Pub Date : 2024-08-20DOI: 10.1007/s12550-024-00552-3
Sumeyra Sevim, Arife Macit, Mevlude Kizil
Throughout history, Turkish coffee has been the most widely consumed type of coffee in Turkey. Therefore, the goal of this study was to determine the amount of ochratoxin A (OTA) present in Turkish coffee and to analyze any potential health hazards. A total of 41 Turkish coffees were collected and analyzed for OTA activity using a competitive enzyme immunoassay (ELISA). Furthermore, dietary exposure and health risk assessments for the Turkish population were calculated based on analytical results and coffee consumption data from the Turkish Nutrition and Health Survey 2019 (TNHS-2019) in three age categories (15-18, 19-64, and 65 + years). Nine of the samples contained more than 2.5 μg/kg OTA, with an average of 5.24 μg/kg. The OTA concentration in 3 samples exceeded the permissible maximum limit (5 μg/kg) established by Turkish legislation, and the mean concentration was 8.41 μg/kg. A margin of exposure (MOE) approach was used for risk characterization, considering both non-neoplastic and neoplastic consequences. There were no concerns about health risks because MOEs were more than 10,000 for all categories. Although the levels of OTA analyzed in Turkish coffee did not pose a risk to individuals in the three age categories, emphasis should be placed on minimizing and controlling OTA concentrations in Turkish coffee. Additionally, it is also necessary to consider other food sources that could contribute to OTA exposure.
纵观历史,土耳其咖啡一直是土耳其消费量最大的咖啡种类。因此,这项研究的目的是确定土耳其咖啡中的赭曲霉毒素 A(OTA)含量,并分析其对健康的潜在危害。研究人员共收集了 41 种土耳其咖啡,并采用竞争性酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)对咖啡中的 OTA 活性进行了分析。此外,根据分析结果和 2019 年土耳其营养与健康调查(TNHS-2019)中三个年龄组(15-18 岁、19-64 岁和 65 岁以上)的咖啡消费数据,计算了土耳其人口的膳食暴露和健康风险评估。其中 9 个样本的 OTA 含量超过 2.5 μg/kg,平均为 5.24 μg/kg。3 个样本中的 OTA 浓度超过了土耳其法律规定的允许上限(5 微克/千克),平均浓度为 8.41 微克/千克。考虑到非肿瘤性和肿瘤性后果,采用了暴露阈值(MOE)法进行风险定性。由于所有类别的暴露阈值都超过了 10,000,因此不存在健康风险问题。虽然分析得出的土耳其咖啡中的 OTA 含量不会对三个年龄段的人造成风险,但应强调尽量减少和控制土耳其咖啡中的 OTA 浓度。此外,还有必要考虑可能导致摄入 OTA 的其他食物来源。
{"title":"Ochratoxin a levels in Turkish coffee: a probabilistic health risk assessment via Monte Carlo simulation.","authors":"Sumeyra Sevim, Arife Macit, Mevlude Kizil","doi":"10.1007/s12550-024-00552-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12550-024-00552-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Throughout history, Turkish coffee has been the most widely consumed type of coffee in Turkey. Therefore, the goal of this study was to determine the amount of ochratoxin A (OTA) present in Turkish coffee and to analyze any potential health hazards. A total of 41 Turkish coffees were collected and analyzed for OTA activity using a competitive enzyme immunoassay (ELISA). Furthermore, dietary exposure and health risk assessments for the Turkish population were calculated based on analytical results and coffee consumption data from the Turkish Nutrition and Health Survey 2019 (TNHS-2019) in three age categories (15-18, 19-64, and 65 + years). Nine of the samples contained more than 2.5 μg/kg OTA, with an average of 5.24 μg/kg. The OTA concentration in 3 samples exceeded the permissible maximum limit (5 μg/kg) established by Turkish legislation, and the mean concentration was 8.41 μg/kg. A margin of exposure (MOE) approach was used for risk characterization, considering both non-neoplastic and neoplastic consequences. There were no concerns about health risks because MOEs were more than 10,000 for all categories. Although the levels of OTA analyzed in Turkish coffee did not pose a risk to individuals in the three age categories, emphasis should be placed on minimizing and controlling OTA concentrations in Turkish coffee. Additionally, it is also necessary to consider other food sources that could contribute to OTA exposure.</p>","PeriodicalId":19060,"journal":{"name":"Mycotoxin Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142004864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-17DOI: 10.1007/s12550-024-00551-4
Katherine Sánchez-Zúñiga, William Rivera-Méndez, Stefany Campos-Boza, Emanuel Araya-Valverde, Frank Solano-Campos, Maria Vinas
Maize (Zea mays L.) is an important cereal crop worldwide. Contaminated maize kernels pose a significant mycotoxin exposure risk for humans in Latin America. Fumonisins, the most prevalent mycotoxin in maize, typically occur during pre-harvest conditions leading to significant economic losses. Various factors, including weather conditions, may influence this contamination. This study aimed to determine the association between fumonisin B1 (FB1) contamination, prevalence of Fusarium verticillioides, weather conditions and kernel quality in the two primary maize production areas in Costa Rica (Brunca and Chorotega). All maize samples (100%) showed FB1 contamination, with higher concentrations in samples from Brunca region, consistent with the presence of F. verticilliodes. Weather conditions appeared to play an important role in this contamination, since Brunca region had the highest mean temperature and relative humidity after maize silking (R1) and the total monthly rainfall in this region was significantly higher during the last two months of maize cultivation (grain-filling and physiological maturity stages R3 to R6). Interestingly, this study found a negative correlation between grain damage and kernel contamination with FB1 and F. verticillioides. The concentration of mineral nutrients in kernels from both regions was largely similar. Most nutrients in kernels exhibited a negative correlation with FB1, particularly nitrogen. Zinc and phosphorus were the only nutrients in kernels showing a positive correlation with FB1 in samples from the Brunca region. The results highlight elevated levels of FB1 contamination in maize and contribute to a better understanding of pre-harvest factors influencing FB1 contamination in tropical conditions.
{"title":"Factors influencing fumonisin B<sub>1</sub> contamination in maize: insights from two production regions in Costa Rica.","authors":"Katherine Sánchez-Zúñiga, William Rivera-Méndez, Stefany Campos-Boza, Emanuel Araya-Valverde, Frank Solano-Campos, Maria Vinas","doi":"10.1007/s12550-024-00551-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12550-024-00551-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Maize (Zea mays L.) is an important cereal crop worldwide. Contaminated maize kernels pose a significant mycotoxin exposure risk for humans in Latin America. Fumonisins, the most prevalent mycotoxin in maize, typically occur during pre-harvest conditions leading to significant economic losses. Various factors, including weather conditions, may influence this contamination. This study aimed to determine the association between fumonisin B<sub>1</sub> (FB<sub>1</sub>) contamination, prevalence of Fusarium verticillioides, weather conditions and kernel quality in the two primary maize production areas in Costa Rica (Brunca and Chorotega). All maize samples (100%) showed FB<sub>1</sub> contamination, with higher concentrations in samples from Brunca region, consistent with the presence of F. verticilliodes. Weather conditions appeared to play an important role in this contamination, since Brunca region had the highest mean temperature and relative humidity after maize silking (R1) and the total monthly rainfall in this region was significantly higher during the last two months of maize cultivation (grain-filling and physiological maturity stages R3 to R6). Interestingly, this study found a negative correlation between grain damage and kernel contamination with FB<sub>1</sub> and F. verticillioides. The concentration of mineral nutrients in kernels from both regions was largely similar. Most nutrients in kernels exhibited a negative correlation with FB<sub>1</sub>, particularly nitrogen. Zinc and phosphorus were the only nutrients in kernels showing a positive correlation with FB<sub>1</sub> in samples from the Brunca region. The results highlight elevated levels of FB<sub>1</sub> contamination in maize and contribute to a better understanding of pre-harvest factors influencing FB<sub>1</sub> contamination in tropical conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":19060,"journal":{"name":"Mycotoxin Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141996178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-03DOI: 10.1007/s12550-024-00548-z
Luisina D. Demonte, Eugenia Cendoya, María J. Nichea, Cindy J. Romero Donato, María L. Ramirez, María R. Repetti
The Latin America region has a considerable extent of varied climate conditions: from tropical, subtropical, and warm temperate to temperate. Among the surface territory, different agricultural products are produced, making them an important food source for human consumption. Fungal species commonly colonize those important agricultural products and often contaminate them with mycotoxins that have a major impact on health, welfare, and productivity. Nowadays, special attention is paid to modified mycotoxins, which are those that cannot be detected by conventional analytical methods. However, little data about their natural occurrence in food and feed is available, especially in Latin American countries, where, among all the countries in this region, only a few of them are working on this subject. Thus, the present review summarizes the published information available in order to determine the possible human exposure risk to these toxins.
{"title":"Occurrence of modified mycotoxins in Latin America: an up-to-date review","authors":"Luisina D. Demonte, Eugenia Cendoya, María J. Nichea, Cindy J. Romero Donato, María L. Ramirez, María R. Repetti","doi":"10.1007/s12550-024-00548-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12550-024-00548-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Latin America region has a considerable extent of varied climate conditions: from tropical, subtropical, and warm temperate to temperate. Among the surface territory, different agricultural products are produced, making them an important food source for human consumption. Fungal species commonly colonize those important agricultural products and often contaminate them with mycotoxins that have a major impact on health, welfare, and productivity. Nowadays, special attention is paid to modified mycotoxins, which are those that cannot be detected by conventional analytical methods. However, little data about their natural occurrence in food and feed is available, especially in Latin American countries, where, among all the countries in this region, only a few of them are working on this subject. Thus, the present review summarizes the published information available in order to determine the possible human exposure risk to these toxins.</p>","PeriodicalId":19060,"journal":{"name":"Mycotoxin Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141881932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Altersolanol A, a fungus-derived tetrahydroanthraquinone, has shown cytotoxic effects on multiple cancer cells. However, its reproductive toxicity in humans has not been well-addressed. The present study was aimed at investigating the cytotoxicity of altersolanol A on human placental trophoblasts including choriocarcinoma cell line JEG-3 and normal trophoblast cell line HTR-8/SVneo in vitro. The results showed that altersolanol A inhibited proliferation and colony formation of human trophoblasts, and the choriocarcinoma cells were more sensitive to the compound than the normal trophoblasts. Altersolanol A induced cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase in JEG-3 cells and S phase in HTR-8/SVneo cells, downregulated the expression of cell cycle-related checkpoint proteins, and upregulated the p21 level. Altersolanol A also promoted apoptosis in human trophoblasts via elevating the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and decreasing both caspase-3 and caspase-9 levels. Meanwhile, altersolanol A suppressed the mitochondrial membrane potential and induced ROS production and cytochrome c release, which activated the mitochondria-mediated intrinsic apoptosis. Moreover, migration and invasion were inhibited upon altersolanol A exposure with downregulation of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 in JEG-3 cells and MMP-9 in HTR-8/SVneo cells. Mechanically, altersolanol A supplement decreased the phosphorylation of JNK, ERK, and p38, manifesting the inactivation of MAPK signaling pathway in the human trophoblasts. In conclusion, altersolanol A exhibited potential reproductive cytotoxicity against human trophoblasts via promoting mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis and inhibiting the MAPK signaling pathway.
Altersolanol A 是一种从真菌中提取的四氢蒽醌,对多种癌细胞具有细胞毒性作用。然而,它对人类的生殖毒性尚未得到很好的研究。本研究旨在体外研究 altersolanol A 对人类胎盘滋养层细胞(包括绒毛膜癌细胞系 JEG-3 和正常滋养层细胞系 HTR-8/SVneo)的细胞毒性。结果表明,altersolanol A 可抑制人滋养细胞的增殖和集落形成,绒毛膜癌细胞对该化合物的敏感性高于正常滋养细胞。Altersolanol A 能诱导 JEG-3 细胞的细胞周期停滞在 G2/M 期,HTR-8/SVneo 细胞的细胞周期停滞在 S 期,下调细胞周期相关检查点蛋白的表达,并上调 p21 水平。土荆皮酚 A 还能通过提高 Bax/Bcl-2 比率、降低 caspase-3 和 caspase-9 水平来促进人滋养细胞的凋亡。同时,altersolanol A 可抑制线粒体膜电位,诱导 ROS 生成和细胞色素 c 释放,从而激活线粒体介导的内在凋亡。此外,暴露于 altersolanol A 后,JEG-3 细胞的基质金属蛋白酶(MMP)-2 和 HTR-8/SVneo 细胞的 MMP-9 下调,从而抑制了细胞的迁移和侵袭。从机理上讲,补充 altersolanol A 可降低 JNK、ERK 和 p38 的磷酸化,从而表明人滋养细胞中的 MAPK 信号通路失活。总之,altersolanol A 通过促进线粒体介导的细胞凋亡和抑制 MAPK 信号通路,对人类滋养细胞具有潜在的生殖细胞毒性。
{"title":"Fungal metabolite altersolanol a exhibits potent cytotoxicity against human placental trophoblasts in vitro via mitochondria-mediated apoptosis.","authors":"Ting Gu, Yuting Wen, Qian Zhou, Wei Yuan, Haichun Guo, Wen-Lin Chang, Qing Yang","doi":"10.1007/s12550-024-00539-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12550-024-00539-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Altersolanol A, a fungus-derived tetrahydroanthraquinone, has shown cytotoxic effects on multiple cancer cells. However, its reproductive toxicity in humans has not been well-addressed. The present study was aimed at investigating the cytotoxicity of altersolanol A on human placental trophoblasts including choriocarcinoma cell line JEG-3 and normal trophoblast cell line HTR-8/SVneo in vitro. The results showed that altersolanol A inhibited proliferation and colony formation of human trophoblasts, and the choriocarcinoma cells were more sensitive to the compound than the normal trophoblasts. Altersolanol A induced cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase in JEG-3 cells and S phase in HTR-8/SVneo cells, downregulated the expression of cell cycle-related checkpoint proteins, and upregulated the p21 level. Altersolanol A also promoted apoptosis in human trophoblasts via elevating the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and decreasing both caspase-3 and caspase-9 levels. Meanwhile, altersolanol A suppressed the mitochondrial membrane potential and induced ROS production and cytochrome c release, which activated the mitochondria-mediated intrinsic apoptosis. Moreover, migration and invasion were inhibited upon altersolanol A exposure with downregulation of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 in JEG-3 cells and MMP-9 in HTR-8/SVneo cells. Mechanically, altersolanol A supplement decreased the phosphorylation of JNK, ERK, and p38, manifesting the inactivation of MAPK signaling pathway in the human trophoblasts. In conclusion, altersolanol A exhibited potential reproductive cytotoxicity against human trophoblasts via promoting mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis and inhibiting the MAPK signaling pathway.</p>","PeriodicalId":19060,"journal":{"name":"Mycotoxin Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140876885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-01Epub Date: 2024-05-14DOI: 10.1007/s12550-024-00538-1
Michael Kuhn, Reham Hassan, Daniela González, Maiju Myllys, Zaynab Hobloss, Gisela H Degen, Hans-Ulrich Humpf, Jan G Hengstler, Benedikt Cramer, Ahmed Ghallab
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is known to be strongly bound to serum albumin, but it remains unknown how albumin affects its metabolism and kinetics. To close this gap, we used a mouse model, where heterozygous albumin deletion reduces serum albumin to concentrations similar to hypoalbuminemic patients and completely eliminates albumin by a homozygous knockout. OTA and its potential metabolites (OTα, 4-OH-OTA, 7'-OH-OTA, OTHQ, OP-OTA, OTB-GSH, OTB-NAC, OTB) were time-dependently analyzed in plasma, bile, and urine by LC-MS/MS and were compared to previously published hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity data. Homozygous albumin deletion strongly accelerated plasma clearance as well as biliary and urinary excretion of the parent compound and its hydroxylation products. Decreasing albumin in mice by the heterozygous and even more by the homozygous knockout leads to an increase in the parent compound in urine which corresponded to increased nephrotoxicity. The role of albumin in OTA-induced hepatotoxicity is more complex, since heterozygous but not homozygous nor wild-type mice showed a strong biliary increase in the toxic open lactone OP-OTA. Correspondingly, OTA-induced hepatotoxicity was higher in heterozygous than in wild-type and homozygous animals. We present evidence that albumin-mediated retention of OTA in hepatocytes is required for formation of the toxic OP-OTA, while complete albumin elimination leads to rapid biliary clearance of OTA from hepatocytes with less formation of OP-OTA. In conclusion, albumin has a strong influence on metabolism and toxicity of OTA. In hypoalbuminemia, the parent OTA is associated with increased nephrotoxicity and the open lactone with increased hepatotoxicity.
众所周知,赭曲霉毒素A(OTA)与血清白蛋白的结合力很强,但白蛋白如何影响其代谢和动力学仍是未知数。为了填补这一空白,我们使用了一种小鼠模型,在这种模型中,杂合性白蛋白缺失会使血清白蛋白降低到与低白蛋白血症患者相似的浓度,而同源性白蛋白缺失则会完全消除白蛋白。通过 LC-MS/MS,对血浆、胆汁和尿液中的 OTA 及其潜在代谢物(OTα、4-OH-OTA、7'-OH-OTA、OTHQ、OP-OTA、OTB-GSH、OTB-NAC、OTB)进行了时间依赖性分析,并与之前公布的肝毒性和肾毒性数据进行了比较。同基因白蛋白缺失强烈加速了母体化合物及其羟化产物的血浆清除、胆汁排泄和尿液排泄。通过杂合子和同源基因敲除减少小鼠体内的白蛋白会导致尿液中母体化合物的增加,从而增加肾毒性。白蛋白在 OTA 诱导的肝毒性中的作用更为复杂,因为杂合子小鼠而非同合子小鼠或野生型小鼠显示出毒性开放内酯 OP-OTA 的强烈胆汁增加。相应地,OTA 诱导的肝毒性在杂合子动物中高于野生型和同源动物。我们提出的证据表明,白蛋白介导的 OTA 在肝细胞中的滞留是毒性 OP-OTA 形成的必要条件,而白蛋白的完全清除会导致肝细胞中 OTA 的快速胆汁清除,并减少 OP-OTA 的形成。总之,白蛋白对 OTA 的代谢和毒性有很大影响。在低白蛋白血症的情况下,母体 OTA 的肾毒性增加,而开放内酯的肝毒性增加。
{"title":"Role of albumin in the metabolism and excretion of ochratoxin A.","authors":"Michael Kuhn, Reham Hassan, Daniela González, Maiju Myllys, Zaynab Hobloss, Gisela H Degen, Hans-Ulrich Humpf, Jan G Hengstler, Benedikt Cramer, Ahmed Ghallab","doi":"10.1007/s12550-024-00538-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12550-024-00538-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ochratoxin A (OTA) is known to be strongly bound to serum albumin, but it remains unknown how albumin affects its metabolism and kinetics. To close this gap, we used a mouse model, where heterozygous albumin deletion reduces serum albumin to concentrations similar to hypoalbuminemic patients and completely eliminates albumin by a homozygous knockout. OTA and its potential metabolites (OTα, 4-OH-OTA, 7'-OH-OTA, OTHQ, OP-OTA, OTB-GSH, OTB-NAC, OTB) were time-dependently analyzed in plasma, bile, and urine by LC-MS/MS and were compared to previously published hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity data. Homozygous albumin deletion strongly accelerated plasma clearance as well as biliary and urinary excretion of the parent compound and its hydroxylation products. Decreasing albumin in mice by the heterozygous and even more by the homozygous knockout leads to an increase in the parent compound in urine which corresponded to increased nephrotoxicity. The role of albumin in OTA-induced hepatotoxicity is more complex, since heterozygous but not homozygous nor wild-type mice showed a strong biliary increase in the toxic open lactone OP-OTA. Correspondingly, OTA-induced hepatotoxicity was higher in heterozygous than in wild-type and homozygous animals. We present evidence that albumin-mediated retention of OTA in hepatocytes is required for formation of the toxic OP-OTA, while complete albumin elimination leads to rapid biliary clearance of OTA from hepatocytes with less formation of OP-OTA. In conclusion, albumin has a strong influence on metabolism and toxicity of OTA. In hypoalbuminemia, the parent OTA is associated with increased nephrotoxicity and the open lactone with increased hepatotoxicity.</p>","PeriodicalId":19060,"journal":{"name":"Mycotoxin Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140922910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-01Epub Date: 2024-05-16DOI: 10.1007/s12550-024-00537-2
Chahinez Laouni, Francisco J Lara, Ahmed Messai, Sara Redouane-Salah, Maykel Hernández-Mesa, Laura Gámiz-Gracia, Ana M García-Campaña
Poultry farming has developed into one of Algeria's most productive industrial farming because of the growing demand for sources of protein among Algerian society. Laying hen feed consists mainly of cereals, which can be contaminated with molds and subsequently with their secondary metabolites known as mycotoxins. These later can pose a serious danger to the production and quality of eggs in the commercial layer industry. This work focuses on the detection of emerging mycotoxins, mainly enniatins (ENNs) and beauvericin (BEA), in poultry feed and eggs from different locations in Algeria. Two different QuEChERS-based extractions were established to extract ENNs and BEA from chicken feed and eggs. The determination of mycotoxin occurrence was achieved by a UHPLC-MS/MS method using 0.1% (v/v) formic acid in water and MeOH as mobile phase, an ESI interface operating in positive mode, and a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer operating in MRM for the detection. Matrix-matched calibration curves were carried out for both matrices, obtaining good linearity (R2 > 0.99). The method performance was assessed in terms of extraction recovery (from 87 to 107%), matrix effect (from - 47 to - 86%), precision (RSD < 15%), and limits of quantitation (≤ 1.1 µg/kg for feed and ≤ 0.8 µg/kg for eggs). The analysis of 10 chicken feed samples and 35 egg samples composed of a 10-egg pool each showed that ENN B1 was the most common mycotoxin (i.e., found in 9 feed samples) with contamination levels ranging from 3.6 to 41.5 µg/kg, while BEA was detected only in one feed sample (12 µg/kg). However, eggs were not found to be contaminated with any mycotoxin at the detection limit levels. Our findings indicate that the searched mycotoxins are present in traces in feed and absent in eggs. This can be explained by the application of a mycotoxin binder. However, this does not put a stop on the conduction of additional research and ultimately setting regulations to prevent the occurrence of emerging mycotoxins.
{"title":"Emerging mycotoxin occurrence in chicken feed and eggs from Algeria.","authors":"Chahinez Laouni, Francisco J Lara, Ahmed Messai, Sara Redouane-Salah, Maykel Hernández-Mesa, Laura Gámiz-Gracia, Ana M García-Campaña","doi":"10.1007/s12550-024-00537-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12550-024-00537-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Poultry farming has developed into one of Algeria's most productive industrial farming because of the growing demand for sources of protein among Algerian society. Laying hen feed consists mainly of cereals, which can be contaminated with molds and subsequently with their secondary metabolites known as mycotoxins. These later can pose a serious danger to the production and quality of eggs in the commercial layer industry. This work focuses on the detection of emerging mycotoxins, mainly enniatins (ENNs) and beauvericin (BEA), in poultry feed and eggs from different locations in Algeria. Two different QuEChERS-based extractions were established to extract ENNs and BEA from chicken feed and eggs. The determination of mycotoxin occurrence was achieved by a UHPLC-MS/MS method using 0.1% (v/v) formic acid in water and MeOH as mobile phase, an ESI interface operating in positive mode, and a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer operating in MRM for the detection. Matrix-matched calibration curves were carried out for both matrices, obtaining good linearity (R<sup>2</sup> > 0.99). The method performance was assessed in terms of extraction recovery (from 87 to 107%), matrix effect (from - 47 to - 86%), precision (RSD < 15%), and limits of quantitation (≤ 1.1 µg/kg for feed and ≤ 0.8 µg/kg for eggs). The analysis of 10 chicken feed samples and 35 egg samples composed of a 10-egg pool each showed that ENN B<sub>1</sub> was the most common mycotoxin (i.e., found in 9 feed samples) with contamination levels ranging from 3.6 to 41.5 µg/kg, while BEA was detected only in one feed sample (12 µg/kg). However, eggs were not found to be contaminated with any mycotoxin at the detection limit levels. Our findings indicate that the searched mycotoxins are present in traces in feed and absent in eggs. This can be explained by the application of a mycotoxin binder. However, this does not put a stop on the conduction of additional research and ultimately setting regulations to prevent the occurrence of emerging mycotoxins.</p>","PeriodicalId":19060,"journal":{"name":"Mycotoxin Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11258080/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140945712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fifty-four maize grain samples freshly harvested from subsistence farmers' fields in southwestern Ethiopia were analyzed for multiple mycotoxins using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) method following extraction by acetonitrile/water/acetic acid on a rotary shaker. The grain samples were contaminated with a total of 164 metabolites, of which Fusarium and Penicillium metabolites were the most prevalent accounting for 27 and 30%, respectively. All the major mycotoxins and derivatives except one (citrinin) were of Fusarium origin. Zearalenone was the most frequent major mycotoxin occurring in 74% of the samples at concentrations of 0.32-1310 µg/kg. It was followed by nivalenol (63%), zearalenone-sulfate (44%), and fumonisin B1 (41%). Nivalenol, nivalenol glucoside, and fusarenon-X were detected at unusually high levels of 8-1700 µg/kg, 21-184 µg/kg, and 33-149 µg/kg, respectively. Deoxynivalenol and DON-3 glucoside contaminated 32% of the samples, each at levels of 15.9-5140 µg/kg and 10-583 µg/kg, respectively. Moniliformin and W493B occurred in 96 and 22% samples at levels of 3.27-4410 µg/kg and 3-652 µg/kg, respectively. Fumonisins were also detected in the samples at levels of 9-6770 µg/kg (B1), 16-1830 µg/kg (B2), 9.5-808 µg/kg (B3), and 1.3-128 µg/kg (A1). This study confirmed the presence of an array of mycotoxins contaminating maize grains right from the field. The effect of the co-occurring mycotoxins on consumers' health should be investigated along with that of the newly emerging ones. Results of the current study call for application of pre-harvest mycotoxin mitigation strategies to safeguard maize-based food and feed.
{"title":"Multiple mycotoxins associated with maize (Zea mays L.) grains harvested from subsistence farmers' fields in southwestern Ethiopia.","authors":"Birhane Atnafu, Chemeda Abedeta Garbaba, Fikre Lemessa, Quirico Migheli, Michael Sulyok, Alemayehu Chala","doi":"10.1007/s12550-024-00536-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12550-024-00536-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Fifty-four maize grain samples freshly harvested from subsistence farmers' fields in southwestern Ethiopia were analyzed for multiple mycotoxins using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) method following extraction by acetonitrile/water/acetic acid on a rotary shaker. The grain samples were contaminated with a total of 164 metabolites, of which Fusarium and Penicillium metabolites were the most prevalent accounting for 27 and 30%, respectively. All the major mycotoxins and derivatives except one (citrinin) were of Fusarium origin. Zearalenone was the most frequent major mycotoxin occurring in 74% of the samples at concentrations of 0.32-1310 µg/kg. It was followed by nivalenol (63%), zearalenone-sulfate (44%), and fumonisin B1 (41%). Nivalenol, nivalenol glucoside, and fusarenon-X were detected at unusually high levels of 8-1700 µg/kg, 21-184 µg/kg, and 33-149 µg/kg, respectively. Deoxynivalenol and DON-3 glucoside contaminated 32% of the samples, each at levels of 15.9-5140 µg/kg and 10-583 µg/kg, respectively. Moniliformin and W493B occurred in 96 and 22% samples at levels of 3.27-4410 µg/kg and 3-652 µg/kg, respectively. Fumonisins were also detected in the samples at levels of 9-6770 µg/kg (B1), 16-1830 µg/kg (B2), 9.5-808 µg/kg (B3), and 1.3-128 µg/kg (A1). This study confirmed the presence of an array of mycotoxins contaminating maize grains right from the field. The effect of the co-occurring mycotoxins on consumers' health should be investigated along with that of the newly emerging ones. Results of the current study call for application of pre-harvest mycotoxin mitigation strategies to safeguard maize-based food and feed.</p>","PeriodicalId":19060,"journal":{"name":"Mycotoxin Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11258168/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140857332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-01Epub Date: 2024-05-03DOI: 10.1007/s12550-024-00534-5
R M Bierworth, G O Ribeiro, S A Terry, N Malmuthuge, G B Penner, J J McKinnon, P Hucl, H Randhawa, K A Beauchemin, K Stanford, K Schwartzkopf-Genswein, W Z Yang, R Gruninger, L L Guan, D Gibb, T A McAllister
This study was designed to assess the impacts of a mixture of deoxynivalenol (DON) and ergot alkaloids (EAs) on growth performance, rumen function, blood parameters, and carcass traits of feedlot cattle. Forty steers (450 ± 6.0 kg) were stratified by weight and randomly allocated to 1 of 4 treatments; control-low (CON-L), control-high (CON-H) which contained low or high wheat screenings that lacked mycotoxins at the same level as the mycotoxin-low (MYC-L; 5.0 mg/kg DON, 2.1 mg/kg EA), and mycotoxin-high (MYC-H: 10 mg/kg DON, 4.2 mg/kg EA) diets that included wheat screening with mycotoxins. Steers were housed in individual pens for a 112-day finishing trial. Intake was 24.8% lower (P < 0.001) for MYC steers compared to CON steers. As a result, average daily gains of MYC steers were 42.1% lower (P < 0.001) than CON steers. Gain to feed ratio was also lower (P < 0.001) for MYC steers compared to CON steers. Platelets, alanine aminotransferase, globulins, and blood urea nitrogen were lower (P ≤ 0.008), and lymphocytes, glutathione peroxidase activity (GPx), and interleukin-10 (IL-10) were elevated (P ≤ 0.002) in MYC steers compared to CON steers. Hot carcass weights and backfat thickness were reduced (P < 0.001) in MYC steers, resulting in leaner (P < 0.001) carcasses and higher (P < 0.007) meat yield compared to CON steers. Results suggest that a mixture of DON and EAs negatively impacted health, performance, and carcass traits of feedlot steers, with the majority of this response likely attributable to EAs. However, more research is needed to distinguish the relative contribution of each mycotoxin to the specific responses observed.
{"title":"High deoxynivalenol and ergot alkaloid levels in wheat grain: effects on growth performance, carcass traits, rumen fermentation, and blood parameters of feedlot cattle.","authors":"R M Bierworth, G O Ribeiro, S A Terry, N Malmuthuge, G B Penner, J J McKinnon, P Hucl, H Randhawa, K A Beauchemin, K Stanford, K Schwartzkopf-Genswein, W Z Yang, R Gruninger, L L Guan, D Gibb, T A McAllister","doi":"10.1007/s12550-024-00534-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12550-024-00534-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study was designed to assess the impacts of a mixture of deoxynivalenol (DON) and ergot alkaloids (EAs) on growth performance, rumen function, blood parameters, and carcass traits of feedlot cattle. Forty steers (450 ± 6.0 kg) were stratified by weight and randomly allocated to 1 of 4 treatments; control-low (CON-L), control-high (CON-H) which contained low or high wheat screenings that lacked mycotoxins at the same level as the mycotoxin-low (MYC-L; 5.0 mg/kg DON, 2.1 mg/kg EA), and mycotoxin-high (MYC-H: 10 mg/kg DON, 4.2 mg/kg EA) diets that included wheat screening with mycotoxins. Steers were housed in individual pens for a 112-day finishing trial. Intake was 24.8% lower (P < 0.001) for MYC steers compared to CON steers. As a result, average daily gains of MYC steers were 42.1% lower (P < 0.001) than CON steers. Gain to feed ratio was also lower (P < 0.001) for MYC steers compared to CON steers. Platelets, alanine aminotransferase, globulins, and blood urea nitrogen were lower (P ≤ 0.008), and lymphocytes, glutathione peroxidase activity (GPx), and interleukin-10 (IL-10) were elevated (P ≤ 0.002) in MYC steers compared to CON steers. Hot carcass weights and backfat thickness were reduced (P < 0.001) in MYC steers, resulting in leaner (P < 0.001) carcasses and higher (P < 0.007) meat yield compared to CON steers. Results suggest that a mixture of DON and EAs negatively impacted health, performance, and carcass traits of feedlot steers, with the majority of this response likely attributable to EAs. However, more research is needed to distinguish the relative contribution of each mycotoxin to the specific responses observed.</p>","PeriodicalId":19060,"journal":{"name":"Mycotoxin Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11258187/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140855228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-01Epub Date: 2024-06-24DOI: 10.1007/s12550-024-00540-7
Defeng Wen, Jie Zhang, Hualin Zhou, Yinsheng Qiu, Pu Guo, Qirong Lu, Jianglin Xiong
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is classified as a Class I carcinogen and common pollutant in human and animal food products. Prolonged exposure to AFB1 can induce hepatocyte apoptosis and lead to hepatotoxicity. Therefore, preventing AFB1-induced hepatotoxicity remains a critical issue and is of great significance. Baicalin, a polyphenolic compound derived from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, has a variety of pharmacodynamic activities, such as antiapoptotic and anticancer activities. This study systematically investigated the alleviating effect of baicalin on AFB1-induced hepatotoxicity from the perspective of apoptosis and explored the possible molecular mechanism. In the normal human liver cell line L02, baicalin treatment significantly inhibited AFB1-induced c-Jun-N-terminal Kinase (JNK) activation and cell apoptosis. In addition, the in vitro mechanism study demonstrated that baicalin alleviates AFB1-induced hepatocyte apoptosis through suppressing the translocation of phosphorylated JNK to the nucleus and decreasing the phosphorylated c-Jun/c-Jun ratio and the Bax/Bcl2 ratio. Molecular docking and drug affinity responsive target stability assays demonstrated that baicalin has the potential to target JNK. This study provides a basis for the therapeutic effect of baicalin on hepatocyte apoptosis caused by AFB1, indicating that the development of baicalin and JNK pathway inhibitors has broad application prospects in the prevention of hepatotoxicity, especially hepatocyte apoptosis.
{"title":"Baicalin attenuates aflatoxin B<sub>1</sub>-induced hepatotoxicity via suppressing c-Jun-N-terminal kinase-mediated cell apoptosis.","authors":"Defeng Wen, Jie Zhang, Hualin Zhou, Yinsheng Qiu, Pu Guo, Qirong Lu, Jianglin Xiong","doi":"10.1007/s12550-024-00540-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12550-024-00540-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Aflatoxin B<sub>1</sub> (AFB<sub>1</sub>) is classified as a Class I carcinogen and common pollutant in human and animal food products. Prolonged exposure to AFB<sub>1</sub> can induce hepatocyte apoptosis and lead to hepatotoxicity. Therefore, preventing AFB<sub>1</sub>-induced hepatotoxicity remains a critical issue and is of great significance. Baicalin, a polyphenolic compound derived from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, has a variety of pharmacodynamic activities, such as antiapoptotic and anticancer activities. This study systematically investigated the alleviating effect of baicalin on AFB<sub>1</sub>-induced hepatotoxicity from the perspective of apoptosis and explored the possible molecular mechanism. In the normal human liver cell line L02, baicalin treatment significantly inhibited AFB<sub>1</sub>-induced c-Jun-N-terminal Kinase (JNK) activation and cell apoptosis. In addition, the in vitro mechanism study demonstrated that baicalin alleviates AFB<sub>1</sub>-induced hepatocyte apoptosis through suppressing the translocation of phosphorylated JNK to the nucleus and decreasing the phosphorylated c-Jun/c-Jun ratio and the Bax/Bcl2 ratio. Molecular docking and drug affinity responsive target stability assays demonstrated that baicalin has the potential to target JNK. This study provides a basis for the therapeutic effect of baicalin on hepatocyte apoptosis caused by AFB<sub>1</sub>, indicating that the development of baicalin and JNK pathway inhibitors has broad application prospects in the prevention of hepatotoxicity, especially hepatocyte apoptosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":19060,"journal":{"name":"Mycotoxin Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141443098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-30DOI: 10.1007/s12550-024-00550-5
Casiane Salete Tibola, Luiz Eichelberger, José Mauricio Cunha Fernandes, Daiane Simões, Milena Ramos Vaz Fontes, Elessandra da Rosa Zavareze, Alvaro Renato Guerra Dias
The debranning process, at an industrial scale, was applied to grains of two wheat cultivars to determine its effect on Fusarium mycotoxin content and antioxidant activity. Grain samples from the BRS Marcante and BRS Reponte wheat cultivars, naturally contaminated by Fusarium, were used in the study. The dry wheat samples were processed on the polisher once or twice and evaluated by hardness index, chemical composition (moisture, protein, and ash), deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZON) levels, phenolic content, and antioxidant activity. In the BRS Marcante cultivar, the debranning process only slightly reduced the DON and ZON contents in whole-wheat flours compared with the previous cleaning treatment (no-debranned). In the BRS Reponte cultivar, the DON concentration decreased by 36% at a debranning ratio of 5%, obtained by polishing, compared with prior cleaning treatment (no-debranned). In addition, the polishing reduced the ZON level by 56% compared with the cleaned wheat. The debranning process did not reduce the antioxidant capacity. Therefore, debranning is a suitable technology to obtain safer and healthier food by minimizing the mycotoxin content and retaining antioxidant capacity.
{"title":"Wheat debranning: effects on mycotoxins, phenolic content, and antioxidant activity.","authors":"Casiane Salete Tibola, Luiz Eichelberger, José Mauricio Cunha Fernandes, Daiane Simões, Milena Ramos Vaz Fontes, Elessandra da Rosa Zavareze, Alvaro Renato Guerra Dias","doi":"10.1007/s12550-024-00550-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12550-024-00550-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The debranning process, at an industrial scale, was applied to grains of two wheat cultivars to determine its effect on Fusarium mycotoxin content and antioxidant activity. Grain samples from the BRS Marcante and BRS Reponte wheat cultivars, naturally contaminated by Fusarium, were used in the study. The dry wheat samples were processed on the polisher once or twice and evaluated by hardness index, chemical composition (moisture, protein, and ash), deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZON) levels, phenolic content, and antioxidant activity. In the BRS Marcante cultivar, the debranning process only slightly reduced the DON and ZON contents in whole-wheat flours compared with the previous cleaning treatment (no-debranned). In the BRS Reponte cultivar, the DON concentration decreased by 36% at a debranning ratio of 5%, obtained by polishing, compared with prior cleaning treatment (no-debranned). In addition, the polishing reduced the ZON level by 56% compared with the cleaned wheat. The debranning process did not reduce the antioxidant capacity. Therefore, debranning is a suitable technology to obtain safer and healthier food by minimizing the mycotoxin content and retaining antioxidant capacity.</p>","PeriodicalId":19060,"journal":{"name":"Mycotoxin Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141792939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}