Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1088/2399-7532/ac2046
Wilhelm Johannisson, D. Carlstedt, Awista Nasiri, Christina Buggisch, P. Linde, D. Zenkert, L. Asp, G. Lindbergh, B. Fiedler
Structural carbon fibre composite batteries are a type of multifunctional batteries that combine the energy storage capability of a battery with the load-carrying ability of a structural material. To extract the current from the structural battery cell, current collectors are needed. However, current collectors are expensive, hard to connect to the electrode material and add mass to the system. Further, attaching the current collector to the carbon fibre electrode must not affect the electrochemical properties negatively or requires time-consuming, manual steps. This paper presents a proof-of-concept method for screen-printing of current collectors for structural carbon fibre composite batteries using silver conductive paste. Current collectors are screen-printed directly on spread carbon fibre tows and a polycarbonate carrier film. Experimental results show that the electrochemical performance of carbon fibre vs lithium metal half-cells with the screen-printed collectors is similar to reference half-cells using metal foil and silver adhered metal-foil collectors. The screen-printed current collectors fulfil the requirements for electrical conductivity, adhesion to the fibres and flexible handling of the fibre electrode. The screen-printing process is highly automatable and allows for cost-efficient upscaling to large scale manufacturing of arbitrary and complex current collector shapes. Hence, the screen-printing process shows a promising route to realization of high performing current collectors in structural batteries and potentially in other types of energy storage solutions.
{"title":"A screen-printing method for manufacturing of current collectors for structural batteries","authors":"Wilhelm Johannisson, D. Carlstedt, Awista Nasiri, Christina Buggisch, P. Linde, D. Zenkert, L. Asp, G. Lindbergh, B. Fiedler","doi":"10.1088/2399-7532/ac2046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2399-7532/ac2046","url":null,"abstract":"Structural carbon fibre composite batteries are a type of multifunctional batteries that combine the energy storage capability of a battery with the load-carrying ability of a structural material. To extract the current from the structural battery cell, current collectors are needed. However, current collectors are expensive, hard to connect to the electrode material and add mass to the system. Further, attaching the current collector to the carbon fibre electrode must not affect the electrochemical properties negatively or requires time-consuming, manual steps. This paper presents a proof-of-concept method for screen-printing of current collectors for structural carbon fibre composite batteries using silver conductive paste. Current collectors are screen-printed directly on spread carbon fibre tows and a polycarbonate carrier film. Experimental results show that the electrochemical performance of carbon fibre vs lithium metal half-cells with the screen-printed collectors is similar to reference half-cells using metal foil and silver adhered metal-foil collectors. The screen-printed current collectors fulfil the requirements for electrical conductivity, adhesion to the fibres and flexible handling of the fibre electrode. The screen-printing process is highly automatable and allows for cost-efficient upscaling to large scale manufacturing of arbitrary and complex current collector shapes. Hence, the screen-printing process shows a promising route to realization of high performing current collectors in structural batteries and potentially in other types of energy storage solutions.","PeriodicalId":18949,"journal":{"name":"Multifunctional Materials","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61174461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Magnetically responsive soft materials are soft composites where magnetic fillers are embedded into soft polymeric matrices. These active materials have attracted extensive research and industrial interest due to their ability to realize fast and programmable shape changes through remote and untethered control under the application of magnetic fields. They would have many high-impact potential applications in soft robotics/devices, metamaterials, and biomedical devices. With a broad range of functional magnetic fillers, polymeric matrices, and advanced fabrication techniques, the material properties can be programmed for integrated functions, including programmable shape morphing, dynamic shape deformation-based locomotion, object manipulation and assembly, remote heat generation, as well as reconfigurable electronics. In this review, an overview of state-of-the-art developments and future perspectives in the multifunctional magnetically responsive soft materials is presented.
{"title":"Multifunctional magnetic soft composites: a review.","authors":"Shuai Wu, Wenqi Hu, Qiji Ze, Metin Sitti, Ruike Zhao","doi":"10.1088/2399-7532/abcb0c","DOIUrl":"10.1088/2399-7532/abcb0c","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Magnetically responsive soft materials are soft composites where magnetic fillers are embedded into soft polymeric matrices. These active materials have attracted extensive research and industrial interest due to their ability to realize fast and programmable shape changes through remote and untethered control under the application of magnetic fields. They would have many high-impact potential applications in soft robotics/devices, metamaterials, and biomedical devices. With a broad range of functional magnetic fillers, polymeric matrices, and advanced fabrication techniques, the material properties can be programmed for integrated functions, including programmable shape morphing, dynamic shape deformation-based locomotion, object manipulation and assembly, remote heat generation, as well as reconfigurable electronics. In this review, an overview of state-of-the-art developments and future perspectives in the multifunctional magnetically responsive soft materials is presented.</p>","PeriodicalId":18949,"journal":{"name":"Multifunctional Materials","volume":"3 4","pages":"042003"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7610551/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25574818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-01DOI: 10.1088/2399-7532/abc735
R. Bernasconi, N. Favara, N. Fouladvari, M. Invernizzi, M. Levi, S. Pané, L. Magagnin
The integration of drug releasing polymeric layers on remotely navigable microcarriers is one of the most promising therapeutic strategies for a wide variety of diseases. Thanks to this approach, administration can be precisely targeted to a specific organ, limiting thus side effects and drug waste. In this context, the present work describes the fabrication of 3D printed and wet metallized microdevices intended for targeted drug delivery. Microtransporters are stereolithography printed and coated with a sequence of materials to impart them specific functionalities, like magnetizability and chemical inertness. Polypyrrole (PPy), in both bulk and nanostructured (NA) form, is electrodeposited as top layer to introduce drug delivery properties. Fabricated microdevices are characterized from the morphological and functional point of view. In particular, remote magnetic control and drug release behavior are investigated. Results obtained show a high magnetic maneuverability and good drug loading capability, which is further improved by nanostructuring the PPy layer applied on the surface of the microdevices. A possible application for the magnetically steered carriers described in the present work is localized drug administration for the therapy of many diseases typical of the gastrointestinal tract (e.g. Chron’s disease).
{"title":"Nanostructured polypyrrole layers implementation on magnetically navigable 3D printed microdevices for targeted gastrointestinal drug delivery","authors":"R. Bernasconi, N. Favara, N. Fouladvari, M. Invernizzi, M. Levi, S. Pané, L. Magagnin","doi":"10.1088/2399-7532/abc735","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2399-7532/abc735","url":null,"abstract":"The integration of drug releasing polymeric layers on remotely navigable microcarriers is one of the most promising therapeutic strategies for a wide variety of diseases. Thanks to this approach, administration can be precisely targeted to a specific organ, limiting thus side effects and drug waste. In this context, the present work describes the fabrication of 3D printed and wet metallized microdevices intended for targeted drug delivery. Microtransporters are stereolithography printed and coated with a sequence of materials to impart them specific functionalities, like magnetizability and chemical inertness. Polypyrrole (PPy), in both bulk and nanostructured (NA) form, is electrodeposited as top layer to introduce drug delivery properties. Fabricated microdevices are characterized from the morphological and functional point of view. In particular, remote magnetic control and drug release behavior are investigated. Results obtained show a high magnetic maneuverability and good drug loading capability, which is further improved by nanostructuring the PPy layer applied on the surface of the microdevices. A possible application for the magnetically steered carriers described in the present work is localized drug administration for the therapy of many diseases typical of the gastrointestinal tract (e.g. Chron’s disease).","PeriodicalId":18949,"journal":{"name":"Multifunctional Materials","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46110904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-01DOI: 10.1088/2399-7532/abcbe1
Bang'an Peng, Yunchong Yang, Kevin A. Cavicchi
Four-dimensional (4D) printing is an emerging technology that integrates 3D printing and stimuli-responsive materials to fabricate reconfigurable 3D structures. Broadly speaking, the printed structures possess the ability to evolve their shape, properties, and/or function over time in response to an external stimulus. Compared to common 4D printing, sequential shapeshifting 4D printing not only defines the initial and final shapes, but also controls the shape evolution rate and pathway, serving as a powerful tool for reaching complex target geometries. After a brief introduction of the basic concepts in 4D printing and sequential shapeshifting, this review presents the current advances in sequential shapeshifting 4D printing from the viewpoint of their working approaches and is divided in five categories including multi-material assembly, multi-shape material, geometrical design, localized stimulus, and combinations of these approaches. A variety of 3D printing techniques and smart materials have been utilized to achieve sequential shapeshifting and its applications, which are reviewed in detail. Finally, the potentials and the future directions for improvement are discussed.
{"title":"Sequential shapeshifting 4D printing: programming the pathway of multi-shape transformation by 3D printing stimuli-responsive polymers","authors":"Bang'an Peng, Yunchong Yang, Kevin A. Cavicchi","doi":"10.1088/2399-7532/abcbe1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2399-7532/abcbe1","url":null,"abstract":"Four-dimensional (4D) printing is an emerging technology that integrates 3D printing and stimuli-responsive materials to fabricate reconfigurable 3D structures. Broadly speaking, the printed structures possess the ability to evolve their shape, properties, and/or function over time in response to an external stimulus. Compared to common 4D printing, sequential shapeshifting 4D printing not only defines the initial and final shapes, but also controls the shape evolution rate and pathway, serving as a powerful tool for reaching complex target geometries. After a brief introduction of the basic concepts in 4D printing and sequential shapeshifting, this review presents the current advances in sequential shapeshifting 4D printing from the viewpoint of their working approaches and is divided in five categories including multi-material assembly, multi-shape material, geometrical design, localized stimulus, and combinations of these approaches. A variety of 3D printing techniques and smart materials have been utilized to achieve sequential shapeshifting and its applications, which are reviewed in detail. Finally, the potentials and the future directions for improvement are discussed.","PeriodicalId":18949,"journal":{"name":"Multifunctional Materials","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43553051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-24DOI: 10.1088/2399-7532/abc60d
D. Carlstedt, K. Runesson, F. Larsson, Johanna Xu, L. Asp
Structural batteries are multifunctional composites that combine load-bearing capacity with electro-chemical energy storage capability. The laminated architecture is considered in this paper, whereby restriction is made to a so called half-cell in order to focus on the main characteristics and provide a computational tool for future parameter studies. A thermodynamically consistent modelling approach is exploited for the relevant electro-chemo-mechanical system. We consider effects of lithium insertion in the carbon fibres, leading to insertion strains, while assuming transverse isotropy. Further, stress-assisted ionic transport is accounted for in addition to standard diffusion and migration. The relevant space-variational problems that result from time discretisation are established and evaluated in some detail. The proposed model framework is applied to a generic/idealized material representation to demonstrate its functionality and the importance of accounting for the electro-chemo-mechanical coupling effects. As a proof of concept, the numerical studies reveal that it is vital to account for two-way coupling in order to predict the multifunctional (i.e. combined electro-chemo-mechanical) performance of structural batteries.
{"title":"Electro-chemo-mechanically coupled computational modelling of structural batteries","authors":"D. Carlstedt, K. Runesson, F. Larsson, Johanna Xu, L. Asp","doi":"10.1088/2399-7532/abc60d","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2399-7532/abc60d","url":null,"abstract":"Structural batteries are multifunctional composites that combine load-bearing capacity with electro-chemical energy storage capability. The laminated architecture is considered in this paper, whereby restriction is made to a so called half-cell in order to focus on the main characteristics and provide a computational tool for future parameter studies. A thermodynamically consistent modelling approach is exploited for the relevant electro-chemo-mechanical system. We consider effects of lithium insertion in the carbon fibres, leading to insertion strains, while assuming transverse isotropy. Further, stress-assisted ionic transport is accounted for in addition to standard diffusion and migration. The relevant space-variational problems that result from time discretisation are established and evaluated in some detail. The proposed model framework is applied to a generic/idealized material representation to demonstrate its functionality and the importance of accounting for the electro-chemo-mechanical coupling effects. As a proof of concept, the numerical studies reveal that it is vital to account for two-way coupling in order to predict the multifunctional (i.e. combined electro-chemo-mechanical) performance of structural batteries.","PeriodicalId":18949,"journal":{"name":"Multifunctional Materials","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43833670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-24DOI: 10.1088/2399-7532/abc60c
G. Fredi, A. Dorigato, L. Fambri, A. Pegoretti
This review introduces the concept of thermal energy storage (TES) and phase change materials (PCMs), with a special focus on organic solid-liquid PCMs, their confinement methods and their thermal management (TM) applications al low-medium temperatures (0 °C–100 °C). It then investigates the approach of embedding TES and TM functionalities in structural materials, through the development of multifunctional polymer composites that could find applications where weight saving and temperature management are equally important. The concept of structural TES composite is presented through the description of three case studies about thermoplastic structural or semi-structural composites containing a paraffinic PCM: (i) a polyamide/glass laminate containing a microencapsulated or shape-stabilized paraffin; (ii) a polyamide-based composite reinforced with discontinuous carbon fibers and containing paraffin microcapsules, and (iii) a carbon fiber laminate with a reactive thermoplastic acrylic matrix and a microencapsulated paraffin.
{"title":"Multifunctional structural composites for thermal energy storage","authors":"G. Fredi, A. Dorigato, L. Fambri, A. Pegoretti","doi":"10.1088/2399-7532/abc60c","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2399-7532/abc60c","url":null,"abstract":"This review introduces the concept of thermal energy storage (TES) and phase change materials (PCMs), with a special focus on organic solid-liquid PCMs, their confinement methods and their thermal management (TM) applications al low-medium temperatures (0 °C–100 °C). It then investigates the approach of embedding TES and TM functionalities in structural materials, through the development of multifunctional polymer composites that could find applications where weight saving and temperature management are equally important. The concept of structural TES composite is presented through the description of three case studies about thermoplastic structural or semi-structural composites containing a paraffinic PCM: (i) a polyamide/glass laminate containing a microencapsulated or shape-stabilized paraffin; (ii) a polyamide-based composite reinforced with discontinuous carbon fibers and containing paraffin microcapsules, and (iii) a carbon fiber laminate with a reactive thermoplastic acrylic matrix and a microencapsulated paraffin.","PeriodicalId":18949,"journal":{"name":"Multifunctional Materials","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43376984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-24DOI: 10.1088/2399-7532/abcd87
T. Zhou, Emma Dickinson, J. Boyd, J. Lutkenhaus, D. Lagoudas
A new energy-based multifunctional efficiency (MFE) metric is developed using micromechanics solutions for structural supercapacitors consisting of composite electrodes that can store electrical energy and sustain mechanical loads. MFE metrics quantify the volume and/or mass savings when structural and functional materials are replaced by multifunctional materials and evaluate the trade-off between different functionalities. Commonly used multifunctionality metrics for structural supercapacitors are based on the rule of mixtures for both mechanical and electrical performance. These metrics provide an adequate approximation for some electrode geometries and loading conditions, such as longitudinal direction for aligned fibers in multifunctional composite electrodes and in-plane directions for laminate composite electrodes. However, if supercapacitors with complex microstructure or multiple electrode materials encompass more complex geometries or orientations of the structural and functional phases, a more comprehensive method is required to accurately capture the MFE. The MFE proposed herein can account for complex geometries and different mechanical loading conditions by using micromechanics methods. The shapes considered here include layered composite supercapacitors, fibrous films and any shape that can be derived from an ellipsoid. When calculated utilizing the proposed metric, the MFE varies by orders of magnitude due to the difference in shapes and applied mechanical fields to the supercapacitors, while existing metrics provide a constant upper bound. The influence of Young’s modulus difference between multifunctional electrodes and solid electrolytes is also discussed.
{"title":"Multifunctional efficiency metric for structural supercapacitors","authors":"T. Zhou, Emma Dickinson, J. Boyd, J. Lutkenhaus, D. Lagoudas","doi":"10.1088/2399-7532/abcd87","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2399-7532/abcd87","url":null,"abstract":"A new energy-based multifunctional efficiency (MFE) metric is developed using micromechanics solutions for structural supercapacitors consisting of composite electrodes that can store electrical energy and sustain mechanical loads. MFE metrics quantify the volume and/or mass savings when structural and functional materials are replaced by multifunctional materials and evaluate the trade-off between different functionalities. Commonly used multifunctionality metrics for structural supercapacitors are based on the rule of mixtures for both mechanical and electrical performance. These metrics provide an adequate approximation for some electrode geometries and loading conditions, such as longitudinal direction for aligned fibers in multifunctional composite electrodes and in-plane directions for laminate composite electrodes. However, if supercapacitors with complex microstructure or multiple electrode materials encompass more complex geometries or orientations of the structural and functional phases, a more comprehensive method is required to accurately capture the MFE. The MFE proposed herein can account for complex geometries and different mechanical loading conditions by using micromechanics methods. The shapes considered here include layered composite supercapacitors, fibrous films and any shape that can be derived from an ellipsoid. When calculated utilizing the proposed metric, the MFE varies by orders of magnitude due to the difference in shapes and applied mechanical fields to the supercapacitors, while existing metrics provide a constant upper bound. The influence of Young’s modulus difference between multifunctional electrodes and solid electrolytes is also discussed.","PeriodicalId":18949,"journal":{"name":"Multifunctional Materials","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46288395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-12DOI: 10.1088/2399-7532/abbc66
A B M Tahidul Haque, Ravi Tutika, Meng Gao, Ángel Martínez, J. Mills, J. Clément, Junfeng Gao, M. Tabrizi, M. Shankar, Q. Pei, Michael D. Bartlett
Wearable electronics, conformable sensors, and soft/micro-robotics require conductive yet stretchable thin films. However, traditional free standing metallic thin films are often brittle, inextensible, and must be processed in strict environments. This limits implementation into soft technologies where high electrical conductivity must be achieved while maintaining high compliance and conformability. Here we show a liquid metal elastomeric thin film (LET) composite with elastomer-like compliance (modulus < 500 kPa) and stretchability (>700%) with metallic conductivity (sheet resistance < 0.1 Ω/□). These 30–70 µm thin films are highly conformable, free standing, and display a unique Janus microstructure, where a fully conductive activated side is accompanied with an opposite insulated face. LETs display exceptional electro-mechanical characteristics, with a highly linear strain-resistance relationship beyond 700% deformation while maintaining a low resistance. We demonstrate the multifunctionality of LETs for soft technologies by leveraging the unique combination of high compliance and electrical conductivity with transfer capabilities for strain sensing on soft materials, as compliant electrodes in a dielectric elastomeric actuator, and as resistive heaters for a liquid crystal elastomer.
{"title":"Conductive liquid metal elastomer thin films with multifunctional electro-mechanical properties","authors":"A B M Tahidul Haque, Ravi Tutika, Meng Gao, Ángel Martínez, J. Mills, J. Clément, Junfeng Gao, M. Tabrizi, M. Shankar, Q. Pei, Michael D. Bartlett","doi":"10.1088/2399-7532/abbc66","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2399-7532/abbc66","url":null,"abstract":"Wearable electronics, conformable sensors, and soft/micro-robotics require conductive yet stretchable thin films. However, traditional free standing metallic thin films are often brittle, inextensible, and must be processed in strict environments. This limits implementation into soft technologies where high electrical conductivity must be achieved while maintaining high compliance and conformability. Here we show a liquid metal elastomeric thin film (LET) composite with elastomer-like compliance (modulus < 500 kPa) and stretchability (>700%) with metallic conductivity (sheet resistance < 0.1 Ω/□). These 30–70 µm thin films are highly conformable, free standing, and display a unique Janus microstructure, where a fully conductive activated side is accompanied with an opposite insulated face. LETs display exceptional electro-mechanical characteristics, with a highly linear strain-resistance relationship beyond 700% deformation while maintaining a low resistance. We demonstrate the multifunctionality of LETs for soft technologies by leveraging the unique combination of high compliance and electrical conductivity with transfer capabilities for strain sensing on soft materials, as compliant electrodes in a dielectric elastomeric actuator, and as resistive heaters for a liquid crystal elastomer.","PeriodicalId":18949,"journal":{"name":"Multifunctional Materials","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46619126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-15DOI: 10.1088/2399-7532/abbdc1
Xiao Kuang, Quanyi Mu, D. J. Roach, H. Qi
Shape morphing materials have been extensively studied to control the formation of sophisticated three-dimensional (3D) structures and devices for a broad range of applications. Various methods, including the buckling of pre-strained bilayer composites, stimuli-responsive shape-shifting of shape memory polymers, and hydrogels, have been previously employed to transform 2D sheets to 3D structures and devices. However, the residual stress locked in these shape-shifting structures will drive them to gradually revert to their original layouts upon the removal of external stimuli or constrains. Here, we report a multistimuli-responsive vitrimer (m-vitrimer) bearing thermal- and photo-reversible disulfide bonds as shape programmable and healable materials for functional 3D devices. The mechanical properties and thermomechanical properties of vitrimer were tuned by altering the disulfide content and catalyst loading. Heat and light exposure induces effective stress relaxation and network rearrangement, enabling material shape programming and healing. We demonstrate that printed flexible smart electronics are fabricated using the m-vitrimer as a matrix and printed conductive silver nanoparticles as conductive wire. The printed electronics possess good electro-mechanical properties, strong interfacial bonding, and thermal- and photo-responsive shape programming. Moreover, the m-vitrimer can be healed upon damage by heat and light, which partially restores silver conductivity and protect the electronics from further damage. The converging of multi-stimuli-responsive polymers and printed electronics for functional 3D devices have the potential of finding broad applications in smart and morphing electronics, biomedical devices, and 4D printing.
{"title":"Shape-programmable and healable materials and devices using thermo- and photo-responsive vitrimer","authors":"Xiao Kuang, Quanyi Mu, D. J. Roach, H. Qi","doi":"10.1088/2399-7532/abbdc1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2399-7532/abbdc1","url":null,"abstract":"Shape morphing materials have been extensively studied to control the formation of sophisticated three-dimensional (3D) structures and devices for a broad range of applications. Various methods, including the buckling of pre-strained bilayer composites, stimuli-responsive shape-shifting of shape memory polymers, and hydrogels, have been previously employed to transform 2D sheets to 3D structures and devices. However, the residual stress locked in these shape-shifting structures will drive them to gradually revert to their original layouts upon the removal of external stimuli or constrains. Here, we report a multistimuli-responsive vitrimer (m-vitrimer) bearing thermal- and photo-reversible disulfide bonds as shape programmable and healable materials for functional 3D devices. The mechanical properties and thermomechanical properties of vitrimer were tuned by altering the disulfide content and catalyst loading. Heat and light exposure induces effective stress relaxation and network rearrangement, enabling material shape programming and healing. We demonstrate that printed flexible smart electronics are fabricated using the m-vitrimer as a matrix and printed conductive silver nanoparticles as conductive wire. The printed electronics possess good electro-mechanical properties, strong interfacial bonding, and thermal- and photo-responsive shape programming. Moreover, the m-vitrimer can be healed upon damage by heat and light, which partially restores silver conductivity and protect the electronics from further damage. The converging of multi-stimuli-responsive polymers and printed electronics for functional 3D devices have the potential of finding broad applications in smart and morphing electronics, biomedical devices, and 4D printing.","PeriodicalId":18949,"journal":{"name":"Multifunctional Materials","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48824455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-18DOI: 10.1088/2399-7532/aba6e3
L. Ferrari, K. Keller, Bernhard Burtscher, F. Greco
In the growing field of conformable electronics, tattoo technology has emerged from among the various approaches so farHere, temporary tattoo paper is adopted as unconventional substrate to build up transferable body compliant devices, which establishes a stable and long-lasting interface with the skin. Tattoo-based devices have shown their capabilities in multiple fields, with the main application in human health biomonitoring. Such an approach is advancing to become state-of-the-art, overcoming some limits of existing technologies, as in the case of skin-contact electrodes and sweat analysis. Temporary tattoo has also been adopted in other fields, such asorganic electronics, the development of organic solar cells, and transferable edible transistors. Multiple and complementary fabrication approaches on temporary tattoos have been demonstrated, spanning from traditional vacuum-based deposition methods to various printing technologies. In this review, together with reporting and discussing the main fabrication methods and applications of tattoo technology, we describe the main features of the tattoo substrate. New insights into its material composition and properties are given, discussing the pros and cons in comparison to other approaches adopted in conformable electronics. Together with providing a comprehensive and up to date review of advancements in tattoo technology, this review aims to contribute in a better understanding of the capabilities offered by such a low cost and versatile substrate. This can help in opening up new research for emerging applications, like in the relevant field of sustainable electronics.
{"title":"Temporary tattoo as unconventional substrate for conformable and transferable electronics on skin and beyond","authors":"L. Ferrari, K. Keller, Bernhard Burtscher, F. Greco","doi":"10.1088/2399-7532/aba6e3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2399-7532/aba6e3","url":null,"abstract":"In the growing field of conformable electronics, tattoo technology has emerged from among the various approaches so farHere, temporary tattoo paper is adopted as unconventional substrate to build up transferable body compliant devices, which establishes a stable and long-lasting interface with the skin. Tattoo-based devices have shown their capabilities in multiple fields, with the main application in human health biomonitoring. Such an approach is advancing to become state-of-the-art, overcoming some limits of existing technologies, as in the case of skin-contact electrodes and sweat analysis. Temporary tattoo has also been adopted in other fields, such asorganic electronics, the development of organic solar cells, and transferable edible transistors. Multiple and complementary fabrication approaches on temporary tattoos have been demonstrated, spanning from traditional vacuum-based deposition methods to various printing technologies. In this review, together with reporting and discussing the main fabrication methods and applications of tattoo technology, we describe the main features of the tattoo substrate. New insights into its material composition and properties are given, discussing the pros and cons in comparison to other approaches adopted in conformable electronics. Together with providing a comprehensive and up to date review of advancements in tattoo technology, this review aims to contribute in a better understanding of the capabilities offered by such a low cost and versatile substrate. This can help in opening up new research for emerging applications, like in the relevant field of sustainable electronics.","PeriodicalId":18949,"journal":{"name":"Multifunctional Materials","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1088/2399-7532/aba6e3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48633692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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