Pub Date : 2020-07-28DOI: 10.1088/2399-7532/abaa2d
P. Jauch, A. Weidner, S. Riedel, Nils Wilharm, S. Dutz, S. G. Mayr
Smart materials such as stimuli responsive polymeric hydrogels offer unique possibilities for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. As, however, most synthetic polymer systems and their degradation products lack complete biocompatibility and biodegradability, this study aims to synthesize a highly magnetic responsive hydrogel, based on the abundant natural biopolymer collagen. As the main component of vertebratal extracellular matrix, it reveals excellent biocompatibility. In combination with incorporated magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles, a novel smart nano-bio-ferrogel can be designed. While retaining its basic biophysical properties and interaction with living cells, this collagen-nanoparticle hydrogel can be compressed to 38% of its original size and recovers to 95% in suitable magnetic fields. Besides the phenomenology of this scenario, the underlying physical scenarios are also discussed within the framework of network models. The observed reversible peak strains as large as 150% open up possibilities for the fields of biomedical actuation, soft robotics and beyond.
{"title":"Collagen–iron oxide nanoparticle based ferrogel: large reversible magnetostrains with potential for bioactuation","authors":"P. Jauch, A. Weidner, S. Riedel, Nils Wilharm, S. Dutz, S. G. Mayr","doi":"10.1088/2399-7532/abaa2d","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2399-7532/abaa2d","url":null,"abstract":"Smart materials such as stimuli responsive polymeric hydrogels offer unique possibilities for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. As, however, most synthetic polymer systems and their degradation products lack complete biocompatibility and biodegradability, this study aims to synthesize a highly magnetic responsive hydrogel, based on the abundant natural biopolymer collagen. As the main component of vertebratal extracellular matrix, it reveals excellent biocompatibility. In combination with incorporated magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles, a novel smart nano-bio-ferrogel can be designed. While retaining its basic biophysical properties and interaction with living cells, this collagen-nanoparticle hydrogel can be compressed to 38% of its original size and recovers to 95% in suitable magnetic fields. Besides the phenomenology of this scenario, the underlying physical scenarios are also discussed within the framework of network models. The observed reversible peak strains as large as 150% open up possibilities for the fields of biomedical actuation, soft robotics and beyond.","PeriodicalId":18949,"journal":{"name":"Multifunctional Materials","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44352807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-16DOI: 10.1088/2399-7532/ab80d5
K. Tapio, I. Bald
The development of the DNA origami technique has revolutionized the field of DNA nanotechnology as it allows to create virtually any arbitrarily shaped nanostructure out of DNA on a 10–100 nm length scale by a rather robust self-assembly process. Additionally, DNA origami nanostructures can be modified with chemical entities with nanometer precision, which allows to tune precisely their properties, their mutual interactions and interactions with their environment. The flexibility and modularity of DNA origami allows also for the creation of dynamic nanostructures, which opens up a plethora of possible functions and applications. Here we review the fundamental properties of DNA origami nanostructures, the wide range of functions that arise from these properties and finally present possible applications of DNA origami based multifunctional materials.
{"title":"The potential of DNA origami to build multifunctional materials","authors":"K. Tapio, I. Bald","doi":"10.1088/2399-7532/ab80d5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2399-7532/ab80d5","url":null,"abstract":"The development of the DNA origami technique has revolutionized the field of DNA nanotechnology as it allows to create virtually any arbitrarily shaped nanostructure out of DNA on a 10–100 nm length scale by a rather robust self-assembly process. Additionally, DNA origami nanostructures can be modified with chemical entities with nanometer precision, which allows to tune precisely their properties, their mutual interactions and interactions with their environment. The flexibility and modularity of DNA origami allows also for the creation of dynamic nanostructures, which opens up a plethora of possible functions and applications. Here we review the fundamental properties of DNA origami nanostructures, the wide range of functions that arise from these properties and finally present possible applications of DNA origami based multifunctional materials.","PeriodicalId":18949,"journal":{"name":"Multifunctional Materials","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49326179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-01DOI: 10.1088/2399-7532/aba1d9
Xiao Kuang, D. J. Roach, Craig M. Hamel, Kai Yu, Jerry H Qi
Programmable matter is a class of materials whose properties can be programmed to achieve a specific state upon a stimulus. Among them, shape programmable materials can change their shape, topographical architecture, or dimension triggered by external stimuli after material fabrication, finding broad applications in smart devices, soft robotics, actuators, reconfigurable metamaterials, and biomedical devices. Shape programmable polymers (SPPs) possess the advantages of low cost, the ability to achieve widely tunable stimuli response, and synthetic flexibility. Recent development has resulted in various new materials and fabrication techniques for SPPs. However, to better design and fabricate SPPs to satisfy specific applications, a more comprehensive understanding of SPPs is required. In this review, we provide state-of-the-art advances in materials, design methods, and fabrication techniques for SPPs. Based on different shape-shifting mechanisms, four most widely studied shape-shifting polymers, including shape-memory polymers, hydrogels, liquid crystal elastomers, and magnetoactive elastomers, are categorized. After outlining the material models of SPPs, the widely used approaches of bilayer, biomimetic, and simulation-guided design, are summarized. For the fabrication side, three main manufacturing techniques for SPPs by replica molding, electrospinning, and 3D printing are reviewed with an emphasis on 3D printing. Finally, the challenges and future perspectives for SPPs fabrication are discussed.
{"title":"Materials, design, and fabrication of shape programmable polymers","authors":"Xiao Kuang, D. J. Roach, Craig M. Hamel, Kai Yu, Jerry H Qi","doi":"10.1088/2399-7532/aba1d9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2399-7532/aba1d9","url":null,"abstract":"Programmable matter is a class of materials whose properties can be programmed to achieve a specific state upon a stimulus. Among them, shape programmable materials can change their shape, topographical architecture, or dimension triggered by external stimuli after material fabrication, finding broad applications in smart devices, soft robotics, actuators, reconfigurable metamaterials, and biomedical devices. Shape programmable polymers (SPPs) possess the advantages of low cost, the ability to achieve widely tunable stimuli response, and synthetic flexibility. Recent development has resulted in various new materials and fabrication techniques for SPPs. However, to better design and fabricate SPPs to satisfy specific applications, a more comprehensive understanding of SPPs is required. In this review, we provide state-of-the-art advances in materials, design methods, and fabrication techniques for SPPs. Based on different shape-shifting mechanisms, four most widely studied shape-shifting polymers, including shape-memory polymers, hydrogels, liquid crystal elastomers, and magnetoactive elastomers, are categorized. After outlining the material models of SPPs, the widely used approaches of bilayer, biomimetic, and simulation-guided design, are summarized. For the fabrication side, three main manufacturing techniques for SPPs by replica molding, electrospinning, and 3D printing are reviewed with an emphasis on 3D printing. Finally, the challenges and future perspectives for SPPs fabrication are discussed.","PeriodicalId":18949,"journal":{"name":"Multifunctional Materials","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1088/2399-7532/aba1d9","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45802117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-01DOI: 10.1088/2399-7532/ab8e95
Wilhelm Johannisson, S. Nguyen, G. Lindbergh, D. Zenkert, E. Greenhalgh, M. Shaffer, A. Kucernak
The development of multifunctional materials and structures is receiving increasing interest for many applications and industries; it is a promising way to increase system-wide efficiency and improve the ability to meet environmental targets. However, quantifying the advantages of a multifunctional solution over monofunctional systems can be challenging. One approach is to calculate a reduction in mass, volume or other penalty function. Another approach is to use a multifunctional efficiency metric. However, either approach can lead to results that are unfamiliar or difficult to interpret and implement for an audience without a multifunctional materials or structures background. Instead, we introduce a comparative metric for multifunctional materials that correlates with familiar design parameters for monofunctional materials. This metric allows the potential benefits of the multifunctional system to be understood easily without needing a holistic viewpoint. The analysis is applied to two different examples of multifunctional systems; a structural battery and a structural supercapacitor, demonstrating the methodology and its potential for state-of-the-art structural power materials to offer a weight saving over conventional systems. This metric offers a new way to communicate research on structural power which could help identify and prioritise future research.
{"title":"A residual performance methodology to evaluate multifunctional systems","authors":"Wilhelm Johannisson, S. Nguyen, G. Lindbergh, D. Zenkert, E. Greenhalgh, M. Shaffer, A. Kucernak","doi":"10.1088/2399-7532/ab8e95","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2399-7532/ab8e95","url":null,"abstract":"The development of multifunctional materials and structures is receiving increasing interest for many applications and industries; it is a promising way to increase system-wide efficiency and improve the ability to meet environmental targets. However, quantifying the advantages of a multifunctional solution over monofunctional systems can be challenging. One approach is to calculate a reduction in mass, volume or other penalty function. Another approach is to use a multifunctional efficiency metric. However, either approach can lead to results that are unfamiliar or difficult to interpret and implement for an audience without a multifunctional materials or structures background. Instead, we introduce a comparative metric for multifunctional materials that correlates with familiar design parameters for monofunctional materials. This metric allows the potential benefits of the multifunctional system to be understood easily without needing a holistic viewpoint. The analysis is applied to two different examples of multifunctional systems; a structural battery and a structural supercapacitor, demonstrating the methodology and its potential for state-of-the-art structural power materials to offer a weight saving over conventional systems. This metric offers a new way to communicate research on structural power which could help identify and prioritise future research.","PeriodicalId":18949,"journal":{"name":"Multifunctional Materials","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46098612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-14DOI: 10.1088/2399-7532/ab80d6
Sytze J Buwalda
Hydrogels are three-dimensional, water-swollen polymer networks that have been widely studied for biomedical applications such as tissue engineering and the controlled delivery of biologically active agents. Since the pioneering work of Wichterle and Lim in the 1960s, hydrogel research has shifted from relatively simple single polymer networks to multifunctional composite hydrogels that better mimic the complex nature of living tissues. Bio-based polymers, which can be obtained from renewable natural resources, are attracting increasing attention for use in biomaterials due to the recent demands for a reduction in the environmental impact of the polymer industry and the development of a sustainable society. Moreover, bio-based polymers are often biodegradable and exhibit a significant level of biocompatibility and biomimicry, which are highly desired properties with regard to in vivo application. This review presents the state-of-the-art in the field of bio-based composite hydrogels for biomedical applications, thereby focusing on different types of polymeric components that have been combined with hydrogels to obtain materials with unique, synergistic properties: particles (including micelles and microspheres), electrospun fibres and nanocellulose. In addition, the challenges are described that should be overcome to facilitate clinical application of these versatile and environmentally responsible biomaterials.
{"title":"Bio-based composite hydrogels for biomedical applications","authors":"Sytze J Buwalda","doi":"10.1088/2399-7532/ab80d6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2399-7532/ab80d6","url":null,"abstract":"Hydrogels are three-dimensional, water-swollen polymer networks that have been widely studied for biomedical applications such as tissue engineering and the controlled delivery of biologically active agents. Since the pioneering work of Wichterle and Lim in the 1960s, hydrogel research has shifted from relatively simple single polymer networks to multifunctional composite hydrogels that better mimic the complex nature of living tissues. Bio-based polymers, which can be obtained from renewable natural resources, are attracting increasing attention for use in biomaterials due to the recent demands for a reduction in the environmental impact of the polymer industry and the development of a sustainable society. Moreover, bio-based polymers are often biodegradable and exhibit a significant level of biocompatibility and biomimicry, which are highly desired properties with regard to in vivo application. This review presents the state-of-the-art in the field of bio-based composite hydrogels for biomedical applications, thereby focusing on different types of polymeric components that have been combined with hydrogels to obtain materials with unique, synergistic properties: particles (including micelles and microspheres), electrospun fibres and nanocellulose. In addition, the challenges are described that should be overcome to facilitate clinical application of these versatile and environmentally responsible biomaterials.","PeriodicalId":18949,"journal":{"name":"Multifunctional Materials","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1088/2399-7532/ab80d6","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43231469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-27DOI: 10.1088/2399-7532/ab8d9b
V. Tu, L. Asp, N. Shirshova, F. Larsson, K. Runesson, R. Jänicke
Structural power composites are multifunctional materials with simultaneous load bearing and energy storing functionality. This is made possible due to carbon fibers’ ability to act not only as structural reinforcement materials, but also as electrode components. A crucial component of structural power composites is the structural electrolyte that is required to have both high stiffness and high ionic conductivity. To explore microstructure properties that bear optimal bifunctional performance a procedure is presented to generate various classes of synthetic microstructures with a wide span of properties for computer simulation. The effective properties of the generated artificial structural electrolytes are obtained via virtual material testing and compared with experimentally obtained data. Ultimately, a microstructure class with very good bifunctional properties is identified.
{"title":"Performance of bicontinuous structural electrolytes","authors":"V. Tu, L. Asp, N. Shirshova, F. Larsson, K. Runesson, R. Jänicke","doi":"10.1088/2399-7532/ab8d9b","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2399-7532/ab8d9b","url":null,"abstract":"Structural power composites are multifunctional materials with simultaneous load bearing and energy storing functionality. This is made possible due to carbon fibers’ ability to act not only as structural reinforcement materials, but also as electrode components. A crucial component of structural power composites is the structural electrolyte that is required to have both high stiffness and high ionic conductivity. To explore microstructure properties that bear optimal bifunctional performance a procedure is presented to generate various classes of synthetic microstructures with a wide span of properties for computer simulation. The effective properties of the generated artificial structural electrolytes are obtained via virtual material testing and compared with experimentally obtained data. Ultimately, a microstructure class with very good bifunctional properties is identified.","PeriodicalId":18949,"journal":{"name":"Multifunctional Materials","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1088/2399-7532/ab8d9b","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45210931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-25DOI: 10.1088/2399-7532/ab835c
T. A. Kent, Michael J. Ford, Eric J. Markvicka, C. Majidi
We present a soft actuator composed of fluidic channels of liquid metal alloy embedded in a liquid crystal elastomer (LCE). The LM channels function as stretchable Joule heating elements that deliver heat to the LCE to induce a shape memory phase transition. Because the heater is fluidic, it can deform with the surrounding LCE as the actuator extends and contracts during actuation. In addition to contractile actuation, the LCE can be programmed to perform in-plane or out-of-plane flexural actuation, which exhibit deformations predictable using a simple finite element analysis model. By combining a liquid metal heater with a shape memory polymer, we achieve a soft actuator that does not require an external heat source and can instead be directly activated with electrical current. Finally, we show that the liquid metal channels can also function as a sensor during the actuation cycle, allowing for closed-loop control of the soft actuator.
{"title":"Soft actuators using liquid crystal elastomers with encapsulated liquid metal joule heaters","authors":"T. A. Kent, Michael J. Ford, Eric J. Markvicka, C. Majidi","doi":"10.1088/2399-7532/ab835c","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2399-7532/ab835c","url":null,"abstract":"We present a soft actuator composed of fluidic channels of liquid metal alloy embedded in a liquid crystal elastomer (LCE). The LM channels function as stretchable Joule heating elements that deliver heat to the LCE to induce a shape memory phase transition. Because the heater is fluidic, it can deform with the surrounding LCE as the actuator extends and contracts during actuation. In addition to contractile actuation, the LCE can be programmed to perform in-plane or out-of-plane flexural actuation, which exhibit deformations predictable using a simple finite element analysis model. By combining a liquid metal heater with a shape memory polymer, we achieve a soft actuator that does not require an external heat source and can instead be directly activated with electrical current. Finally, we show that the liquid metal channels can also function as a sensor during the actuation cycle, allowing for closed-loop control of the soft actuator.","PeriodicalId":18949,"journal":{"name":"Multifunctional Materials","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1088/2399-7532/ab835c","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45231765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-23DOI: 10.1515/9783110345001-004
C. Tojo, D. Buceta, M. López‐Quintela
{"title":"4. On the minimum reactant concentration required to prepare Au/M core-shell nanoparticles by the one-pot microemulsion route","authors":"C. Tojo, D. Buceta, M. López‐Quintela","doi":"10.1515/9783110345001-004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110345001-004","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18949,"journal":{"name":"Multifunctional Materials","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/9783110345001-004","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47477512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-23DOI: 10.1515/9783110345001-001
Dong Wang, P. Schaaf
{"title":"1. Synthesis and characterization of size controlled bimetallic nanosponges","authors":"Dong Wang, P. Schaaf","doi":"10.1515/9783110345001-001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110345001-001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18949,"journal":{"name":"Multifunctional Materials","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49303838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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