399-7532/abd4f0","url":null,"abstract":"Future advanced wearable energy harvesters need to have high power densities, functionality under large deformations, scalability, and robust resistance against mechanical damages (i.e. fatigue, delamination, and fracture). To achieve this, ultra-flexible, high dielectric, and thermally conductive materials along with deformable and robust electrodes are needed. Here, we review recent progress in synthesis and integration of liquid metal (LM) material architectures as the building blocks of emerging wearable energy harvesting devices. After a brief introduction to room temperature LM alloys, LM’s various applications in a variety of soft and stretchable power harvesting devices including thermoelectric, triboelectric, dielectric elastomer, and piezoelectric generators are summarized. The unique opportunities and challenges introduced by LM material architectures in this field are also discussed.","PeriodicalId":18949,"journal":{"name":"Multifunctional Materials","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42950397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1088/2399-7532/ac1732
N. Joshi, M. Braunger, F. Shimizu, Antonio Riul Jr, O. N. Oliveira
Highly sensitive and selective gas sensors with low energy consumption and amenable to miniaturization are required for real-time gas monitoring applications. The challenge is to produce sensing units at a sufficiently low cost to allow for broad deployment, which can only be reached with efficient materials and fabrication procedures. In this context, metal oxides are promising for next-generation gas sensors due to their high surface-area-to-volume ratio, efficient electron transfer, enhanced and tunable surface reactivity, fast response, and short recovery time. However, sensors from metal oxides are normally not sufficiently selective and have to be operated at high temperatures. These limitations have been overcome with strategies such as doping with other oxides, UV-illumination, and noble metal decoration. This review concentrates on the design and mechanisms of heterostructures for gas sensors, which are obtained with metal oxides in conjunction with other materials (e.g. other metal oxides and 2D materials). The key topics discussed include: (a) synthesis of metal oxide heterostructures (MOHs); (b) semiconducting heterostructures comprising n–n, n–p, and p–p heterojunctions, with emphasis on their sensing mechanisms; (c) sensors produced with heterostructures involving 2D materials. The challenges and prospects for gas sensors based on MOHs are also discussed.
{"title":"Insights into nano-heterostructured materials for gas sensing: a review","authors":"N. Joshi, M. Braunger, F. Shimizu, Antonio Riul Jr, O. N. Oliveira","doi":"10.1088/2399-7532/ac1732","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2399-7532/ac1732","url":null,"abstract":"Highly sensitive and selective gas sensors with low energy consumption and amenable to miniaturization are required for real-time gas monitoring applications. The challenge is to produce sensing units at a sufficiently low cost to allow for broad deployment, which can only be reached with efficient materials and fabrication procedures. In this context, metal oxides are promising for next-generation gas sensors due to their high surface-area-to-volume ratio, efficient electron transfer, enhanced and tunable surface reactivity, fast response, and short recovery time. However, sensors from metal oxides are normally not sufficiently selective and have to be operated at high temperatures. These limitations have been overcome with strategies such as doping with other oxides, UV-illumination, and noble metal decoration. This review concentrates on the design and mechanisms of heterostructures for gas sensors, which are obtained with metal oxides in conjunction with other materials (e.g. other metal oxides and 2D materials). The key topics discussed include: (a) synthesis of metal oxide heterostructures (MOHs); (b) semiconducting heterostructures comprising n–n, n–p, and p–p heterojunctions, with emphasis on their sensing mechanisms; (c) sensors produced with heterostructures involving 2D materials. The challenges and prospects for gas sensors based on MOHs are also discussed.","PeriodicalId":18949,"journal":{"name":"Multifunctional Materials","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61173997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1088/2399-7532/ac1c8a
M. Mihajlovic, Liline A. S. Fermin, Keita Ito, C. van Nostrum, T. Vermonden
Soft materials, such as hydrogels, are used as scaffolds in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine to help tissues regenerate and heal. Recently, supramolecular hydrogels, based on non-covalent interactions, have grown in popularity, especially in the development of materials for biomedical use. Their potential lies in the dynamic, reversible and temporary nature of their crosslinks, which can make them responsive to stimuli, injectable and suitable for 3D printing. Such versatility and processability is important when developing new biomaterials for drug delivery or as implantable scaffolds. The behavior and properties of such hydrogels are different compared to those of chemically crosslinked hydrogels. In this review, we give an overview on supramolecular hydrogels which contain hyaluronic acid (HA) as one of the building blocks. HA is particularly interesting, due to its hydrophilicity, biofunctionality and ease of chemical modification. Specifically, we focus on HA-based hydrogels that make use of hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interactions, electrostatic interactions, metal–ion coordination and guest–host interactions, and are intended for applications in the biomedical field, with potential for clinical translation.
{"title":"Hyaluronic acid-based supramolecular hydrogels for biomedical applications","authors":"M. Mihajlovic, Liline A. S. Fermin, Keita Ito, C. van Nostrum, T. Vermonden","doi":"10.1088/2399-7532/ac1c8a","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2399-7532/ac1c8a","url":null,"abstract":"Soft materials, such as hydrogels, are used as scaffolds in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine to help tissues regenerate and heal. Recently, supramolecular hydrogels, based on non-covalent interactions, have grown in popularity, especially in the development of materials for biomedical use. Their potential lies in the dynamic, reversible and temporary nature of their crosslinks, which can make them responsive to stimuli, injectable and suitable for 3D printing. Such versatility and processability is important when developing new biomaterials for drug delivery or as implantable scaffolds. The behavior and properties of such hydrogels are different compared to those of chemically crosslinked hydrogels. In this review, we give an overview on supramolecular hydrogels which contain hyaluronic acid (HA) as one of the building blocks. HA is particularly interesting, due to its hydrophilicity, biofunctionality and ease of chemical modification. Specifically, we focus on HA-based hydrogels that make use of hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interactions, electrostatic interactions, metal–ion coordination and guest–host interactions, and are intended for applications in the biomedical field, with potential for clinical translation.","PeriodicalId":18949,"journal":{"name":"Multifunctional Materials","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61174015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1088/2399-7532/abd782
C. Dell'olio, Jane Zhang, K. Leong, M. Samsudin, R. Varley
Poly(ethylene methacrylic acid) (EMAA) has been used here as a thermally activated healing agent (HA) in three layered polyolefinic (3LPO) pipe coatings for the first time. The EMAA (HA) is blended with a linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) modified with maleic anhydride (MAH) to create a healable multi-functional adhesive (HAMA), which is used to bind the fusion bonded epoxy primer and high density polyethylene topcoat layers together. Different compositions of the HA and modified adhesive were trialled for their healing efficiency using three different healing conditions to explore the effect of increasing temperature and applied load or force. The standard healing protocol used a healing temperature of 110 °C and an applied load of 120 N for 60 min. A high temperature variant increased the temperature to 120 °C while a high load variant increased the applied force to 240 N. Using a 1:1 HAMA adhesive, healing efficiencies of about 70% were achieved for the standard healing condition. Increasing the applied load to 240 N decreased healing to between 64% and 68% depending on the healing measurement, but at 120 °C healing increased to between 82% and 84%. Regardless of the healing condition, overall healing efficiency increased with increasing EMAA (HA) concentration. This study also provided insight into the healing mechanism of the HAMA adhesives by highlighting some necessary features for healing. A bi-phasic microstructure consisting of large EMAA nodules with sufficient adhesion to the MAH-modified LLDPE was identified as being critical. Furthermore, increasing healing temperature increased healing efficiency due to the enhanced flow of EMAA and increased mobility of the polyethylene. Although these results are preliminary in nature, they do provide significant promise that multifunctional HAMA adhesives can be applied as simple, effective and repeatable 3LPO self-healing pipe coatings.
{"title":"A healable polyethylene adhesive using poly(ethylene methacrylic acid) (EMAA) for three-layer pipe coatings","authors":"C. Dell'olio, Jane Zhang, K. Leong, M. Samsudin, R. Varley","doi":"10.1088/2399-7532/abd782","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2399-7532/abd782","url":null,"abstract":"Poly(ethylene methacrylic acid) (EMAA) has been used here as a thermally activated healing agent (HA) in three layered polyolefinic (3LPO) pipe coatings for the first time. The EMAA (HA) is blended with a linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) modified with maleic anhydride (MAH) to create a healable multi-functional adhesive (HAMA), which is used to bind the fusion bonded epoxy primer and high density polyethylene topcoat layers together. Different compositions of the HA and modified adhesive were trialled for their healing efficiency using three different healing conditions to explore the effect of increasing temperature and applied load or force. The standard healing protocol used a healing temperature of 110 °C and an applied load of 120 N for 60 min. A high temperature variant increased the temperature to 120 °C while a high load variant increased the applied force to 240 N. Using a 1:1 HAMA adhesive, healing efficiencies of about 70% were achieved for the standard healing condition. Increasing the applied load to 240 N decreased healing to between 64% and 68% depending on the healing measurement, but at 120 °C healing increased to between 82% and 84%. Regardless of the healing condition, overall healing efficiency increased with increasing EMAA (HA) concentration. This study also provided insight into the healing mechanism of the HAMA adhesives by highlighting some necessary features for healing. A bi-phasic microstructure consisting of large EMAA nodules with sufficient adhesion to the MAH-modified LLDPE was identified as being critical. Furthermore, increasing healing temperature increased healing efficiency due to the enhanced flow of EMAA and increased mobility of the polyethylene. Although these results are preliminary in nature, they do provide significant promise that multifunctional HAMA adhesives can be applied as simple, effective and repeatable 3LPO self-healing pipe coatings.","PeriodicalId":18949,"journal":{"name":"Multifunctional Materials","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61174358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1088/2399-7532/ac2292
H. V. Tran, M. Tran, T. V. Phi
Recent surveys have described how many extracted compounds from various plants have electrochemical activity, which can be directly applied for development of electrochemical sensors. In this work, we propose using of luteolin, a natural compound was extracted and isolated from Myoporum bontioides leaves, as a monomer for electrochemical polymerization onto glassy carbon electrode (GCE) surface and synthesized polyluteolin (polyLut) modified GCE (polyLut/GCE) can be used for directly electrochemical detection of copper ion (Cu2+) in aqueous solution. The electrochemical properties of luteolin and polyLut/GCE in sodium acetate (NaAc–HAc) buffer with presence/absence of Ni2+, Ca2+, Co2+ or Cu2+ ion have evaluated and obtained results indicated that the luteolin and polyLut/GCE were selective and sensitive to Cu2+ ion. The electrochemical Cu2+ sensor based on polyLut/GCE has the sensitivity to Cu2+ ion of 0.751 μA μM−1 with limit of detection of 5 μM of Cu2+ ion, which is lower than of EU’s drinking water standards EU’s drinking water standards as 31.25 μM.
{"title":"Glassy carbon electrode modified with luteolin extracted from Myoporum bontioides: a new approach for development of the electrochemical Cu2+ sensor","authors":"H. V. Tran, M. Tran, T. V. Phi","doi":"10.1088/2399-7532/ac2292","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2399-7532/ac2292","url":null,"abstract":"Recent surveys have described how many extracted compounds from various plants have electrochemical activity, which can be directly applied for development of electrochemical sensors. In this work, we propose using of luteolin, a natural compound was extracted and isolated from Myoporum bontioides leaves, as a monomer for electrochemical polymerization onto glassy carbon electrode (GCE) surface and synthesized polyluteolin (polyLut) modified GCE (polyLut/GCE) can be used for directly electrochemical detection of copper ion (Cu2+) in aqueous solution. The electrochemical properties of luteolin and polyLut/GCE in sodium acetate (NaAc–HAc) buffer with presence/absence of Ni2+, Ca2+, Co2+ or Cu2+ ion have evaluated and obtained results indicated that the luteolin and polyLut/GCE were selective and sensitive to Cu2+ ion. The electrochemical Cu2+ sensor based on polyLut/GCE has the sensitivity to Cu2+ ion of 0.751 μA μM−1 with limit of detection of 5 μM of Cu2+ ion, which is lower than of EU’s drinking water standards EU’s drinking water standards as 31.25 μM.","PeriodicalId":18949,"journal":{"name":"Multifunctional Materials","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61174578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1088/2399-7532/ac150a
Yanyu Gao, Minghao Zhai, Yan Sui, Dongxu Li, Xiaoxue Lin, Shijia Pan, Qingjiang Pan, Haijun Niu, Wen Wang
Integrating different functions in one material will decrease the volume, responding time, and price of device. Polyimides (PIs) are the optimal candidates because of excellent flexible mechanics, thermal stability, and transparent properties. In this work, a series of multifunctional flexible PIs were designed and synthesized from a novel functional triarylamine for electrochromic (EC) device. The PIs show promising application in EC with the efficiency of 205 cm2 C−1, memory devices with the ON/OFF ratio of 3.7 × 104, and photodetectors with a limit being of 0.07 V. Furthermore, the flexible EC device of PI-3 (short for PI 3 made of 4,4′-(hexafluoroisopropylidene) diphthalic anhydride) keeps excellent stability, and the optical contrast does not decrease even after 2000 cycles.
{"title":"Multifunctional polyimides containing triarylamine for electrochromic flexible device, photodetector and resistance memory device","authors":"Yanyu Gao, Minghao Zhai, Yan Sui, Dongxu Li, Xiaoxue Lin, Shijia Pan, Qingjiang Pan, Haijun Niu, Wen Wang","doi":"10.1088/2399-7532/ac150a","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2399-7532/ac150a","url":null,"abstract":"Integrating different functions in one material will decrease the volume, responding time, and price of device. Polyimides (PIs) are the optimal candidates because of excellent flexible mechanics, thermal stability, and transparent properties. In this work, a series of multifunctional flexible PIs were designed and synthesized from a novel functional triarylamine for electrochromic (EC) device. The PIs show promising application in EC with the efficiency of 205 cm2 C−1, memory devices with the ON/OFF ratio of 3.7 × 104, and photodetectors with a limit being of 0.07 V. Furthermore, the flexible EC device of PI-3 (short for PI 3 made of 4,4′-(hexafluoroisopropylidene) diphthalic anhydride) keeps excellent stability, and the optical contrast does not decrease even after 2000 cycles.","PeriodicalId":18949,"journal":{"name":"Multifunctional Materials","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61174427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1088/2399-7532/ac1ea7
Qu Wendong, J. Dent, V. Arrighi, L. Cavalcanti, M. Shaffer, N. Shirshova
Structural electrolytes provide mechanical properties approaching structural resin combined with a high degree of ionic conductivity. Here, structural electrolytes based on bisphenol A diglycidyl ether and the ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide (EMIM-TFSI) were synthesised through reaction induced phase separation (RIPS) using isophorone diamine (iPDA) as a curing agent. The microstructure and properties of the resulting materials were controlled through both the initial formulations and the curing temperature. Curing at room temperature generated a bi-continuous structure and improved both mechanical performance and ionic conductivity of the resulting structural electrolytes. The balance between properties can be systematically adjusted; for example, a promising Young’s modulus of 800 MPa was obtained simultaneously with an ionic conductivity of 0.28 mS cm−1, for a formulation containing 35 vol% EMIM-TFSI. The lengthscale of the structural features was reduced by an order of magnitude by introducing multifunctional block-copolymers (MF-bcP) based on glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) and quaternised (2-dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA). Small angle neutron scattering (SANS), obtained during curing, identified at least two structural phases of different length scale, for the formulations containing MF-bcP, in agreement with microstructures observed using scanning electron microscopy. Such structural electrolytes may be required when using structural electrodes that also have finer characteristic lengthscales. The addition of the MF-bcP to formulations containing 35 vol% EMIM-TFSI produced structural electrolytes with a Young’s modulus of 530 MPa and an ionic conductivity of 0.64 mS cm−1.
结构电解质提供接近结构树脂的机械性能，并结合了高度的离子导电性。本文以异福尔酮二胺(iPDA)为固化剂，通过反应诱导相分离(RIPS)法制备了以双酚A二甘油酯醚和离子液体1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑双(三氟甲基磺酰基)亚胺(EMIM-TFSI)为基料的结构电解质。通过初始配方和固化温度控制了材料的微观结构和性能。室温固化产生双连续结构，提高了结构电解质的机械性能和离子电导率。属性之间的平衡可以系统地调整;例如，对于含有35 vol% EMIM-TFSI的配方，同时获得了800 MPa的杨氏模量和0.28 mS cm - 1的离子电导率。通过引入甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯(GMA)和甲基丙烯酸季铵盐(2-二甲氨基)乙酯(DMAEMA)为基础的多功能嵌段共聚物(MF-bcP)，将结构特征的长度尺度减小了一个数量级。在固化过程中获得的小角中子散射(SANS)鉴定出含有MF-bcP的配方至少有两个不同长度尺度的结构相，与扫描电子显微镜观察到的微观结构一致。当使用同样具有更细的特征长度尺度的结构电极时，可能需要这种结构电解质。将MF-bcP添加到含有35 vol% emm - tfsi的配方中，得到的结构电解质的杨氏模量为530 MPa，离子电导率为0.64 mS cm−1。
{"title":"Biphasic epoxy-ionic liquid structural electrolytes: minimising feature size through cure cycle and multifunctional block-copolymer addition","authors":"Qu Wendong, J. Dent, V. Arrighi, L. Cavalcanti, M. Shaffer, N. Shirshova","doi":"10.1088/2399-7532/ac1ea7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2399-7532/ac1ea7","url":null,"abstract":"Structural electrolytes provide mechanical properties approaching structural resin combined with a high degree of ionic conductivity. Here, structural electrolytes based on bisphenol A diglycidyl ether and the ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide (EMIM-TFSI) were synthesised through reaction induced phase separation (RIPS) using isophorone diamine (iPDA) as a curing agent. The microstructure and properties of the resulting materials were controlled through both the initial formulations and the curing temperature. Curing at room temperature generated a bi-continuous structure and improved both mechanical performance and ionic conductivity of the resulting structural electrolytes. The balance between properties can be systematically adjusted; for example, a promising Young’s modulus of 800 MPa was obtained simultaneously with an ionic conductivity of 0.28 mS cm−1, for a formulation containing 35 vol% EMIM-TFSI. The lengthscale of the structural features was reduced by an order of magnitude by introducing multifunctional block-copolymers (MF-bcP) based on glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) and quaternised (2-dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA). Small angle neutron scattering (SANS), obtained during curing, identified at least two structural phases of different length scale, for the formulations containing MF-bcP, in agreement with microstructures observed using scanning electron microscopy. Such structural electrolytes may be required when using structural electrodes that also have finer characteristic lengthscales. The addition of the MF-bcP to formulations containing 35 vol% EMIM-TFSI produced structural electrolytes with a Young’s modulus of 530 MPa and an ionic conductivity of 0.64 mS cm−1.","PeriodicalId":18949,"journal":{"name":"Multifunctional Materials","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61174097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1088/2399-7532/ac005f
Sébastien Rochat, M. Tian, Ria S. Atri, T. Mays, A. Burrows
Owing to their large surface area and good solvent processability, polymers of intrinsic microporosity (PIMs) have been widely investigated for gas storage and separation processes. In this article, we show how chemically modifying the polymers can fine-tune their properties for specific, targeted applications. We find that converting the archetypal microporous polymer PIM-1 into a polycarboxylate salt enhances its separation capabilities for H2/CO2 mixtures (relevant to hydrogen production), whereas appending multiple amine groups significantly improves gas separation properties for N2/CO2 mixtures (relevant to flue gas treatment). Adsorption-based separation processes have received less attention than size-sieving processes in porous polymeric materials, however they could provide a suitable alternative technology to energy-intensive separation processes such as cryogenic distillation. We also report the hydrogen storage properties of the modified polymers, which we find to depend on the chemical modification carried out. By coupling the simplicity of the proposed chemical modifications with the scalability and porous properties of PIMs, we provide a blueprint to create new multifunctional materials with adapted properties for targeted applications.
{"title":"Enhancement of gas storage and separation properties of microporous polymers by simple chemical modifications","authors":"Sébastien Rochat, M. Tian, Ria S. Atri, T. Mays, A. Burrows","doi":"10.1088/2399-7532/ac005f","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2399-7532/ac005f","url":null,"abstract":"Owing to their large surface area and good solvent processability, polymers of intrinsic microporosity (PIMs) have been widely investigated for gas storage and separation processes. In this article, we show how chemically modifying the polymers can fine-tune their properties for specific, targeted applications. We find that converting the archetypal microporous polymer PIM-1 into a polycarboxylate salt enhances its separation capabilities for H2/CO2 mixtures (relevant to hydrogen production), whereas appending multiple amine groups significantly improves gas separation properties for N2/CO2 mixtures (relevant to flue gas treatment). Adsorption-based separation processes have received less attention than size-sieving processes in porous polymeric materials, however they could provide a suitable alternative technology to energy-intensive separation processes such as cryogenic distillation. We also report the hydrogen storage properties of the modified polymers, which we find to depend on the chemical modification carried out. By coupling the simplicity of the proposed chemical modifications with the scalability and porous properties of PIMs, we provide a blueprint to create new multifunctional materials with adapted properties for targeted applications.","PeriodicalId":18949,"journal":{"name":"Multifunctional Materials","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61174418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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