Pub Date : 2019-12-31DOI: 10.1088/2399-7532/ab5242
R. Lincoln, F. Scarpa, V. Ting, R. Trask
Multifunctional composites offer the ability to increase the efficiency, autonomy and lifespan of a structure by performing functions that would have been considered by designers as mutually exclusive. In the present perspective paper, a subclass of multifunctional composites is considered: metamaterials. In this perspective, a multifunctional composite is defined as ‘made of two or more materials that perform two or more functions in a manner that is constructive to the overall purpose of the structure’ where there is no differentiation between structural or non-structural functions. Equally, we define metamaterials are a class of man-made structures that display properties that are opposite to those typically found in nature. These ‘engineered’ architected materials continue to revisit and extend the boundaries of traditional materials science, opening up a wealth of new opportunities impacting on all aspects of human life. In our work, multifunctional metamaterials are delineated: electrodynamic, acoustic and mechanical. We review the current progress in these types of multifunctional metamaterials in terms of their bandwidth, fabrication techniques and applicability; noting that lattice structures offer considerable potential across all three functionalities. It culminates in the discussion of three key challenges which are seen by the authors as critical in the development of the next generation of lattice-type multifunctional metamaterials; namely, bandwidth, fabrication technique and proof of applicability. Success by the scientific community in these areas will lead to 3D multi-scale and multimedia lattice frameworks capable of influencing all three types of waves instantly; such a system would be a major technological breakthrough and will redefine our concept and understanding of multifunctional metamaterials in the next 10–20 years.
{"title":"Multifunctional composites: a metamaterial perspective","authors":"R. Lincoln, F. Scarpa, V. Ting, R. Trask","doi":"10.1088/2399-7532/ab5242","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2399-7532/ab5242","url":null,"abstract":"Multifunctional composites offer the ability to increase the efficiency, autonomy and lifespan of a structure by performing functions that would have been considered by designers as mutually exclusive. In the present perspective paper, a subclass of multifunctional composites is considered: metamaterials. In this perspective, a multifunctional composite is defined as ‘made of two or more materials that perform two or more functions in a manner that is constructive to the overall purpose of the structure’ where there is no differentiation between structural or non-structural functions. Equally, we define metamaterials are a class of man-made structures that display properties that are opposite to those typically found in nature. These ‘engineered’ architected materials continue to revisit and extend the boundaries of traditional materials science, opening up a wealth of new opportunities impacting on all aspects of human life. In our work, multifunctional metamaterials are delineated: electrodynamic, acoustic and mechanical. We review the current progress in these types of multifunctional metamaterials in terms of their bandwidth, fabrication techniques and applicability; noting that lattice structures offer considerable potential across all three functionalities. It culminates in the discussion of three key challenges which are seen by the authors as critical in the development of the next generation of lattice-type multifunctional metamaterials; namely, bandwidth, fabrication technique and proof of applicability. Success by the scientific community in these areas will lead to 3D multi-scale and multimedia lattice frameworks capable of influencing all three types of waves instantly; such a system would be a major technological breakthrough and will redefine our concept and understanding of multifunctional metamaterials in the next 10–20 years.","PeriodicalId":18949,"journal":{"name":"Multifunctional Materials","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1088/2399-7532/ab5242","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44068804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-11-13DOI: 10.1088/2399-7532/ab47ed
Chanhui Lee, E. Greenhalgh, M. Shaffer, A. Panesar
Multifunctional structural materials offer compelling opportunities to realize highly efficient products. However, the need to fulfil disparate functions generates intrinsically conflicting physical property demands. One attractive strategy is to form a bi-continuous architecture of two disparate phases, each addressing a distinct physical property. For example, structural polymer electrolytes combine rigid and ion-conducting phases to deliver the required mechanical and electrochemical performance. Here, we present a general methodology, based on topology optimization, to identify optimal microstructures for particular design considerations. The numerical predictions have been successfully validated by experiments using 3D printed specimens. These architectures are directly relevant to multifunctional structural composites whilst the methodology can easily be extended to identify optimal microstructural designs for other multifunctional material embodiments.
{"title":"Optimized microstructures for multifunctional structural electrolytes","authors":"Chanhui Lee, E. Greenhalgh, M. Shaffer, A. Panesar","doi":"10.1088/2399-7532/ab47ed","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2399-7532/ab47ed","url":null,"abstract":"Multifunctional structural materials offer compelling opportunities to realize highly efficient products. However, the need to fulfil disparate functions generates intrinsically conflicting physical property demands. One attractive strategy is to form a bi-continuous architecture of two disparate phases, each addressing a distinct physical property. For example, structural polymer electrolytes combine rigid and ion-conducting phases to deliver the required mechanical and electrochemical performance. Here, we present a general methodology, based on topology optimization, to identify optimal microstructures for particular design considerations. The numerical predictions have been successfully validated by experiments using 3D printed specimens. These architectures are directly relevant to multifunctional structural composites whilst the methodology can easily be extended to identify optimal microstructural designs for other multifunctional material embodiments.","PeriodicalId":18949,"journal":{"name":"Multifunctional Materials","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1088/2399-7532/ab47ed","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43865672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-11-12DOI: 10.1088/2399-7532/ab56a2
Vincent Woehling, G. Nguyen, C. Plesse, Yael Petel, Y. Dobashi, J. Madden, C. Michal, F. Vidal
Electronic conducting polymers (ECP) have been widely studied in a tri-layer configuration as soft, bending actuators. These electroactive materials have also been reported to behave as mechanical strain sensors able to convert mechanical stimulation into electrical signals. This sensing behavior is attributed to the so-called piezoionic effect and is observed and reported in most ionic electroactive polymers (EAPs). However, ambiguities remain on the origin of this effect, being attributed either to stress gradient induced ion motion or to Donnan potentials arising at the ECP/electrolyte interface. In this work, the sensor mechanism of trilayer ECP actuators is studied and discussed as a function of different physical and chemical parameters thanks to the versatile synthesis of conducting interpenetrating polymer networks. Results demonstrate that the main mechanism relies on stress gradient, as in other ionic EAPs, instead of Donnan potential. Moreover, a deep investigation of the electrolyte nature and its concentration is performed. Mobile ions deduced from actuation experiments are correlated with the sign of voltage output during sensing experiments. An interesting inversion point is demonstrated at a concentration of 2.5 M of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethyl-sulfonyl)imide in propylene carbonate where simultaneous charge compensation (no sensing) and volume compensation (no actuation) occur for mobile cations and anions, while electrochemical behavior remains unchanged.
{"title":"Study of the piezoionic effect and influence of electrolyte in conducting polymer based soft strain sensors","authors":"Vincent Woehling, G. Nguyen, C. Plesse, Yael Petel, Y. Dobashi, J. Madden, C. Michal, F. Vidal","doi":"10.1088/2399-7532/ab56a2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2399-7532/ab56a2","url":null,"abstract":"Electronic conducting polymers (ECP) have been widely studied in a tri-layer configuration as soft, bending actuators. These electroactive materials have also been reported to behave as mechanical strain sensors able to convert mechanical stimulation into electrical signals. This sensing behavior is attributed to the so-called piezoionic effect and is observed and reported in most ionic electroactive polymers (EAPs). However, ambiguities remain on the origin of this effect, being attributed either to stress gradient induced ion motion or to Donnan potentials arising at the ECP/electrolyte interface. In this work, the sensor mechanism of trilayer ECP actuators is studied and discussed as a function of different physical and chemical parameters thanks to the versatile synthesis of conducting interpenetrating polymer networks. Results demonstrate that the main mechanism relies on stress gradient, as in other ionic EAPs, instead of Donnan potential. Moreover, a deep investigation of the electrolyte nature and its concentration is performed. Mobile ions deduced from actuation experiments are correlated with the sign of voltage output during sensing experiments. An interesting inversion point is demonstrated at a concentration of 2.5 M of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethyl-sulfonyl)imide in propylene carbonate where simultaneous charge compensation (no sensing) and volume compensation (no actuation) occur for mobile cations and anions, while electrochemical behavior remains unchanged.","PeriodicalId":18949,"journal":{"name":"Multifunctional Materials","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1088/2399-7532/ab56a2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44341029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-16DOI: 10.1088/2399-7532/ab47f1
Lei Zhao, Ying Yang, Yimin Hu, Cheng Li, Yanxiao Wu, Ming Ren, Wei Chen
Flexible micro-catheter for minimally invasive medical diagnosis and therapy is highly desirable, but still a challenge. Here, an active interventional micro-catheter based on square tubular conducting polymer actuator is developed. This actuator is composed of two conducting polymer composite electrodes and a square tubular gel polymer electrolyte layer between the electrodes layer. To fabricate the square tubular gel polymer electrolyte layer, a simple, solution-based, gradual phase inversion technique was used. A high ionic conductivity and low tensile modulus Poly(vinylidenefluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP) square tube that could act as the actuator body and electrolyte layer to allow the actuator operate without the need of external ions was fabricated. Also, since the electrodes are supposed to be largely deformed under low voltage, which has great significance for the safe application of the catheter for the human body, conducting polymers with good electrical and mechanical properties are great choice for the catheter. Therefore, we developed a PEDOT:PSS/carboxylic SWCNT (SWCNT-COOH)/ionic liquid (IL) composite electrode film. With the addition of SWCNT-COOH and IL, the conductivity reached more than ten times higher than that of pristine PEDOT:PSS and the specific capacitance was three times higher than that of PEDOT:PSS film. Additionally, the stretchability and flexibility of the electrode film were highly enhanced because of the doping of IL. Due to the high electrical conductivity of composite electrode and low tensile modulus of actuator body, the obtained square tubular actuator can bend in two dimensions under a low voltage (∼1 V) in open air. A simulated vessel model was constructed and the square tubular actuator succeeded in real-time active bending and guiding, which will have broad application prospects in the interventional medicine field.
{"title":"A square tubular conducting polymer actuator for smart catheter application","authors":"Lei Zhao, Ying Yang, Yimin Hu, Cheng Li, Yanxiao Wu, Ming Ren, Wei Chen","doi":"10.1088/2399-7532/ab47f1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2399-7532/ab47f1","url":null,"abstract":"Flexible micro-catheter for minimally invasive medical diagnosis and therapy is highly desirable, but still a challenge. Here, an active interventional micro-catheter based on square tubular conducting polymer actuator is developed. This actuator is composed of two conducting polymer composite electrodes and a square tubular gel polymer electrolyte layer between the electrodes layer. To fabricate the square tubular gel polymer electrolyte layer, a simple, solution-based, gradual phase inversion technique was used. A high ionic conductivity and low tensile modulus Poly(vinylidenefluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP) square tube that could act as the actuator body and electrolyte layer to allow the actuator operate without the need of external ions was fabricated. Also, since the electrodes are supposed to be largely deformed under low voltage, which has great significance for the safe application of the catheter for the human body, conducting polymers with good electrical and mechanical properties are great choice for the catheter. Therefore, we developed a PEDOT:PSS/carboxylic SWCNT (SWCNT-COOH)/ionic liquid (IL) composite electrode film. With the addition of SWCNT-COOH and IL, the conductivity reached more than ten times higher than that of pristine PEDOT:PSS and the specific capacitance was three times higher than that of PEDOT:PSS film. Additionally, the stretchability and flexibility of the electrode film were highly enhanced because of the doping of IL. Due to the high electrical conductivity of composite electrode and low tensile modulus of actuator body, the obtained square tubular actuator can bend in two dimensions under a low voltage (∼1 V) in open air. A simulated vessel model was constructed and the square tubular actuator succeeded in real-time active bending and guiding, which will have broad application prospects in the interventional medicine field.","PeriodicalId":18949,"journal":{"name":"Multifunctional Materials","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1088/2399-7532/ab47f1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49576397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-10DOI: 10.1088/2399-7532/ab3332
Dhritiman Bhattacharya, Supriyo Bandyopadhyay, J. Atulasimha
Strain and acoustic waves provide extremely energy efficient means to control magnetization in nanoscale and microscale magnetostrictive materials and devices. This could enable a myriad of applications, such as non-volatile memory, neuromorphic computing, microfluidics, microscale and nanoscale motors, and the generation of electromagnetic waves with sub-wavelength antenna. In this review, we discuss the developments in control of magnetism at the micro and nanoscale with strain, as well as its potential applications in computing and other emerging areas.
{"title":"Review: Voltage induced strain control of magnetization: computing and other applications","authors":"Dhritiman Bhattacharya, Supriyo Bandyopadhyay, J. Atulasimha","doi":"10.1088/2399-7532/ab3332","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2399-7532/ab3332","url":null,"abstract":"Strain and acoustic waves provide extremely energy efficient means to control magnetization in nanoscale and microscale magnetostrictive materials and devices. This could enable a myriad of applications, such as non-volatile memory, neuromorphic computing, microfluidics, microscale and nanoscale motors, and the generation of electromagnetic waves with sub-wavelength antenna. In this review, we discuss the developments in control of magnetism at the micro and nanoscale with strain, as well as its potential applications in computing and other emerging areas.","PeriodicalId":18949,"journal":{"name":"Multifunctional Materials","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1088/2399-7532/ab3332","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41300900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-10DOI: 10.1088/2399-7532/ab3bdd
Wilhelm Johannisson, D. Zenkert, G. Lindbergh
Structural batteries are materials that can carry mechanical load while storing electrical energy. This is achieved by combining the properties of carbon fiber composites and lithium ion batteries. There are many design parameters for a structural battery and in order to understand their impact and importance, this paper presents a model for multifunctional performance. The mechanical behavior and electrical energy storage of the structural battery are matched to the mechanical behavior of a conventional carbon fiber composite, and the electrical energy storage of a standard lithium ion battery. The latter are both monofunctional and have known performance and mass. In order to calculate the benefit of using structural batteries, the mass of the structural battery is compared to that of the two monofunctional systems. There is often an inverse relationship between the mechanical and electrochemical properties of multifunctional materials, in order to understand these relationships a sensitivity analysis is performed on variables for the structural battery. This gives new insight into the complex multifunctional design of structural batteries. The results show that it is possible to save mass compared to monofunctional systems but that it depends strongly on the structure it is compared with. With improvements to the design of the structural battery it would be possible to achieve mass saving compared to state-of-the-art composite laminates and lithium ion batteries.
{"title":"Model of a structural battery and its potential for system level mass savings","authors":"Wilhelm Johannisson, D. Zenkert, G. Lindbergh","doi":"10.1088/2399-7532/ab3bdd","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2399-7532/ab3bdd","url":null,"abstract":"Structural batteries are materials that can carry mechanical load while storing electrical energy. This is achieved by combining the properties of carbon fiber composites and lithium ion batteries. There are many design parameters for a structural battery and in order to understand their impact and importance, this paper presents a model for multifunctional performance. The mechanical behavior and electrical energy storage of the structural battery are matched to the mechanical behavior of a conventional carbon fiber composite, and the electrical energy storage of a standard lithium ion battery. The latter are both monofunctional and have known performance and mass. In order to calculate the benefit of using structural batteries, the mass of the structural battery is compared to that of the two monofunctional systems. There is often an inverse relationship between the mechanical and electrochemical properties of multifunctional materials, in order to understand these relationships a sensitivity analysis is performed on variables for the structural battery. This gives new insight into the complex multifunctional design of structural batteries. The results show that it is possible to save mass compared to monofunctional systems but that it depends strongly on the structure it is compared with. With improvements to the design of the structural battery it would be possible to achieve mass saving compared to state-of-the-art composite laminates and lithium ion batteries.","PeriodicalId":18949,"journal":{"name":"Multifunctional Materials","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1088/2399-7532/ab3bdd","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43695427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-10DOI: 10.1088/2399-7532/ab2c35
Rocco Carcione, E. Tamburri, R. Bartali, G. Speranza, V. Micheli, G. Pepponi, P. Bellutti, M. Terranova
This paper focuses on the development of procedures able to provide multifunctional optical and electrical properties to polycrystalline diamond layers synthetized on silicon substrates. By exploiting the HF-CVD technique and the Si-Ni chemistry promoted by the presence of Ni during diamond growth, Si and Si-Ni defects acting as both color centers and free charge carriers were inserted into diamond lattice. To clarify the role played by the metal in modulating photoluminescence (PL) and charge transport, the Ni source is supplied either by drop-casting of NiCl2 solutions or by sputtering of Ni targets. A deep investigation of structure and emitting features of the produced samples is achieved by SEM, Raman spectroscopy, XPS, XRD and PL analyses, while the electrical behavior is pointed out by I-V and Hall effect measurements. The study allows for optimizing the state and amount of the Ni source able to give reliable functional features to the final materials, whereas preserving the structural integrity of the hosting diamond lattice. The collected results are evidence that the proposed synthesis approach enables the production of diamond-based systems showing a PL characterized by multiple emission lines and a significant conductivity suitable for assembling multifunctional devices working at room temperature.
{"title":"On the route to produce conductive Ni-related color centers in CVD-grown diamond","authors":"Rocco Carcione, E. Tamburri, R. Bartali, G. Speranza, V. Micheli, G. Pepponi, P. Bellutti, M. Terranova","doi":"10.1088/2399-7532/ab2c35","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2399-7532/ab2c35","url":null,"abstract":"This paper focuses on the development of procedures able to provide multifunctional optical and electrical properties to polycrystalline diamond layers synthetized on silicon substrates. By exploiting the HF-CVD technique and the Si-Ni chemistry promoted by the presence of Ni during diamond growth, Si and Si-Ni defects acting as both color centers and free charge carriers were inserted into diamond lattice. To clarify the role played by the metal in modulating photoluminescence (PL) and charge transport, the Ni source is supplied either by drop-casting of NiCl2 solutions or by sputtering of Ni targets. A deep investigation of structure and emitting features of the produced samples is achieved by SEM, Raman spectroscopy, XPS, XRD and PL analyses, while the electrical behavior is pointed out by I-V and Hall effect measurements. The study allows for optimizing the state and amount of the Ni source able to give reliable functional features to the final materials, whereas preserving the structural integrity of the hosting diamond lattice. The collected results are evidence that the proposed synthesis approach enables the production of diamond-based systems showing a PL characterized by multiple emission lines and a significant conductivity suitable for assembling multifunctional devices working at room temperature.","PeriodicalId":18949,"journal":{"name":"Multifunctional Materials","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1088/2399-7532/ab2c35","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44006306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-02DOI: 10.1088/2399-7532/ab159e
R. Pola, J. Parnica, K. Zuska, E. Böhmová, M. Filipová, M. Pechar, J. Pankrác, J. Mucksová, J. Kalina, P. Trefil, L. Šefc, D. Větvička, P. Poučková, J. Bouček, O. Janoušková, T. Etrych
A polymer probe based on N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide copolymers labelled with a fluorescent dye Dy-633 or Cy-7 and decorated with targeting oligopeptides GE-7 or GE-11, specific targeting ligands binding to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) highly expressed on surface of tumour cells, was designed, synthesised and characterised. Specific accumulation of the polymer probe in the tumour mass is a prerequisite for successful fluorescence-guided endoscopic surgery as the fluorescence signal from the malignant cells enables more precise resection of the tumour without damaging the healthy tissue. Flow cytometry and confocal microscopy was used to assess the binding efficacy of the oligopeptide conjugates to EGFR on the cell membranes of the malignant cells. The results showed that the highest binding efficacy was achieved with polymers bearing the GE-11 targeting oligopeptide in human EGFR-positive hypopharyngeal carcinoma cells (FaDu) and in breast adenocarcinoma cells (MDA-MB-231). Similarly, the polymer probes targeted by the GE-11 oligopeptidewere found in vivo as highly effective in tumour accumulation, as determined from fluorescence imaging. Indeed, the ex vivo cross-section of the tumours showed significant tumour border fluorescence proving the potential of the studied polymer probes. Moreover, the presence of the active targeting moiety on the polymer-drug conjugate should enable the use of such a conjugate as a targeted polymer system for treatment of solid tumours. Replacement of the fluorescent probe with a cytostatic drug provides a targeted polymer nanocancerostatic for advanced treatment of neoplastic diseases, thus the polymer probes have multiple functions.
{"title":"Oligopeptide-targeted polymer nanoprobes for fluorescence-guided endoscopic surgery","authors":"R. Pola, J. Parnica, K. Zuska, E. Böhmová, M. Filipová, M. Pechar, J. Pankrác, J. Mucksová, J. Kalina, P. Trefil, L. Šefc, D. Větvička, P. Poučková, J. Bouček, O. Janoušková, T. Etrych","doi":"10.1088/2399-7532/ab159e","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2399-7532/ab159e","url":null,"abstract":"A polymer probe based on N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide copolymers labelled with a fluorescent dye Dy-633 or Cy-7 and decorated with targeting oligopeptides GE-7 or GE-11, specific targeting ligands binding to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) highly expressed on surface of tumour cells, was designed, synthesised and characterised. Specific accumulation of the polymer probe in the tumour mass is a prerequisite for successful fluorescence-guided endoscopic surgery as the fluorescence signal from the malignant cells enables more precise resection of the tumour without damaging the healthy tissue. Flow cytometry and confocal microscopy was used to assess the binding efficacy of the oligopeptide conjugates to EGFR on the cell membranes of the malignant cells. The results showed that the highest binding efficacy was achieved with polymers bearing the GE-11 targeting oligopeptide in human EGFR-positive hypopharyngeal carcinoma cells (FaDu) and in breast adenocarcinoma cells (MDA-MB-231). Similarly, the polymer probes targeted by the GE-11 oligopeptidewere found in vivo as highly effective in tumour accumulation, as determined from fluorescence imaging. Indeed, the ex vivo cross-section of the tumours showed significant tumour border fluorescence proving the potential of the studied polymer probes. Moreover, the presence of the active targeting moiety on the polymer-drug conjugate should enable the use of such a conjugate as a targeted polymer system for treatment of solid tumours. Replacement of the fluorescent probe with a cytostatic drug provides a targeted polymer nanocancerostatic for advanced treatment of neoplastic diseases, thus the polymer probes have multiple functions.","PeriodicalId":18949,"journal":{"name":"Multifunctional Materials","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1088/2399-7532/ab159e","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41744282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-04DOI: 10.1088/2399-7532/ab201f
M. Geven, D. Grijpma
Bone defects of critical size are still challenging to repair and significant effort has been put into the development of composite structures fabricated by additive manufacturing (AM) as bone restoring materials. The controlled and fully interconnected porosity is one of the features that makes AM especially attractive for the reconstruction of bone defects. However, developments over the past years have yielded additional valuable findings on the optimization of additive manufactured composites for their application in bone restoration. In this review we discuss different AM techniques that can be applied for composite fabrication. We demonstrate the important parameters for composites processing and aim to illustrate how AM has facilitated the development of improved structures for bone repair.
{"title":"Additive manufacturing of composite structures for the restoration of bone tissue","authors":"M. Geven, D. Grijpma","doi":"10.1088/2399-7532/ab201f","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2399-7532/ab201f","url":null,"abstract":"Bone defects of critical size are still challenging to repair and significant effort has been put into the development of composite structures fabricated by additive manufacturing (AM) as bone restoring materials. The controlled and fully interconnected porosity is one of the features that makes AM especially attractive for the reconstruction of bone defects. However, developments over the past years have yielded additional valuable findings on the optimization of additive manufactured composites for their application in bone restoration. In this review we discuss different AM techniques that can be applied for composite fabrication. We demonstrate the important parameters for composites processing and aim to illustrate how AM has facilitated the development of improved structures for bone repair.","PeriodicalId":18949,"journal":{"name":"Multifunctional Materials","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1088/2399-7532/ab201f","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41648417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-07DOI: 10.1088/2399-7532/ab12ee
L. A. Fliervoet, C. van Nostrum, W. Hennink, T. Vermonden
For the design of new polymeric-based drug delivery systems, understanding how multiple functionalities in the polymer structure are influencing each other in particle formation is important. Therefore in this study, the balance between hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions has been investigated for thermosensitive plasmid DNA (pDNA)-loaded polyplexes. NPD triblock copolymers consisting of a thermosensitive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM, N), a hydrophilic poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG, P) and a cationic poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA, D) block with different block lengths were prepared using a hetero-functional PEG macroinitiator. Cloud points of the thermosensitive polymers in HBS buffer (20 mM HEPES, 150 mM NaCl, pH 7.4) were determined by light scattering and ranged between 33 °C and 34 °C for the different polymers. The binding and condensation properties of these thermosensitive polymers and pDNA were studied taking non-thermosensitive PD polymers as controls. The size, surface charge, and stability of the formed colloidal particles (‘polyplexes’) were studied as a function of polymer block lengths, N/P charge ratio, and temperature. The NPD polymers were able to self-assemble into polyplex nanostructures with hydrodynamic sizes ranging between 150 and 205 nm at room temperature in HBS buffer as determined by dynamic light scattering. Polyplexes prepared with a low N/P charge ratio of 1 aggregated upon heating to 37 °C, which was not observed at higher N/P charge ratios. When the length of the cationic D block was relatively long compared to the thermosensitive N block, stable polyplexes were formed at all N/P ratios and elevated temperatures. 1H-NMR studies, static light scattering and ζ-potential measurements further supported the stability of these polyplexes at 37 °C. Finally, the presence of thermosensitive blocks in NPD-based polyplexes resulted in better cytocompatibility compared to PD-based polyplexes with similar efficiencies of delivering its cargo into HeLa cells.
对于设计新的基于聚合物的药物传递系统，了解聚合物结构中的多种功能如何在颗粒形成中相互影响是很重要的。因此，在本研究中，研究了热敏质粒DNA (pDNA)负载多聚体的疏水和静电相互作用之间的平衡。以异丙基聚乙二醇(PEG)为高分子引发剂，制备了由不同嵌段长度的热敏性聚(N-异丙基丙烯酰胺)(PNIPAM, N)、亲水性聚(乙二醇)(PEG, P)和阳离子性聚(2-(二甲氨基)甲基丙烯酸乙酯)(PDMAEMA, D)嵌段组成的NPD三嵌段共聚物。采用光散射法测定了热敏聚合物在HBS缓冲液(20 mM HEPES, 150 mM NaCl, pH 7.4)中的云点，不同聚合物的云点范围为33 ~ 34℃。以非热敏性PD聚合物为对照，研究了这些热敏性聚合物与pDNA的结合和缩合性能。研究了聚合物嵌段长度、N/P电荷比和温度对形成的胶体颗粒(“多聚物”)的大小、表面电荷和稳定性的影响。通过动态光散射测定，NPD聚合物能够在室温下在HBS缓冲液中自组装成多元纳米结构，其流体动力学尺寸在150至205 nm之间。当N/P电荷比为1时，制备的复合物在加热至37°C时聚集，而在较高的N/P电荷比下没有观察到这种现象。当阳离子D嵌段长度相对于热敏N嵌段较长时，在所有N/P比和高温下均能形成稳定的多聚物。1H-NMR研究、静态光散射和ζ电位测量进一步支持了这些多聚物在37°C下的稳定性。最后，与PD-based polyplexes相比，NPD-based polyplexes中热敏块的存在导致了更好的细胞相容性，其将货物运送到HeLa细胞的效率与PD-based polyplexes相似。
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