Multifunctional Materials最新文献

英文中文

Nonlinear one-dimensional constitutive model for magnetostrictive materials 磁致伸缩材料的非线性一维本构模型

Q1 Materials Science

Multifunctional Materials

Pub Date : 2021-09-15 DOI: 10.1088/2399-7532/ac4ccd

Alecsander N Imhof, J. Domann

This paper presents an analytic model of one dimensional magnetostriction. We show how specific assumptions regarding the symmetry of key micromagnetic energies (magnetocrystalline, magnetoelastic, and Zeeman) reduce a general three-dimensional statistical mechanics model to a one-dimensional form with an exact solution. We additionally provide a useful form of the analytic equations to help ensure numerical accuracy. Numerical results show that the model maintains accuracy over a large range of applied magnetic fields and stress conditions extending well outside those produced in standard laboratory conditions. A comparison to experimental data is performed for several magnetostrictive materials. The model is shown to accurately predict the behavior of Terfenol-D, while two compositions of Galfenol are modeled with varying accuracy. To conclude we discuss what conditions facilitate the description of materials with cubic crystalline anisotropy as transversely isotropic, to achieve peak model performance.

本文提出了一维磁致伸缩的解析模型。我们展示了关于关键微磁能(磁晶、磁弹性和塞曼)对称性的特定假设如何将一般的三维统计力学模型简化为具有精确解的一维形式。我们还提供了一种有用的解析方程形式，以帮助确保数值精度。数值结果表明，该模型在很大范围的外加磁场和应力条件下保持精度，远远超出标准实验室条件。对几种磁致伸缩材料的实验数据进行了比较。该模型可以准确地预测Terfenol-D的行为，而两种Galfenol组成的模型具有不同的精度。最后，我们讨论了哪些条件有助于将具有立方晶体各向异性的材料描述为横向各向同性，以实现峰值模型性能。

引用次数: 0

Magnetic field tuning of mechanical properties of ultrasoft PDMS-based magnetorheological elastomers for biological applications. 生物用超软pdm基磁流变弹性体力学性能的磁场调谐。

Q1 Materials Science

Multifunctional Materials

Pub Date : 2021-09-01 Epub Date: 2021-08-25 DOI: 10.1088/2399-7532/ac1b7e

Andy T Clark, Alexander Bennett, Emile Kraus, Katarzyna Pogoda, Andrejs Cēbers, Paul Janmey, Kevin T Turner, Elise A Corbin, Xuemei Cheng

We report tuning of the moduli and surface roughness of magnetorheological elastomers (MREs) by varying applied magnetic field. Ultrasoft MREs are fabricated using a physiologically relevant commercial polymer, Sylgard^™ 527, and carbonyl iron powder (CIP). We found that the shear storage modulus, Young's modulus, and root-mean-square surface roughness are increased by ~41×, ~11×, and ~11×, respectively, when subjected to a magnetic field strength of 95.5 kA m^-1. Single fit parameter equations are presented that capture the tunability of the moduli and surface roughness as a function of CIP volume fraction and magnetic field strength. These magnetic field-induced changes in the mechanical moduli and surface roughness of MREs are key parameters for biological applications.

本文报道了磁流变弹性体(MREs)的模量和表面粗糙度随外加磁场的变化而变化。Ultrasoft MREs是使用生理学相关的商业聚合物Sylgard™527和羰基铁粉(CIP)制造的。结果表明，当磁场强度为95.5 kA m-1时，材料的剪切存储模量、杨氏模量和表面均方根粗糙度分别提高了~ 41x、~ 11x和~ 11x。提出了单拟合参数方程，该方程捕捉了模量和表面粗糙度作为CIP体积分数和磁场强度的函数的可调性。这些磁场引起的MREs机械模量和表面粗糙度的变化是生物应用的关键参数。

引用次数: 2

Multifunctionality as design principle for contact lens materials 多功能作为隐形眼镜材料的设计原则

Q1 Materials Science

Multifunctional Materials

Pub Date : 2021-08-17 DOI: 10.1088/2399-7532/ac1e7d

H. Sahabudeen, Rainhard Machatschek, A. Lendlein

From synthesis through storage to disposal, contact lenses (CLs) interact with different system environments throughout their functional life cycle. To fulfill their therapeutic purpose, they need to exhibit a distinct behavior in each of them, which is achieved through a combination of different material functions. As such, CL materials are a showcase of highly advanced and mass-produced multifunctional biomaterials. Their great relevance and long history mean that a vast amount of work has gone into the implementation of ever more advanced functions. From understanding the approaches used to achieve multifunctionality in CLs, a lot of inspiration for the design of other multifunctional medical devices can be drawn. Therefore, here, we provide a systematic overview of the different functions that are combined in today’s CL materials, together with their quantification methods, chemical design principles and fabrication techniques. We further provide an outlook on the functions that are currently under investigation for the next generation of commercial CLs.

从合成到储存再到处置，隐形眼镜(cl)在其整个功能生命周期中与不同的系统环境相互作用。为了实现它们的治疗目的，它们需要在每个细胞中表现出不同的行为，这是通过不同材料功能的组合来实现的。因此，CL材料是高度先进和批量生产的多功能生物材料的展示。它们的巨大相关性和悠久历史意味着为实现更高级的功能需要进行大量的工作。通过了解用于在CLs中实现多功能的方法，可以为其他多功能医疗设备的设计提供许多灵感。因此，在这里，我们提供了不同的功能，结合在今天的CL材料的系统概述，连同他们的量化方法，化学设计原则和制造技术。我们进一步展望了下一代商用cl目前正在研究的功能。

引用次数: 2

Bioinspired nanoantennas for opsin sensitization in optogenetic applications: a theoretical investigation. 生物启发纳米天线在光遗传学应用中的视蛋白敏化:理论研究

Q1 Materials Science

Multifunctional Materials

Pub Date : 2021-06-01 Epub Date: 2021-04-06 DOI: 10.1088/2399-7532/abf0f9

Carl H C Keck, Nicholas J Rommelfanger, Zihao Ou, Guosong Hong

Opsins with high sensitivity are desired to reduce dependence on optical fibers and enable deep-brain optogenetic stimulation through the intact scalp and skull, while minimizing brain tissue heating and the associated biasing of neural activity. While optimized opsin engineering has produced ultrasensitive and red-shifted opsins suitable for transcranial optogenetic stimulation, further improvements in sensitivity are throttled by biological limitations. Nanostructures are capable of generating near-field intensity enhancements of over 10⁴, but thus far nanomaterials have not been applied to amplify local light intensity for optogenetic applications. In this manuscript, we propose the use of bowtie nanoantennas for local enhancement of 470 nm light to sensitize channelrhodopsin (ChR2) to low light intensities. We begin with a comparison of the near-field intensity enhancement offered by different metals at 470 nm, before selecting aluminum as the optimal material. Next, we tune the geometric parameters of aluminum bowtie nanoantennas to maximize the intensity enhancement at 470 nm. We further optimize enhancement by constructing bowtie nanoantenna arrays inspired by patterns occurring in biology, obtaining intensity enhancements up to a factor of 5000. Monte Carlo simulations suggest that transcranial 470 nm illumination of only 50 mW mm^-2 is capable of stimulating bowtie-sensitized ChR2 in the deep brain (~5 mm) in mice, enabling minimally invasive deep-brain stimulation with opsins found in the traditional optogenetic toolbox. This computation-guided optical antenna engineering approach opens opportunities for designing multifunctional materials for enhancing the efficiency of optogenetic neuromodulation, optical neural activity imaging, and highly localized electrical microstimulation in the brain.

高灵敏度的视蛋白可以减少对光纤的依赖，并通过完整的头皮和颅骨实现脑深部光遗传刺激，同时最大限度地减少脑组织加热和相关的神经活动偏倚。虽然优化的视蛋白工程已经产生了适合经颅光遗传刺激的超灵敏和红移视蛋白，但灵敏度的进一步提高受到生物学限制的限制。纳米结构能够产生超过104的近场强度增强，但到目前为止，纳米材料还没有应用于光遗传学应用中放大局部光强度。在本文中，我们建议使用领结纳米天线对470 nm光进行局部增强，以使通道视紫红质(ChR2)对低光强度敏感。在选择铝作为最佳材料之前，我们首先比较了不同金属在470nm处提供的近场强度增强。接下来，我们调整了铝领结纳米天线的几何参数，以最大限度地提高470 nm处的强度。我们通过构建受生物学模式启发的领结纳米天线阵列进一步优化增强，获得高达5000倍的强度增强。蒙特卡罗模拟表明，仅50 mW mm - 2的经颅470 nm照明能够刺激小鼠脑深部(~ 5 mm)的领结致敏ChR2，从而实现传统光遗传学工具箱中发现的视蛋白的微创脑深部刺激。这种计算引导的光学天线工程方法为设计多功能材料提供了机会，可以提高光遗传神经调节、光学神经活动成像和大脑高度局部电微刺激的效率。

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引用次数: 0

Linking physical objects to their digital twins via fiducial markers designed for invisibility to humans 通过为人类隐形而设计的基准标记，将物理对象与它们的数字孪生体连接起来

Q1 Materials Science

Multifunctional Materials

Pub Date : 2021-05-12 DOI: 10.1088/2399-7532/ac0060

M. Schwartz, Y. Geng, Hakam Agha, Rijeesh Kizhakidathazhath, Danqing Liu, G. Lenzini, J. Lagerwall

The ability to label and track physical objects that are assets in digital representations of the world is foundational to many complex systems. Simple, yet powerful methods such as bar- and QR-codes have been highly successful, e.g. in the retail space, but the lack of security, limited information content and impossibility of seamless integration with the environment have prevented a large-scale linking of physical objects to their digital twins. This paper proposes to link digital assets created through building information modeling (BIM) with their physical counterparts using fiducial markers with patterns defined by cholesteric spherical reflectors (CSRs), selective retroreflectors produced using liquid crystal self-assembly. The markers leverage the ability of CSRs to encode information that is easily detected and read with computer vision while remaining practically invisible to the human eye. We analyze the potential of a CSR-based infrastructure from the perspective of BIM, critically reviewing the outstanding challenges in applying this new class of functional materials, and we discuss extended opportunities arising in assisting autonomous mobile robots to reliably navigate human-populated environments, as well as in augmented reality.

标记和跟踪作为世界数字表示中资产的物理对象的能力是许多复杂系统的基础。简单而强大的方法，如条形码和二维码，已经非常成功，例如在零售领域，但缺乏安全性、信息内容有限以及无法与环境无缝集成，阻碍了实物与其数字双胞胎的大规模链接。本文提出将通过建筑信息建模（BIM）创建的数字资产与其物理资产联系起来，使用具有胆甾醇型球面反射器（CSR）定义图案的基准标记，胆甾醇型球形反射器是使用液晶自组装产生的选择性回射器。这些标记利用CSR的能力对信息进行编码，这些信息很容易被计算机视觉检测和读取，同时对人眼几乎不可见。我们从BIM的角度分析了基于CSR的基础设施的潜力，批判性地回顾了应用这类新型功能材料的突出挑战，并讨论了在帮助自主移动机器人可靠地在人类居住环境中导航以及在增强现实中出现的扩展机遇。

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引用次数: 8

Enabling effective electrochemical healing of structural steel 实现结构钢的有效电化学愈合

Q1 Materials Science

Multifunctional Materials

Pub Date : 2021-05-12 DOI: 10.1088/2399-7532/abfb4f

Zakaria Hsain, Zhimin Jiang, J. Pikul

Low-carbon steel is a widely used structural metal that, when fractured, can be repaired with high temperature processes. There are many applications, however, that would benefit from a room-temperature repair process which maintains the steel microstructure and prevents nearby materials and electronics from overheating. This work seeks to enable effective room-temperature healing of steel by understanding how ion transport and electrolyte chemistry influence growth morphology and strength in fractured steel struts repaired with nickel electrodeposition. Experiments and simulations show that pulsed electroplating mitigates diffusion-limited growth to enable smooth and dense nickel deposits that have 4× higher adhesion to steel than nickel deposited by potentiostatic electroplating. By combining pulsed electroplating and electrolyte chemistry selection, fully fractured steel wires could be repaired to achieve up to 69% of their pristine wire strength. Finally, a simple geometric model highlights the advantageous energy and time requirements of electrochemical healing across length scales.

低碳钢是一种广泛使用的结构金属，当断裂时，可以通过高温工艺进行修复。然而，有许多应用将受益于室温修复工艺，该工艺可以保持钢的微观结构并防止附近的材料和电子设备过热。这项工作旨在通过了解离子传输和电解质化学如何影响用镍电沉积修复的断裂钢支柱的生长形态和强度，实现钢的有效室温愈合。实验和模拟表明，脉冲电镀减轻了扩散限制的生长，使镍镀层光滑致密，对钢的附着力比恒电位电镀沉积的镍高4倍。通过结合脉冲电镀和电解质化学选择，可以修复完全断裂的钢丝，使其达到原始钢丝强度的69%。最后，一个简单的几何模型突出了电化学愈合在长度尺度上的有利能量和时间要求。

引用次数: 1

Facile room-temperature synthesis of cobalt sulphide for efficient oxygen evolution reaction 易于室温合成的高效析氧硫化钴

Q1 Materials Science

Multifunctional Materials

Pub Date : 2021-05-06 DOI: 10.1088/2399-7532/abfeb8

Siyu Zhao, Manni Yang, Yeshu Tan, D. Brett, Guanjie He, I. Parkin

The electrolysis of water is one of the most promising strategies to produce renewable fuels and it is important to develop an energy-conserving, low-cost and easily prepared electrocatalyst for oxygen evolution reaction (OER). In this work, Ni foam supported Co4S3 (Co4S3/NF) was fabricated by a facile one-step approach at room temperature and exhibited excellent OER performance in alkaline media. Specifically, the Co4S3/NF electrocatalysts showed a small overpotential of only 340 mV to reach a current density of 100 mA cm−2 and a Tafel slope of 71.6 mV dec−1 in alkaline media. More importantly, excellent stability was achieved under a constant current density of 100 mA cm−2 for 100 h and the OER performance of the catalyst was improved after 1400 cycles of linear sweep voltammetry tests in alkaline media. Furthermore, the underpinning mechanism of action was studied by measuring the change of valence states for different elements to elucidate the structural evolution and active species during the electrocatalytic process.

电解水是生产可再生燃料最有前景的策略之一，开发一种节能、低成本、易于制备的析氧反应（OER）电催化剂非常重要。在本工作中，在室温下通过简单的一步法制备了泡沫镍负载的Co4S3（Co4S3/NF），并在碱性介质中表现出优异的OER性能。具体而言，Co4S3/NF电催化剂在碱性介质中显示出仅340 mV的小过电位，以达到100 mA cm−2的电流密度和71.6 mV dec−1的Tafel斜率。更重要的是，在100 mA cm−2的恒定电流密度下保持100小时，获得了优异的稳定性，并且在碱性介质中进行1400次线性扫描伏安测试后，催化剂的OER性能得到了改善。此外，通过测量不同元素的价态变化来研究其作用的基础机制，以阐明电催化过程中的结构演变和活性物种。

引用次数: 5

Conformation tuning of simple non-fused electron acceptors via oxygen and sulfur substitutions and its effects on photovoltaics 简单非熔融电子受体通过氧和硫取代的构象调谐及其对光伏的影响

Q1 Materials Science

Multifunctional Materials

Pub Date : 2021-04-14 DOI: 10.1088/2399-7532/abf337

Zhen Yao, Yaokai Li, Shuixing Li, M. Shi, Hongzheng Chen

By altering the number and position of oxygen and sulfur substitutions, four simple non-fused electron acceptors, PTO-4F, PDO-4F, PDS-4F and PTS-4F, were synthesized via feasible two-step reactions. These four acceptors serve as good molecular models to investigate the heteroatom effects on performance of organic solar cells (OSCs) based on their blends with typical polymer donor PBDB-T. The quantity of intramolecular noncovalent bonds, conformation of the molecules and performance of OSCs can be easily adjusted. Gradually increasing oxygen atoms could influence the intramolecular noncovalent (O⋯S, O⋯H) interactions, backbone planarity, film morphology, and electrical and photovoltaic properties significantly. When replacing O atoms with S atoms, the torsional angle of the backbone increases from 3.5° to 97° owing to the reduction of O⋯S attractive coulomb interaction and/or O⋯H hydrogen bonding interaction. With increasing oxygen atom numbers, the absorption is red-shifted gradually and the energy levels are lifted. As a result, the power conversion efficiency of the device increases from 4.06% (PTS-4F) to 6.81% (PTO-4F). This study provides helpful molecular design guideline for the optimization of simple non-fused acceptors and device performances by finely controlling the weak intramolecular noncovalent interactions and molecular conformations.

通过改变氧和硫取代的数量和位置，通过可行的两步反应合成了四种简单的非稠合电子受体PTO-4F、PDO-4F和PTS-4F。这四种受体是研究杂原子对有机太阳能电池性能影响的良好分子模型，基于它们与典型聚合物供体PBDB-T的共混物。分子内非共价键的数量、分子的构象和OSCs的性能可以很容易地调节。逐渐增加的氧原子会显著影响分子内非共价（O·S，O·H）相互作用、骨架平面性、膜形态以及电学和光伏性能。当用S原子取代O原子时，由于O·S吸引库仑相互作用和/或O·H氢键相互作用的减少，主链的扭转角从3.5°增加到97°。随着氧原子数的增加，吸收逐渐红移，能级升高。结果，该装置的功率转换效率从4.06%（PTS-4F）增加到6.81%（PTO-4F）。该研究通过精细控制分子内弱的非共价相互作用和分子构象，为优化简单的非融合受体和器件性能提供了有用的分子设计指南。

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引用次数: 2

Multi-physics design optimization of structural battery 结构电池的多物理场设计优化

Q1 Materials Science

Multifunctional Materials

Pub Date : 2021-04-06 DOI: 10.1088/2399-7532/abf158

Reza Pejman, E. C. Kumbur, A. Najafi

Structural battery composite is a new class of multifunctional lightweight materials with profound potential in harvesting electrical energy in the form of chemical energy, while simultaneously providing structural integrity to the system. In this study, we present a multi-physics design optimization framework for structural battery. The objective of the optimization framework is to change the geometrical features and material types of the constituents in a composite lamina to maximize the allowable charging current for a constant rate of charging. In this optimization framework, three sets of inequality constraints are defined to keep the structural battery lightweight, and make sure that the amount of induced stress and generated heat due to the intercalation process remains small. We have also considered several design parameters such as geometrical features of the composite lamina, volume fractions of fibers and LiFePO4 particles, and material types of constituents. The proposed framework includes a gradient-based design optimization method with the ability to perform the optimization process under any source of uncertainty in the material properties, manufacturing process, operating conditions, etc. It also contains a Bayesian design optimization scheme to select the best candidate for the materials of the constituents in a structural battery. We also develop an analytical sensitivity analysis of several electrochemical/thermal/structural response metrics with respect to a few geometrical and material design parameters of a composite lamina. The results show that by using the proposed optimization framework, we are able to maximize the allowable charging current for a constant rate of charging in the optimized solution compared to the considered reference designs while satisfying all of the prescribed constraints. Furthermore, we increase the design reliability of structural battery by at least 45% compared to the deterministic optimized solution. Finally, we find the optimized material types for the fiber and matrix in a structural battery.

结构电池复合材料是一类新型的多功能轻质材料，在收集化学能形式的电能的同时，为系统提供结构完整性，具有巨大的潜力。在本研究中，我们提出了一个结构电池的多物理设计优化框架。优化框架的目的是改变复合材料薄片中成分的几何特征和材料类型，以最大化恒定充电速率下的允许充电电流。在该优化框架中，定义了三组不等式约束，以保持结构电池的轻量化，并确保由于嵌入过程产生的感应应力和产生的热量保持较小。我们还考虑了几个设计参数，如复合材料薄片的几何特征、纤维和LiFePO4颗粒的体积分数以及成分的材料类型。所提出的框架包括一种基于梯度的设计优化方法，该方法能够在材料特性、制造过程、操作条件等的任何不确定性来源下执行优化过程。它还包含一个贝叶斯设计优化方案，以选择结构电池组分材料的最佳候选者。我们还对复合材料薄板的几个几何和材料设计参数的几个电化学/热/结构响应指标进行了分析灵敏度分析。结果表明，与所考虑的参考设计相比，通过使用所提出的优化框架，我们能够在满足所有规定约束的同时，在优化解决方案中最大化恒定充电率的允许充电电流。此外，与确定性优化解决方案相比，我们将结构电池的设计可靠性提高了至少45%。最后，我们找到了结构电池中纤维和基体的优化材料类型。

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引用次数: 5

Multifunctional polydopamine-based nanoparticles: synthesis, physico-chemical properties and applications for bimodal photothermal/photodynamic therapy of cancer 多功能聚多巴胺纳米粒子的合成、理化性质及其在癌症双峰光热/光动力治疗中的应用

Q1 Materials Science

Multifunctional Materials

Pub Date : 2021-03-22 DOI: 10.1088/2399-7532/abf0fa

Islam Zmerli, J. Michel, A. Makky

Polydopamine (PDA) is a mussel-inspired and a melanin-mimicking material that has attracted considerable attention during the recent years. This ‘polymer’ displays diverse promising properties, like its simple preparation procedures, easy functionalization, free radicals scavenging activity, outstanding photothermal and photoacoustic performance, and its great biocompatibility and biodegradability. A remarkable feature of PDA is its ability to form colloidal nanosized particles or nanoscaled coatings, allowing the preparation of various nanoparticulate structures. The first studies into PDA mainly explored the polymerization mechanisms of this material and the development of controlled preparation protocols. Later works focused on the investigation of these nanomaterials for the design and development of multifunctional platforms and their implementation in multiple biomedical fields, particularly in cancer treatment and bio-imaging. The purpose of this review is to (a) give a detailed overview about the synthesis methods of PDA and the formation mechanisms proposed so far in the literature, (b) outline the remarkable physico-chemical and functional properties of PDA nanomaterials, and (c) summarize the application of PDA-derived nanosystems in cancer theranostics and particularly in drug delivery and light-mediated cancer therapy with a special emphasis on the different strategies that can be used for the design of smart nanosystems with bimodal photothermal/photodynamic properties. Finally, a comparison of physicochemical properties and biomedical applications between PDA and other catecholamine derivatives is made.

聚多巴胺（PDA）是一种受贻贝启发的模仿黑色素的材料，近年来引起了人们的极大关注。这种“聚合物”表现出多种有前景的特性，如其简单的制备程序、易于功能化、清除自由基的活性、优异的光热和光声性能，以及良好的生物相容性和生物降解性。PDA的一个显著特征是它能够形成胶体纳米颗粒或纳米涂层，从而可以制备各种纳米颗粒结构。PDA的首次研究主要探讨了该材料的聚合机理和控制制备方案的开发。后来的工作重点是研究这些纳米材料，以设计和开发多功能平台，并将其应用于多个生物医学领域，特别是癌症治疗和生物成像。这篇综述的目的是（a）详细概述迄今为止文献中提出的PDA的合成方法和形成机制，（b）概述PDA纳米材料的显著物理化学和功能特性，和（c）总结了PDA衍生的纳米系统在癌症治疗中的应用，特别是在药物递送和光介导的癌症治疗中，特别强调了可用于设计具有双峰光热/光动力特性的智能纳米系统的不同策略。最后，对PDA和其他儿茶酚胺衍生物的理化性质及生物医学应用进行了比较。

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引用次数: 12

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