The effects of storage and temperature on the attachment and infection of root-knot nematodes by the parasite Pasteuria penetrans were investigated. Storage for 11 years did not reduce the ability of P. penetrans to attach to juveniles of Meloidogyne javanica but it greatly decreased levels of infection compared with that obtained using freshly produced spores from the same population. Preheating spores to above normal temperatures (60°C) significantly increased attachment but reduced infection.
{"title":"Effects of long term storage and above normal temperatures on spore adhesion of Pasteuria penetrans and infection of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica","authors":"I. Giannakou, B. Pembroke, S. Gowen, K. Davies","doi":"10.1163/004825997X00051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/004825997X00051","url":null,"abstract":"The effects of storage and temperature on the attachment and infection of root-knot nematodes by the parasite Pasteuria penetrans were investigated. Storage for 11 years did not reduce the ability of P. penetrans to attach to juveniles of Meloidogyne javanica but it greatly decreased levels of infection compared with that obtained using freshly produced spores from the same population. Preheating spores to above normal temperatures (60°C) significantly increased attachment but reduced infection.","PeriodicalId":18988,"journal":{"name":"Nematologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83463380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A.E.P. Christophers, M. Patel, J. A. Benson, V. Saka, A. Evans, D. Wright
{"title":"A rapid field-laboratory bioassay to assess the infectivity of Meloidogyne spp. second stage juveniles","authors":"A.E.P. Christophers, M. Patel, J. A. Benson, V. Saka, A. Evans, D. Wright","doi":"10.1163/004725997X00089","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/004725997X00089","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18988,"journal":{"name":"Nematologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83983524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Four random probes from a Globodera pallida DNA library and one rDNA repeat probe from flax were used to highlight specific fragments in total DNA restricted with the endonucleases Bam HI, Eco RI, Eco RV, and Hind III, from 26 potato cyst nematode (PCN) populations (G. rostochiensis and G. pallida). The percentage similarity between species was low (%sm = 45.6). Cluster and principal coordinate analysis allowed us to hypothesise about the epidemiology of these populations. In the G. rostochiensis group, the populations representing pathotypes Ro2, Ro3, Ro4 and Ro5 may have been derived from the same introduction. Canarian populations R1, R2, R6, R7, and R10 were distinct from all the controls but R4 and R5 were close to the British Ro1 population. In the G. pallida group, the Luffness population was distinct from all others suggesting that it may represent a distinct introduction of PCN into the British Isles. Canarian population P9 had ten markers which were absent from the European control populations and it is possible that this population represents a distinct introduction of G. pallida into the Island of Tenerife.
{"title":"RFLP analysis in Canary Islands and north European populations of potato cyst nematodes (Globodera spp.): hybridization with cloned fragments.","authors":"J. A. González, M. Phillips, D. Trudgill","doi":"10.1163/004825997X00033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/004825997X00033","url":null,"abstract":"Four random probes from a Globodera pallida DNA library and one rDNA repeat probe from flax were used to highlight specific fragments in total DNA restricted with the endonucleases Bam HI, Eco RI, Eco RV, and Hind III, from 26 potato cyst nematode (PCN) populations (G. rostochiensis and G. pallida). The percentage similarity between species was low (%sm = 45.6). Cluster and principal coordinate analysis allowed us to hypothesise about the epidemiology of these populations. In the G. rostochiensis group, the populations representing pathotypes Ro2, Ro3, Ro4 and Ro5 may have been derived from the same introduction. Canarian populations R1, R2, R6, R7, and R10 were distinct from all the controls but R4 and R5 were close to the British Ro1 population. In the G. pallida group, the Luffness population was distinct from all others suggesting that it may represent a distinct introduction of PCN into the British Isles. Canarian population P9 had ten markers which were absent from the European control populations and it is possible that this population represents a distinct introduction of G. pallida into the Island of Tenerife.","PeriodicalId":18988,"journal":{"name":"Nematologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87546086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Four free-living nematodes from the Bothnian Bay, the northern part of the Baltic Sea, are described as new to science. A key to the genus Eleutherolaimus Filipjev, 1922, is given. Eleutherolaimus schneideri sp. n. is characterized by unequal cephalic setae and subcephalic setae, subcephalic setae shorter than the head diameter, amphid position in junction of buccal cavity and oesophagus, long cardia and short spicules. Microlaimus limnophilus sp. n. belongs to the group of small microlaimids (shorter than 0.5 mm) and is characterized by very small teeth (dorsal tooth about 0.5 μm long) and wide body annules (2.5-3.0 μm in midbody). Prismatolaimus paraprimitivus sp. n. has a slender body (a = 56-65), outer labial setae and cephalic setae in separate circles, wide amphid (2/3 of corresponding body diameter), precloacal supplements confined to posterior body region and long tail. Halalaimus dimorphus sp. n. is recognized by long amphid, posteriorly narrow oesophagus, setose inner labial sense organs, well-separated head setae, swollen, blunt tail end. The reproductive system of Halalaimus dimorphus sp. n. is unique in showing both sperm and egg dimorphism; the spermatozoa have longitudinal striations. Microlaimus globiceps de Man, 1880 is redescribed.
{"title":"Four New Nematode Species From the Bothnian Bay, Northern Baltic Sea, With a Redescription of Microlaimus Globiceps De Man, 1880 (Nematoda)","authors":"T. Turpeenniemi","doi":"10.1163/004725997X00034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/004725997X00034","url":null,"abstract":"Four free-living nematodes from the Bothnian Bay, the northern part of the Baltic Sea, are described as new to science. A key to the genus Eleutherolaimus Filipjev, 1922, is given. Eleutherolaimus schneideri sp. n. is characterized by unequal cephalic setae and subcephalic setae, subcephalic setae shorter than the head diameter, amphid position in junction of buccal cavity and oesophagus, long cardia and short spicules. Microlaimus limnophilus sp. n. belongs to the group of small microlaimids (shorter than 0.5 mm) and is characterized by very small teeth (dorsal tooth about 0.5 μm long) and wide body annules (2.5-3.0 μm in midbody). Prismatolaimus paraprimitivus sp. n. has a slender body (a = 56-65), outer labial setae and cephalic setae in separate circles, wide amphid (2/3 of corresponding body diameter), precloacal supplements confined to posterior body region and long tail. Halalaimus dimorphus sp. n. is recognized by long amphid, posteriorly narrow oesophagus, setose inner labial sense organs, well-separated head setae, swollen, blunt tail end. The reproductive system of Halalaimus dimorphus sp. n. is unique in showing both sperm and egg dimorphism; the spermatozoa have longitudinal striations. Microlaimus globiceps de Man, 1880 is redescribed.","PeriodicalId":18988,"journal":{"name":"Nematologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89763457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"First record of Steinernema glaseri Steiner, 1929 (Nematoda: Steinernematidae) in Asia, with notes on intraspecific variation","authors":"S. Stock, H. Choo, H. Kaya","doi":"10.1163/005025997X00111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/005025997X00111","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18988,"journal":{"name":"Nematologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79033045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Steinernema carpocapsae infective juvenile behaviour changes with age. Soon after emergence from the host cadaver, S. carpocapsae infective juveniles spend most of their time nictating. This behaviour enhances their host finding (ambushing) success. Between two and four weeks after emergence, their mobility increases and their nictation rate decreases. These alterations in behaviour suggested that a shift in foraging strategy from ambushing to a more mobile mode may occur. We tested this hypothesis by measuring changes in behaviours that may confer success to mobile foragers, including response to host cues and attachment to sedentary vs mobile hosts. We found that the success rate of ambushing declined with age, but there was no corresponding increase in the success rate of S. carpocapsae infective juveniles as mobile searchers, as measured in a sand column assay. We suggest that entomopathogenic nematodes do not alter their foraging strategy in response to unsuccessful search or aging.
{"title":"The Effects of Aging On the Foraging Behaviour of Steinernema Carpocapsae (Rhabdita: Steinernematidae)","authors":"E. Lewis, J. Campbell, R. Gaugler","doi":"10.1163/005025997X00094","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/005025997X00094","url":null,"abstract":"Steinernema carpocapsae infective juvenile behaviour changes with age. Soon after emergence from the host cadaver, S. carpocapsae infective juveniles spend most of their time nictating. This behaviour enhances their host finding (ambushing) success. Between two and four weeks after emergence, their mobility increases and their nictation rate decreases. These alterations in behaviour suggested that a shift in foraging strategy from ambushing to a more mobile mode may occur. We tested this hypothesis by measuring changes in behaviours that may confer success to mobile foragers, including response to host cues and attachment to sedentary vs mobile hosts. We found that the success rate of ambushing declined with age, but there was no corresponding increase in the success rate of S. carpocapsae infective juveniles as mobile searchers, as measured in a sand column assay. We suggest that entomopathogenic nematodes do not alter their foraging strategy in response to unsuccessful search or aging.","PeriodicalId":18988,"journal":{"name":"Nematologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91120180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
V. Blok, M. Ehwaeti, M. Fargette, Amaresh Kumar, M. Phillips, W. M. Robertson, D. Trudgill
{"title":"Evolution of Resistance and Virulence in Relation To the Management of Nematodes With Different Biology, Origins and Reproductive Strategies","authors":"V. Blok, M. Ehwaeti, M. Fargette, Amaresh Kumar, M. Phillips, W. M. Robertson, D. Trudgill","doi":"10.1163/004725997X00016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/004725997X00016","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18988,"journal":{"name":"Nematologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90362730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A nematode new to science, S. monticolum sp. n. (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) found during a survey of entomopathogenic nematodes conducted throughout the nine provinces of Korea, is described. It can be separated from other members of the genus by the length of the tail mucro in adults of both generations, the shape and length of the male spicules and gubernaculum, and the arrangement of the genital papillae. The infective juvenile can be distinguished from other Steinernema species by the body width and the value of ratio a (total length divided by greatest width). An amendment of the specific name of several Steinernema species is presented. A key to the new and other Steinernema species is provided.
{"title":"An Entomopathogenic Nematode, Steinernema Monticolum Sp. N. (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) From Korea With a Key To Other Species","authors":"S. Stock, H. Choo, H. Kaya","doi":"10.1163/004725997X00025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/004725997X00025","url":null,"abstract":"A nematode new to science, S. monticolum sp. n. (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) found during a survey of entomopathogenic nematodes conducted throughout the nine provinces of Korea, is described. It can be separated from other members of the genus by the length of the tail mucro in adults of both generations, the shape and length of the male spicules and gubernaculum, and the arrangement of the genital papillae. The infective juvenile can be distinguished from other Steinernema species by the body width and the value of ratio a (total length divided by greatest width). An amendment of the specific name of several Steinernema species is presented. A key to the new and other Steinernema species is provided.","PeriodicalId":18988,"journal":{"name":"Nematologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82310910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Curtis, M. Al-Hinai, A. E. R. Diggines, K. Evans
Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) and polyclonal antibodies (PCs) were produced to antigens of an Australian population of cereal cyst nematode (CCN), Heterodera avenae. MAb IACR CCNj-49.2 recognised an antigen with a molecular weight of approximately 200 kDa, which was immunolocalised apparently in granules in the nematode gut. A procedure to extract CCN antigens from soil samples, under laboratory conditions was devised, and 50 g samples of soil containing 5 CCN cysts were processed by two sets of flotation techniques to recover the nematodes. Milling using Ballotini glass beads was then used to release the antigens from the CCN cysts recovered in the float. A double antibody sandwich enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA) was the better ELISA format used to identify and quantify the CCN population from the processed soil samples containing up to 20% of organic matter. The threshold limit of detection was estimated by serial dilutions of the soil extracts. It was approximately equivalent to 0.5 eggs or 3.6 eggs per g of soil in a DAS-ELISA, when using respectively the PC or the MAb as the trapping antibody. The assay could be made more sensitive in soils with lower contents of organic matter.
{"title":"Serological identification and quantification of Heterodera avenae from processed soil samples","authors":"R. Curtis, M. Al-Hinai, A. E. R. Diggines, K. Evans","doi":"10.1163/004825997X00079","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/004825997X00079","url":null,"abstract":"Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) and polyclonal antibodies (PCs) were produced to antigens of an Australian population of cereal cyst nematode (CCN), Heterodera avenae. MAb IACR CCNj-49.2 recognised an antigen with a molecular weight of approximately 200 kDa, which was immunolocalised apparently in granules in the nematode gut. A procedure to extract CCN antigens from soil samples, under laboratory conditions was devised, and 50 g samples of soil containing 5 CCN cysts were processed by two sets of flotation techniques to recover the nematodes. Milling using Ballotini glass beads was then used to release the antigens from the CCN cysts recovered in the float. A double antibody sandwich enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA) was the better ELISA format used to identify and quantify the CCN population from the processed soil samples containing up to 20% of organic matter. The threshold limit of detection was estimated by serial dilutions of the soil extracts. It was approximately equivalent to 0.5 eggs or 3.6 eggs per g of soil in a DAS-ELISA, when using respectively the PC or the MAb as the trapping antibody. The assay could be made more sensitive in soils with lower contents of organic matter.","PeriodicalId":18988,"journal":{"name":"Nematologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81216672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Report of the ectoparasitic nematode Noctuidonema (Acugutturidae) infesting Lepidoptera in the Fiji Islands.3)","authors":"C. E. Rogers, O. G. Marti, J. Clayton","doi":"10.1163/005125997X00093","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/005125997X00093","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18988,"journal":{"name":"Nematologica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87725890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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