Pub Date : 2020-09-14DOI: 10.1109/EFRE47760.2020.9242157
E. Abdullin, G. Basov
The results of experiments on the generation of high-power microsecond electron beams in an electron beam source with an explosive-emission cathode, a plasma anode, and output of an electron beam through a foil window into the atmosphere are presented. The beam is formed and transported in the presence of a longitudinal magnetic field. The power source is a Marx generator with matched loads and with a rectangular waveform of the output voltage pulse. At an accelerating voltage of 200–220 kV, in an electron beam source, the electron beams with a current of up to 2.5–3 kA, a cross section of 100–200 cm2, and a duration of 5 µs are obtained without ignition of the arc discharge in the interelectrode gap. The possibility to realize operation modes of an electron beam source without beam rotation is demonstrated. The energy released on the beam collector with a receiving surface area of 74 cm2, located in the electron source behind the anode, is up to ~ 600–700 J/pulse. The beam energy extracted outside of the foil is registered with calorimeters and equals to ~ 250–270 J/pulse.
{"title":"Application of a Plasma Anode in the Electron Beam Source with an Explosive Emission Cathode and Electron Beam Output into the Atmosphere","authors":"E. Abdullin, G. Basov","doi":"10.1109/EFRE47760.2020.9242157","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EFRE47760.2020.9242157","url":null,"abstract":"The results of experiments on the generation of high-power microsecond electron beams in an electron beam source with an explosive-emission cathode, a plasma anode, and output of an electron beam through a foil window into the atmosphere are presented. The beam is formed and transported in the presence of a longitudinal magnetic field. The power source is a Marx generator with matched loads and with a rectangular waveform of the output voltage pulse. At an accelerating voltage of 200–220 kV, in an electron beam source, the electron beams with a current of up to 2.5–3 kA, a cross section of 100–200 cm2, and a duration of 5 µs are obtained without ignition of the arc discharge in the interelectrode gap. The possibility to realize operation modes of an electron beam source without beam rotation is demonstrated. The energy released on the beam collector with a receiving surface area of 74 cm2, located in the electron source behind the anode, is up to ~ 600–700 J/pulse. The beam energy extracted outside of the foil is registered with calorimeters and equals to ~ 250–270 J/pulse.","PeriodicalId":190249,"journal":{"name":"2020 7th International Congress on Energy Fluxes and Radiation Effects (EFRE)","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130808467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-14DOI: 10.1109/EFRE47760.2020.9242052
M. Salnikov, G. Sukhinin
This paper presents a numerical model in which selfconsistent distributions of plasma space charge, ion velocity and potential are calculated in the proximity of an isolated spherical dust particle. In the presented model this dust particle is under the influence of an external electric field. As a result of calculation spatial distribution of ions radial velocity around the isolated dust particles is obtained, as well as the ion velocity distribution function along an axis aligned with the vector of the external electric field. The obtained results make it possible to establish the intervals of parameters (i.e., the electric field strength, the ion mean free path, and the distance between the ion and the dust particle) within the boundaries of which the approximation that the ion velocity distribution function coincides with the shifted Maxwell distribution is correct.
{"title":"Velocity Distribution Around an Isolated Dust Particle","authors":"M. Salnikov, G. Sukhinin","doi":"10.1109/EFRE47760.2020.9242052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EFRE47760.2020.9242052","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a numerical model in which selfconsistent distributions of plasma space charge, ion velocity and potential are calculated in the proximity of an isolated spherical dust particle. In the presented model this dust particle is under the influence of an external electric field. As a result of calculation spatial distribution of ions radial velocity around the isolated dust particles is obtained, as well as the ion velocity distribution function along an axis aligned with the vector of the external electric field. The obtained results make it possible to establish the intervals of parameters (i.e., the electric field strength, the ion mean free path, and the distance between the ion and the dust particle) within the boundaries of which the approximation that the ion velocity distribution function coincides with the shifted Maxwell distribution is correct.","PeriodicalId":190249,"journal":{"name":"2020 7th International Congress on Energy Fluxes and Radiation Effects (EFRE)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131006606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-14DOI: 10.1109/EFRE47760.2020.9241896
A. Reger, K. Bolgaru
Nitriding of complex ferroalloy (ferrochromaluminium) by the method of self-propagating high-temperature synthesis with mechanical pre-activation of initial ferroalloy powder is presented in the paper. The combustion behavior of activated ferroalloy powder are revealed, the limits of the combustion of ferrochromaluminium powder are determined, and the combustion behavior and limits of the combustion reaction of unactivated and mechanically pre-activated ferroalloy powders are compared.
{"title":"Nitriding of Mechanically Pre-Activated Ferrochromaluminium in the Combustion Mode","authors":"A. Reger, K. Bolgaru","doi":"10.1109/EFRE47760.2020.9241896","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EFRE47760.2020.9241896","url":null,"abstract":"Nitriding of complex ferroalloy (ferrochromaluminium) by the method of self-propagating high-temperature synthesis with mechanical pre-activation of initial ferroalloy powder is presented in the paper. The combustion behavior of activated ferroalloy powder are revealed, the limits of the combustion of ferrochromaluminium powder are determined, and the combustion behavior and limits of the combustion reaction of unactivated and mechanically pre-activated ferroalloy powders are compared.","PeriodicalId":190249,"journal":{"name":"2020 7th International Congress on Energy Fluxes and Radiation Effects (EFRE)","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126049172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-14DOI: 10.1109/EFRE47760.2020.9242025
V. Okunev
A new approach to ranking the coolants of a liquid metal fast reactor (LMFR) by degree of preference is proposed and implemented. The approach involves comparing the optimal LMFR layouts with different coolants and compatible structural materials. The layouts were obtained in solving mathematical programming problems with restrictions in the same formulation. The problem is solved in three stages. At the first stage, on the basis of an elementary analysis of the physicochemical properties and cost, unacceptable metals with a high cost (rare metals), a small wide range of operating temperatures, a low boiling point, and high induced activity were excluded. The second stage involves obtaining the optimal layout of LMFR with different coolants. Then, using lexicographic methods for solving multicriteria problems, a coolant ranking procedure is carried out based on a comparison of the optimal LMFR layouts. The third stage involves the analysis of preferred options. Depending on the power and purpose of the reactor, the most preferred coolants are different. For medium and high power reactors, lead extracted from thorium ores is most preferred. For low power reactors, lead from polymetallic and lead ores is preferred. In such reactors, the use of lead of uranium ores is possible. For high- and very-high-temperature low power reactors, gallium and its alloys, including gallium-lead alloys, are preferred. For space reactors, a coolant based on the eutectic Na-K-Cs alloy is more preferred.
{"title":"Ranking of LMFR Coolants by Degree of Preference","authors":"V. Okunev","doi":"10.1109/EFRE47760.2020.9242025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EFRE47760.2020.9242025","url":null,"abstract":"A new approach to ranking the coolants of a liquid metal fast reactor (LMFR) by degree of preference is proposed and implemented. The approach involves comparing the optimal LMFR layouts with different coolants and compatible structural materials. The layouts were obtained in solving mathematical programming problems with restrictions in the same formulation. The problem is solved in three stages. At the first stage, on the basis of an elementary analysis of the physicochemical properties and cost, unacceptable metals with a high cost (rare metals), a small wide range of operating temperatures, a low boiling point, and high induced activity were excluded. The second stage involves obtaining the optimal layout of LMFR with different coolants. Then, using lexicographic methods for solving multicriteria problems, a coolant ranking procedure is carried out based on a comparison of the optimal LMFR layouts. The third stage involves the analysis of preferred options. Depending on the power and purpose of the reactor, the most preferred coolants are different. For medium and high power reactors, lead extracted from thorium ores is most preferred. For low power reactors, lead from polymetallic and lead ores is preferred. In such reactors, the use of lead of uranium ores is possible. For high- and very-high-temperature low power reactors, gallium and its alloys, including gallium-lead alloys, are preferred. For space reactors, a coolant based on the eutectic Na-K-Cs alloy is more preferred.","PeriodicalId":190249,"journal":{"name":"2020 7th International Congress on Energy Fluxes and Radiation Effects (EFRE)","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127432244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-14DOI: 10.1109/EFRE47760.2020.9242080
V. Astrelin, E. Soldatkina, P. Bagryansky, Dmitry Scovorodin
In the Institute of Nuclear Physics, SB RAS, experiments are carried out on injection of electron beam into open magnetic trap GDT. The trap is a mirror cell with a large mirror ratio filled with deuterium plasma with subthermonuclear parameters. Two expanders are attached to both sides of the trap. There are volumes with a diverging magnetic field, used to reduce longitudinal losses from the trap. The source of the electron beam is located in the expander, in the region of a weak magnetic field and is exposed to a supersonic plasma ion stream emerging from the trap. The source of a diode-type operates with a thermionic cathode and a hollow metal anode. The plasma from the trap enters the diode through the anode liner and stops by the potential of the cathode, forming an anode electrode. Its surface and the metal surfaces of the electrodes determine the electron-optical characteristics of the diode and the beam formed in it. The paper presents the results of two-dimensional numerical simulation of the beam source and calculated electron beam angular characteristics. The numerical model uses the plasma flow parameters measured in the experiment and results of solving the one-dimensional Poisson equation for the Debye layer on the surface of the anode plasma.
{"title":"Calculation Characteristics of the Electron Beam Injected into the Plasma of the Open Magnetic Trap GDT","authors":"V. Astrelin, E. Soldatkina, P. Bagryansky, Dmitry Scovorodin","doi":"10.1109/EFRE47760.2020.9242080","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EFRE47760.2020.9242080","url":null,"abstract":"In the Institute of Nuclear Physics, SB RAS, experiments are carried out on injection of electron beam into open magnetic trap GDT. The trap is a mirror cell with a large mirror ratio filled with deuterium plasma with subthermonuclear parameters. Two expanders are attached to both sides of the trap. There are volumes with a diverging magnetic field, used to reduce longitudinal losses from the trap. The source of the electron beam is located in the expander, in the region of a weak magnetic field and is exposed to a supersonic plasma ion stream emerging from the trap. The source of a diode-type operates with a thermionic cathode and a hollow metal anode. The plasma from the trap enters the diode through the anode liner and stops by the potential of the cathode, forming an anode electrode. Its surface and the metal surfaces of the electrodes determine the electron-optical characteristics of the diode and the beam formed in it. The paper presents the results of two-dimensional numerical simulation of the beam source and calculated electron beam angular characteristics. The numerical model uses the plasma flow parameters measured in the experiment and results of solving the one-dimensional Poisson equation for the Debye layer on the surface of the anode plasma.","PeriodicalId":190249,"journal":{"name":"2020 7th International Congress on Energy Fluxes and Radiation Effects (EFRE)","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127095665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-14DOI: 10.1109/EFRE47760.2020.9242087
N. Labetskaya, I. Datsko, Vladimir I. Oreshkin, D. Rybka, S. Chaikovsky, V. Van'kevich
Experiments on the MIG high-current generator at a current of ~ 2 MA with a rise time of 100 ns were performed to study the explosion of cylindrical copper conductors of diameter 2 mm in a magnetic field of up 400 T. Plasma jets propagating in the radial direction with a velocity of ~ 7·105 cm/s were recorded on the surface of a conductor. A possible reason for the appearance of such plasma structure is the development of flute instabilities.
{"title":"Large-Scale Instabilities in Strong, Fast Rising Magnetic Fields","authors":"N. Labetskaya, I. Datsko, Vladimir I. Oreshkin, D. Rybka, S. Chaikovsky, V. Van'kevich","doi":"10.1109/EFRE47760.2020.9242087","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EFRE47760.2020.9242087","url":null,"abstract":"Experiments on the MIG high-current generator at a current of ~ 2 MA with a rise time of 100 ns were performed to study the explosion of cylindrical copper conductors of diameter 2 mm in a magnetic field of up 400 T. Plasma jets propagating in the radial direction with a velocity of ~ 7·105 cm/s were recorded on the surface of a conductor. A possible reason for the appearance of such plasma structure is the development of flute instabilities.","PeriodicalId":190249,"journal":{"name":"2020 7th International Congress on Energy Fluxes and Radiation Effects (EFRE)","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126491594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-14DOI: 10.1109/EFRE47760.2020.9242140
D. Zaguliaev, Ilya Chumachkov, Y. Ivanov, A. Abaturova, A. Ustinov, A. Semin
The research deals with the modification of AlSi5Cu2and AlSi10Cu2 alloy surfaces by the method of electron beam processing. It is established that the irradiation of the alloys by concentrated energy flow is accompanied by the increase in microhardness and covering the surface defects. Due to a great temperature difference between two media the surface melts at a superhigh rate and crystallizes again, because of it a grain size decreases resulting in the increase in microhardness. The arising tensile stresses contribute to the covering of the surface defects.
{"title":"Analysis of Structure and Microhardness AlSi5Cu2 and AlSi10Cu2 Cast Alloys Subjected to Electron Beam Surface Melting","authors":"D. Zaguliaev, Ilya Chumachkov, Y. Ivanov, A. Abaturova, A. Ustinov, A. Semin","doi":"10.1109/EFRE47760.2020.9242140","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EFRE47760.2020.9242140","url":null,"abstract":"The research deals with the modification of AlSi5Cu2and AlSi10Cu2 alloy surfaces by the method of electron beam processing. It is established that the irradiation of the alloys by concentrated energy flow is accompanied by the increase in microhardness and covering the surface defects. Due to a great temperature difference between two media the surface melts at a superhigh rate and crystallizes again, because of it a grain size decreases resulting in the increase in microhardness. The arising tensile stresses contribute to the covering of the surface defects.","PeriodicalId":190249,"journal":{"name":"2020 7th International Congress on Energy Fluxes and Radiation Effects (EFRE)","volume":"299 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133993967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-14DOI: 10.1109/EFRE47760.2020.9242085
Y. Kalinin, A. Starodubov
Nowadays one of the actual problems of modern vacuum electronic devices is moving the operating frequencies towards the millimeter-wave and THz regime. Operation at the n-th harmonic could be one of the possible and well-known approaches to increase the operating frequency of vacuum electronic devices. Devices based on the nonlaminar electron beams (vircator-type devices) employ an intrinsic complicated dynamics of the electron beam and may serve as compact microwave sources owing to the simplicity of design and simple tunability of working regimes. In this work, we study the dependence of higher harmonics excitations on the transverse and longitudinal distribution of current density in nonlaminar electron beams. We have considered two types of spatial form of space charge bunches: solid and hollow (quasi-hollow). Fourier-analysis of these spatial forms of electrons bunches has shown that the hollow (quasi-hollow) form is most suitable for higher harmonics excitation. We have also revealed several factors that exert influence on the spatial form of electrons bunches: a considerable amount of electron velocity scatter, a convergence of electron beam, the presence of reflected electrons in the electron beam, a magnitude of the periodic magnetic field. Experimental studies were carried out with the help of a demountable vacuum setup. Experimental studies have shown that there was an excitation of 15-th harmonic (the main frequency was near the 1 GHz) in the case of hollow (quasi-hollow) electron bunches. We have formulated several recommendations for the excitation of higher harmonics in vacuum electronic devices based on the nonrelativistic nonlaminar electron beams.
{"title":"Higher Harmonics in the Output Spectrum of Microwave Sources Based on Nonlaminar Electron Beams (Analysis of the Effect of Transverse and Longitudinal Bunches of the Space Charge)","authors":"Y. Kalinin, A. Starodubov","doi":"10.1109/EFRE47760.2020.9242085","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EFRE47760.2020.9242085","url":null,"abstract":"Nowadays one of the actual problems of modern vacuum electronic devices is moving the operating frequencies towards the millimeter-wave and THz regime. Operation at the n-th harmonic could be one of the possible and well-known approaches to increase the operating frequency of vacuum electronic devices. Devices based on the nonlaminar electron beams (vircator-type devices) employ an intrinsic complicated dynamics of the electron beam and may serve as compact microwave sources owing to the simplicity of design and simple tunability of working regimes. In this work, we study the dependence of higher harmonics excitations on the transverse and longitudinal distribution of current density in nonlaminar electron beams. We have considered two types of spatial form of space charge bunches: solid and hollow (quasi-hollow). Fourier-analysis of these spatial forms of electrons bunches has shown that the hollow (quasi-hollow) form is most suitable for higher harmonics excitation. We have also revealed several factors that exert influence on the spatial form of electrons bunches: a considerable amount of electron velocity scatter, a convergence of electron beam, the presence of reflected electrons in the electron beam, a magnitude of the periodic magnetic field. Experimental studies were carried out with the help of a demountable vacuum setup. Experimental studies have shown that there was an excitation of 15-th harmonic (the main frequency was near the 1 GHz) in the case of hollow (quasi-hollow) electron bunches. We have formulated several recommendations for the excitation of higher harmonics in vacuum electronic devices based on the nonrelativistic nonlaminar electron beams.","PeriodicalId":190249,"journal":{"name":"2020 7th International Congress on Energy Fluxes and Radiation Effects (EFRE)","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114027881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-14DOI: 10.1109/efre47760.2020.9241949
{"title":"Copyright","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/efre47760.2020.9241949","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/efre47760.2020.9241949","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":190249,"journal":{"name":"2020 7th International Congress on Energy Fluxes and Radiation Effects (EFRE)","volume":"167 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121033138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-14DOI: 10.1109/EFRE47760.2020.9242029
Zh.T. Kambarova, A. Saulebekov
The plane-symmetrical electrostatic energy analyzer of charged particle beams based on a modified field is proposed. The optimal electron-optical scheme of the energy analyzer is determined. A “ring-ring” type second-order angular focusing scheme is found. The focusing properties of the proposed energy analyzer are calculated. The instrumental function of the modified electron mirror in the case of a point source was obtained. The optimal values of the entrance parameters of the charged particle beams are obtained. The relative energy resolution in energy and luminosity of device are estimated.
{"title":"Development of a Mirror Energy Analyzer of Charged Particles Beams Based on a Modified Electrostatic Field","authors":"Zh.T. Kambarova, A. Saulebekov","doi":"10.1109/EFRE47760.2020.9242029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EFRE47760.2020.9242029","url":null,"abstract":"The plane-symmetrical electrostatic energy analyzer of charged particle beams based on a modified field is proposed. The optimal electron-optical scheme of the energy analyzer is determined. A “ring-ring” type second-order angular focusing scheme is found. The focusing properties of the proposed energy analyzer are calculated. The instrumental function of the modified electron mirror in the case of a point source was obtained. The optimal values of the entrance parameters of the charged particle beams are obtained. The relative energy resolution in energy and luminosity of device are estimated.","PeriodicalId":190249,"journal":{"name":"2020 7th International Congress on Energy Fluxes and Radiation Effects (EFRE)","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129208487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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