Myocardial injury (MI) is the primary pathogenic process in many cardiovascular disorders. And inadequate medication targeting, unregulated release, and severe side effects are major issues in treatment. Recently, chitosan-based nano-delivery systems have gained popularity in the precision treatment of cardiovascular diseases due to their high biocompatibility, biodegradability, and ease of chemical modification. These devices can be functionally tuned to respond to the cardiac microenvironment, resulting in tailored drug enrichment and sustained release. In this paper, we provide a systematic assessment of the progress of chitosan and its derivatives in MI treatments, including material design approach, environmental response mechanism, drug loading and release management, and mode of action. It also examines the limitations of clinical translation and predicts future development directions. The study shows that chitosan-based nanosystems have significant potential in regulating inflammation and anti-oxidative stress, as well as promoting vascular neovascularization and myocardial repair.
{"title":"Chitosan-based drug delivery system targeting the myocardial microenvironment: Delivery strategy and mechanism exploration for precise treatment of myocardial injury","authors":"YuanYuan Zuo , Yanyan Zhu , Xuying Ding , Leiyi Wang , Jiaxin Zheng , Qucheng Huang , Hewei Xu , Chang Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.nano.2025.102868","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nano.2025.102868","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Myocardial injury (MI) is the primary pathogenic process in many cardiovascular disorders. And inadequate medication targeting, unregulated release, and severe side effects are major issues in treatment. Recently, chitosan-based nano-delivery systems have gained popularity in the precision treatment of cardiovascular diseases due to their high biocompatibility, biodegradability, and ease of chemical modification. These devices can be functionally tuned to respond to the cardiac microenvironment, resulting in tailored drug enrichment and sustained release. In this paper, we provide a systematic assessment of the progress of chitosan and its derivatives in MI treatments, including material design approach, environmental response mechanism, drug loading and release management, and mode of action. It also examines the limitations of clinical translation and predicts future development directions. The study shows that chitosan-based nanosystems have significant potential in regulating inflammation and anti-oxidative stress, as well as promoting vascular neovascularization and myocardial repair.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19050,"journal":{"name":"Nanomedicine : nanotechnology, biology, and medicine","volume":"70 ","pages":"Article 102868"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145355291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The blood stage of malaria, where Plasmodium parasites invade red blood cells, accounts for most clinical symptoms and severe complications. However, current drugs and vaccines remain limited by drug resistance, toxicity, poor stability, and reduced overall efficacy. This review aimed to synthesize evidence on nanotechnology-based delivery systems for improving targeting specificity, enhancing drug and antigen stability, and optimizing therapeutic outcomes. Forty (40) studies from 2005 to 2025 were systematically analyzed, focusing on lipid, polymeric, inorganic, and protein-based nanoparticles targeting the blood stage. Results showed that functionalized nanocarriers with ligands targeting infected red blood cells significantly enhanced drug efficacy and reduced systemic toxicity. In vaccine development, nanoparticles used as antigen carriers elicited strong immune responses, achieving up to 83.3 % survival in in vivo preclinical models. Despite these promising outcomes, challenges such as scalable production, clinical translation, and regulatory approval persist. Overall, the findings highlight nanomedicine's transformative potential for malaria treatment and prevention.
{"title":"Nanotechnology-based delivery strategies for drugs and vaccines targeting blood stage malaria: A systematic review","authors":"Yohana Amos , Clarence Rubaka , Elingarami Sauli , Hulda Swai , Anneth Tumbo","doi":"10.1016/j.nano.2025.102869","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nano.2025.102869","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The blood stage of malaria, where <em>Plasmodium</em> parasites invade red blood cells, accounts for most clinical symptoms and severe complications. However, current drugs and vaccines remain limited by drug resistance, toxicity, poor stability, and reduced overall efficacy. This review aimed to synthesize evidence on nanotechnology-based delivery systems for improving targeting specificity, enhancing drug and antigen stability, and optimizing therapeutic outcomes. Forty (40) studies from 2005 to 2025 were systematically analyzed, focusing on lipid, polymeric, inorganic, and protein-based nanoparticles targeting the blood stage. Results showed that functionalized nanocarriers with ligands targeting infected red blood cells significantly enhanced drug efficacy and reduced systemic toxicity. In vaccine development, nanoparticles used as antigen carriers elicited strong immune responses, achieving up to 83.3 % survival in <em>in vivo</em> preclinical models. Despite these promising outcomes, challenges such as scalable production, clinical translation, and regulatory approval persist. Overall, the findings highlight nanomedicine's transformative potential for malaria treatment and prevention.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19050,"journal":{"name":"Nanomedicine : nanotechnology, biology, and medicine","volume":"70 ","pages":"Article 102869"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145302337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-10DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2025.102867
Jaqueline Cardoso Jacintho , Ana Clara Nogueira Ferreira , Thiago Lopes Rocha
Nanotechnology-based approaches (NBA) can improve tumor diagnosis and treatment. Thus, zebrafish (Danio rerio) emerge as a model system to investigate antitumoral effects, biodistribution and mechanism of action of nanomaterials (NMs). The current study aimed to summarize and critically analyze the literature concerning the use of zebrafish as an in vivo model for assessing the NBA in diagnosis, therapy and theranostics of cancer. Revised data (n = 95) showed an increasing number of publications in recent years. The main study approach was therapeutic (83.16 %), while diagnosis and theranostics represented 9.47 % and 7.37 %, respectively. 95.8 % used the embryo-larval stage of zebrafish. The most studied NM was the nanoparticles (NPs). Breast cancer, liver and melanoma were the tumors most studied. Overall, NMs can reduce chemotherapeutic drug toxicity, inhibit tumor growth, metastasis and angiogenesis, also promote tumor imaging and tracking. Zebrafish is a suitable emerging model system in cancer nanomedicine research.
{"title":"Zebrafish as a model for assessing the nanotechnology-based approaches in cancer diagnosis, therapy and theranostic: A historical review, trends and challenges","authors":"Jaqueline Cardoso Jacintho , Ana Clara Nogueira Ferreira , Thiago Lopes Rocha","doi":"10.1016/j.nano.2025.102867","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nano.2025.102867","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nanotechnology-based approaches (NBA) can improve tumor diagnosis and treatment. Thus, zebrafish (<em>Danio rerio</em>) emerge as a model system to investigate antitumoral effects, biodistribution and mechanism of action of nanomaterials (NMs). The current study aimed to summarize and critically analyze the literature concerning the use of zebrafish as an <em>in vivo</em> model for assessing the NBA in diagnosis, therapy and theranostics of cancer. Revised data (n = 95) showed an increasing number of publications in recent years. The main study approach was therapeutic (83.16 %), while diagnosis and theranostics represented 9.47 % and 7.37 %, respectively. 95.8 % used the embryo-larval stage of zebrafish. The most studied NM was the nanoparticles (NPs). Breast cancer, liver and melanoma were the tumors most studied. Overall, NMs can reduce chemotherapeutic drug toxicity, inhibit tumor growth, metastasis and angiogenesis, also promote tumor imaging and tracking. Zebrafish is a suitable emerging model system in cancer nanomedicine research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19050,"journal":{"name":"Nanomedicine : nanotechnology, biology, and medicine","volume":"70 ","pages":"Article 102867"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145275425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nanoparticle delivery systems have been extensively investigated as novel therapeutic strategies to promote drug-resistant disease. These nanoparticle formulations demonstrated improved bioavailability and enhanced tissue targeting. Also, there is growing acceptance of the value of traditional Chinese medicine in fighting disease. In this study, combining the advantages of nanomedicine with the characteristics of the acidic inflammatory microenvironment of atherosclerosis, a nanoplasmonic platform encapsulating the unstable drug Sch was designed for the treatment of atherosclerotic lesions. pH-responsive nanocarriers, an acid-labile material of acetylated β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) (Ac-bCD) were synthesized by chemical modification of β-CD. The resulting nanoparticles loaded with Sch (Sch-NPs) were prepared using a solvent evaporation method. In ApoE−/− mice fed a high-fat diet, Sch-NPs alleviated arterial damage, inhibited lipid metabolism disorders, reduced plaque area, and promoted plaque stability. In addition, Sch-NPs effectively reduced inflammatory infiltration and oxidative stress by modulating the MAPK pathway. Our findings demonstrate the promising applications of pH-responsive nanoparticles loaded with Sch for enhanced disease therapies such as atherosclerosis.
{"title":"Schisandrin-loaded β-cyclodextrin nanoparticles for atherosclerosis therapy","authors":"Qiuxia Huang, Xinyao Liu, Jinjin Yu, Xinya Zhang, Siqi Wang, Lili Zhou, Xiaofeng Niu, Weifeng Li","doi":"10.1016/j.nano.2025.102866","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nano.2025.102866","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nanoparticle delivery systems have been extensively investigated as novel therapeutic strategies to promote drug-resistant disease. These nanoparticle formulations demonstrated improved bioavailability and enhanced tissue targeting. Also, there is growing acceptance of the value of traditional Chinese medicine in fighting disease. In this study, combining the advantages of nanomedicine with the characteristics of the acidic inflammatory microenvironment of atherosclerosis, a nanoplasmonic platform encapsulating the unstable drug Sch was designed for the treatment of atherosclerotic lesions. pH-responsive nanocarriers, an acid-labile material of acetylated β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) (Ac-bCD) were synthesized by chemical modification of β-CD. The resulting nanoparticles loaded with Sch (Sch-NPs) were prepared using a solvent evaporation method. In ApoE<sup>−/−</sup> mice fed a high-fat diet, Sch-NPs alleviated arterial damage, inhibited lipid metabolism disorders, reduced plaque area, and promoted plaque stability. In addition, Sch-NPs effectively reduced inflammatory infiltration and oxidative stress by modulating the MAPK pathway. Our findings demonstrate the promising applications of pH-responsive nanoparticles loaded with Sch for enhanced disease therapies such as atherosclerosis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19050,"journal":{"name":"Nanomedicine : nanotechnology, biology, and medicine","volume":"70 ","pages":"Article 102866"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145280912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Metal nanoparticles (NPs) have emerged as advanced drug delivery systems, combining high therapeutic potential with complex safety considerations. Their unique physicochemical features, including high surface-to-volume ratios, tunable surfaces, and the ability to cross biological barriers, enable applications in targeted drug delivery and theranostics. Gold (Au), silver (Ag), iron oxide (Fe₃O₄), zinc oxide (ZnO), and platinum (Pt) NPs demonstrate outstanding efficacy: AuNPs achieve >90 % drug loading and 3–5× improved tumour targeting, AgNPs show up to 99 % antimicrobial activity, and Fe₃O₄ NPs function as both drug carriers and MRI contrast agents. However, toxicity remains a major hurdle. Reported challenges include dose-dependent cytotoxicity (IC₅₀: 10–40 μg/mL), hepatic retention (30–40 %), oxidative stress (2–10× ROS increase), and immune activation (up to 3-fold cytokine elevation). Safety is governed by physicochemical properties, with <10 nm NPs showing efficient penetration but higher genotoxicity, and cationic surfaces being 2–3× more cytotoxic. Several strategies have been developed to overcome these barriers. PEGylation reduces macrophage uptake by 60–75 % and extends circulation time, biodegradable hybrids reduce long-term accumulation by 70–80 %, and controlled-release systems cut doses by 30–50 % without compromising efficacy. Advances in computational tools, such as machine learning (~87 % predictive accuracy), along with standardized testing (<20 % variability), have accelerated preclinical evaluation by 40–50 %. These improvements contribute to therapeutic indices >10 and Phase I trial success rates of 65–75 %, significantly outperforming first-generation nanocarriers. This review highlights the need for multidisciplinary integration of nanotechnology, toxicology, computational modelling, and regulatory frameworks. With continued innovation, metal NPs hold the potential to revolutionize precision medicine through safer, scalable, and clinically translatable nanoplatforms.
{"title":"Therapeutic potential and toxicological challenges of metal nanoparticles in drug delivery: A comprehensive review","authors":"Sajid Mehmood , Sajiya Iraqui , Rajesh Kumar Ojha , Nisha Sharma , Ab Rahman Marlinda","doi":"10.1016/j.nano.2025.102862","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nano.2025.102862","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Metal nanoparticles (NPs) have emerged as advanced drug delivery systems, combining high therapeutic potential with complex safety considerations. Their unique physicochemical features, including high surface-to-volume ratios, tunable surfaces, and the ability to cross biological barriers, enable applications in targeted drug delivery and theranostics. Gold (Au), silver (Ag), iron oxide (Fe₃O₄), zinc oxide (ZnO), and platinum (Pt) NPs demonstrate outstanding efficacy: AuNPs achieve >90 % drug loading and 3–5× improved tumour targeting, AgNPs show up to 99 % antimicrobial activity, and Fe₃O₄ NPs function as both drug carriers and MRI contrast agents. However, toxicity remains a major hurdle. Reported challenges include dose-dependent cytotoxicity (IC₅₀: 10–40 μg/mL), hepatic retention (30–40 %), oxidative stress (2–10× ROS increase), and immune activation (up to 3-fold cytokine elevation). Safety is governed by physicochemical properties, with <10 nm NPs showing efficient penetration but higher genotoxicity, and cationic surfaces being 2–3× more cytotoxic. Several strategies have been developed to overcome these barriers. PEGylation reduces macrophage uptake by 60–75 % and extends circulation time, biodegradable hybrids reduce long-term accumulation by 70–80 %, and controlled-release systems cut doses by 30–50 % without compromising efficacy. Advances in computational tools, such as machine learning (~87 % predictive accuracy), along with standardized testing (<20 % variability), have accelerated preclinical evaluation by 40–50 %. These improvements contribute to therapeutic indices >10 and Phase I trial success rates of 65–75 %, significantly outperforming first-generation nanocarriers. This review highlights the need for multidisciplinary integration of nanotechnology, toxicology, computational modelling, and regulatory frameworks. With continued innovation, metal NPs hold the potential to revolutionize precision medicine through safer, scalable, and clinically translatable nanoplatforms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19050,"journal":{"name":"Nanomedicine : nanotechnology, biology, and medicine","volume":"70 ","pages":"Article 102862"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145258662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study aims to investigate the anticancer properties of capsaicin, the active substance of red pepper, in different concentrations (2 %, 6 %, and 10 %) by chitosan and polyvinyl alcohol nanofiber substrate, against the K562 leukemia cell line. For this purpose, chitosan (Cs) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) polymers were used to produce nanofibers with a 20/80 ratio by electrospinning, with capsaicin serving as the anticancer drug. The properties of the fabricated nanofibers were evaluated by field emission scanning electron microscopy. Also, gold nanoparticles were used to analyze and compare its effectiveness against the K562 cancer cell line. This cell line was prepared from Pasteur cell bank and cultured in DMEM medium. Subsequently, the anticancer effect of synthetic nanofibers in different concentrations was assessed by performing survival test, apoptosis by annexin and propidium iodide staining, and cell scratch assay. The electron microscopy study demonstrated the uniformity and purity of the nanofiber structure. The results showed that capsaicin, dose-dependently, reduced the viability of K562 cells after 72 h (P < 0.01). The apoptotic assay also indicated that the induction of apoptosis significantly increased by PVA/Cs/Caps(2 %) and PVA/Cs/Au(5 %)/Caps(10 %) compounds in the studied cell line (P < 0.0001). Furthermore, scratch assay at 24, 48, and 72 h demonstrated that the mentioned compounds possess anti-migration potential, particularly at 48 h. Our results suggest that capsaicin in nanofiber substrate can show anticancer properties against the K562 leukemia cell line. Therefore, this compound can be considered a potential candidate for the treatment of leukemia.
以壳聚糖和聚乙乙醇纳米纤维为底物，研究不同浓度（2 %、6 %和10 %）的红辣椒活性物质辣椒素对K562白血病细胞的抗癌作用。为此，以壳聚糖（Cs）和聚乙烯醇（PVA）聚合物为原料，以辣椒素为抗癌药物，采用静电纺丝法制备了20/80比例的纳米纤维。利用场发射扫描电镜对制备的纳米纤维的性能进行了评价。此外，还利用金纳米颗粒对K562癌细胞的杀伤效果进行了分析和比较。该细胞系由巴斯德细胞库制备，在DMEM培养基中培养。随后，通过存活实验、膜联蛋白和碘化丙啶染色细胞凋亡实验和细胞划痕实验来评估不同浓度合成纳米纤维的抗癌作用。电镜研究表明，纳米纤维结构均匀，纯度高。结果表明，辣椒素在72 h (P
{"title":"Inhibition of growth of the human chronic leukemia cancer cell line K562 using capsaicin-containing nanofibers: an in vitro study","authors":"Mohadeseh Heidarzadeh , Habib Hamidinezhad , Fatemeh Hedayati Tabari , Mohammad Karimian","doi":"10.1016/j.nano.2025.102864","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nano.2025.102864","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study aims to investigate the anticancer properties of capsaicin, the active substance of red pepper, in different concentrations (2 %, 6 %, and 10 %) by chitosan and polyvinyl alcohol nanofiber substrate, against the K562 leukemia cell line. For this purpose, chitosan (Cs) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) polymers were used to produce nanofibers with a 20/80 ratio by electrospinning, with capsaicin serving as the anticancer drug. The properties of the fabricated nanofibers were evaluated by field emission scanning electron microscopy. Also, gold nanoparticles were used to analyze and compare its effectiveness against the K562 cancer cell line. This cell line was prepared from Pasteur cell bank and cultured in DMEM medium. Subsequently, the anticancer effect of synthetic nanofibers in different concentrations was assessed by performing survival test, apoptosis by annexin and propidium iodide staining, and cell scratch assay. The electron microscopy study demonstrated the uniformity and purity of the nanofiber structure. The results showed that capsaicin, dose-dependently, reduced the viability of K562 cells after 72 h (<em>P</em> < 0.01). The apoptotic assay also indicated that the induction of apoptosis significantly increased by PVA/Cs/Caps(2 %) and PVA/Cs/Au(5 %)/Caps(10 %) compounds in the studied cell line (<em>P</em> < 0.0001). Furthermore, scratch assay at 24, 48, and 72 h demonstrated that the mentioned compounds possess anti-migration potential, particularly at 48 h. Our results suggest that capsaicin in nanofiber substrate can show anticancer properties against the K562 leukemia cell line. Therefore, this compound can be considered a potential candidate for the treatment of leukemia.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19050,"journal":{"name":"Nanomedicine : nanotechnology, biology, and medicine","volume":"70 ","pages":"Article 102864"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145233043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-02DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2025.102865
Qinghui Cao , Yihui Ge , Tong Wang, Ke Lin, Sidong Xiong, Yan Yue
Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) is a common cause of viral myocarditis, necessitating the development of prophylactic vaccines.. AD-Exo, a dual-targeting exosome vaccine, was developed to induce immune responses via targeting draining lymph nodes (dLNs) and dendritic cells (DCs). By incorporating an albumin-binding domain (ABD) peptide and a DC-guiding peptide (DCpep) into our previous CVB3 exosome vaccine (Exo), the AD-Exo vaccine demonstrated superior immunogenicity. It efficiently bound to mouse serum albumin, amplified antigen enrichment in dLNs, and enhanced DC uptake and maturation. Subcutaneous immunization in mice elicited significantly higher CVB3-specific serum neutralizing IgG with greater affinity than Exo and single-targeting vaccines. It induced robust T cell proliferation and CTL responses, increasing IFN-γ-producing CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Ultimately, the AD-Exo vaccine reduced cardiac viral load, minimized histopathological damage, and significantly improved survival in challenged mice. This strategy provided novel perspectives for the development of dual-targeting prophylactic vaccines against viral myocarditis.
{"title":"Dual-targeting exosome vaccine confers efficient protection against CVB3-induced myocarditis","authors":"Qinghui Cao , Yihui Ge , Tong Wang, Ke Lin, Sidong Xiong, Yan Yue","doi":"10.1016/j.nano.2025.102865","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nano.2025.102865","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) is a common cause of viral myocarditis, necessitating the development of prophylactic vaccines.. AD-Exo, a dual-targeting exosome vaccine, was developed to induce immune responses via targeting draining lymph nodes (dLNs) and dendritic cells (DCs). By incorporating an albumin-binding domain (ABD) peptide and a DC-guiding peptide (DCpep) into our previous CVB3 exosome vaccine (Exo), the AD-Exo vaccine demonstrated superior immunogenicity. It efficiently bound to mouse serum albumin, amplified antigen enrichment in dLNs, and enhanced DC uptake and maturation. Subcutaneous immunization in mice elicited significantly higher CVB3-specific serum neutralizing IgG with greater affinity than Exo and single-targeting vaccines. It induced robust T cell proliferation and CTL responses, increasing IFN-γ-producing CD4<sup>+</sup> and CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells. Ultimately, the AD-Exo vaccine reduced cardiac viral load, minimized histopathological damage, and significantly improved survival in challenged mice. This strategy provided novel perspectives for the development of dual-targeting prophylactic vaccines against viral myocarditis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19050,"journal":{"name":"Nanomedicine : nanotechnology, biology, and medicine","volume":"70 ","pages":"Article 102865"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145228672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-01DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2025.102863
Sergio Dávila , Alberto Martín-Asensio, Elena Sanz-de Diego, Jaime J. Hernández , Isabel Rodríguez
The pathways through which nanomedicines extravasate from the bloodstream into solid tumors remain a subject of active investigation. To elucidate this process, we examine the predominant transport mechanisms in vitro using a tumor-vessel-on-chip (TVoC) microfluidic model device. The device comprises a micro-vessel lined with human umbilical vein endothelial cells, positioned adjacent to a compartment containing a collagen-based extracellular matrix. The two compartments are separated by a row of micropillars, where an endothelial barrier naturally forms at the interface within the gaps. Here, transport of different nanoparticles is analyzed under simulated vascular flow conditions. Strengthening endothelial cell junctions to modulate barrier properties led to a nearly 50 % reduction in the permeability coefficient. Furthermore, disruption of intracellular pathways resulted in minimal nanoparticle permeability, which is consistent with the interpretation that the tested nanoparticles predominantly extravasate via the interendothelial route.
{"title":"Investigation of nanoparticle extravasation pathways in tumor vessel-on-a-chip devices","authors":"Sergio Dávila , Alberto Martín-Asensio, Elena Sanz-de Diego, Jaime J. Hernández , Isabel Rodríguez","doi":"10.1016/j.nano.2025.102863","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nano.2025.102863","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The pathways through which nanomedicines extravasate from the bloodstream into solid tumors remain a subject of active investigation. To elucidate this process, we examine the predominant transport mechanisms in vitro using a tumor-vessel-on-chip (TVoC) microfluidic model device. The device comprises a micro-vessel lined with human umbilical vein endothelial cells, positioned adjacent to a compartment containing a collagen-based extracellular matrix. The two compartments are separated by a row of micropillars, where an endothelial barrier naturally forms at the interface within the gaps. Here, transport of different nanoparticles is analyzed under simulated vascular flow conditions. Strengthening endothelial cell junctions to modulate barrier properties led to a nearly 50 % reduction in the permeability coefficient. Furthermore, disruption of intracellular pathways resulted in minimal nanoparticle permeability, which is consistent with the interpretation that the tested nanoparticles predominantly extravasate via the interendothelial route.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19050,"journal":{"name":"Nanomedicine : nanotechnology, biology, and medicine","volume":"69 ","pages":"Article 102863"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145225633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gastrointestinal cancers are among the most common and deadly malignancies, with millions of fatalities annually. The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling cascade is integral to the advancement, survival, and therapeutic resistance associated with gastrointestinal (GI) malignancies. Despite advancements in chemotherapy, challenges like drug resistance and side effects highlight the need for innovative treatments. Nanotechnology offers a promising solution by improving the precision and efficacy of therapies targeting this pathway while minimizing adverse effects. This review discusses the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway's role in gastrointestinal cancers and explores nanoparticle-based therapeutic approaches. Nanoparticles are classified into metal-based (e.g., selenium, gold, silver, iron oxide, and zinc oxide nanoparticles), lipid-based (e.g., liposomes, micelles, and solid lipid nanoparticles), and polymeric nanoparticles (e.g., dendrimers, nanospheres). Recent research on these approaches and ultra-small nanoparticles and superparticles is discussed along with their importance. This review also addresses the challenges, limitations, and prospects of the field.
{"title":"Targeting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway with nanotechnology: A novel therapeutic strategy for gastrointestinal cancers","authors":"Maryam Kaviani , Vahid Tayebi-Khorrami , Yegane Marami , Seyed Mahdi Hassanian","doi":"10.1016/j.nano.2025.102861","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.nano.2025.102861","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Gastrointestinal cancers are among the most common and deadly malignancies, with millions of fatalities annually. The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling cascade is integral to the advancement, survival, and therapeutic resistance associated with gastrointestinal (GI) malignancies. Despite advancements in chemotherapy, challenges like drug resistance and side effects highlight the need for innovative treatments. Nanotechnology offers a promising solution by improving the precision and efficacy of therapies targeting this pathway while minimizing adverse effects. This review discusses the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway's role in gastrointestinal cancers and explores nanoparticle-based therapeutic approaches. Nanoparticles are classified into metal-based (<em>e.g.</em>, selenium, gold, silver, iron oxide, and zinc oxide nanoparticles), lipid-based (<em>e.g.</em>, liposomes, micelles, and solid lipid nanoparticles), and polymeric nanoparticles (<em>e.g.</em>, dendrimers, nanospheres). Recent research on these approaches and ultra-small nanoparticles and superparticles is discussed along with their importance. This review also addresses the challenges, limitations, and prospects of the field.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19050,"journal":{"name":"Nanomedicine : nanotechnology, biology, and medicine","volume":"69 ","pages":"Article 102861"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145186396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-25DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2025.102860
Meritxell Perramón , María Navalón-López , Guillermo Fernández-Varo , Gregori Casals , Joana Faneca , Manuel Macías-Herranz , Loreto Boix , Yiliam Fundora , Manuel Morales-Ruiz , Judit García-Villoria , Cristina Fornaguera , Salvador Borrós , Wladimiro Jiménez
Pituitary tumor transforming gene 1 (Pttg1) is upregulated in cirrhosis and hepatocarcinoma (HCC). We assessed the therapeutic effect of liver-targeted Pttg1 siRNA Retinol (Ret) pBAE nanoparticles (NPs) to treat these disturbances. Fibrosis was induced in Wistar rats by carbon tetrachloride inhalation and HCC by diethylnitrosamine injection. Ret pBAE NPs accumulated in hepatic tissue, close to zones positive for αSMA staining. Pttg1 interference increased mean arterial pressure, reduced portal hypertension and decreased collagen accumulation and inflammatory infiltrate in fibrotic rats. In HCC rats, Pttg1 silencing reduced liver to body weight ratio and hepatic proliferation and increased hepatic ATP production and serum glucose. This therapy effectively mitigated liver fibrosis and HCC progression in experimental models. The feasibility of this treatment was also demonstrated in human derived hepatic stellate cells and in ex vivo human cirrhotic livers underscoring the therapeutic potential of Pttg1 siRNA Ret pBAE NPs in addressing liver fibrosis and HCC.
垂体肿瘤转化基因1 （Pttg1）在肝硬化和肝癌中表达上调。我们评估了肝脏靶向Pttg1 siRNA视黄醇（Ret） pBAE纳米颗粒（NPs）治疗这些紊乱的疗效。吸入四氯化碳和注射二乙基亚硝胺诱导Wistar大鼠肝纤维化。肝组织中paenps聚集，靠近α - sma染色阳性区。Pttg1干扰使纤维化大鼠平均动脉压升高，门静脉高压降低，胶原积累和炎症浸润减少。在HCC大鼠中，Pttg1沉默降低肝体重比和肝脏增殖，增加肝脏ATP生成和血清葡萄糖。在实验模型中，该疗法有效地减轻了肝纤维化和HCC的进展。这种治疗的可行性也在人源性肝星状细胞和离体人肝硬化肝脏中得到证实，强调了Pttg1 siRNA Ret pbanps在治疗肝纤维化和HCC方面的治疗潜力。
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