Pub Date : 2024-07-29DOI: 10.1007/s12550-024-00549-y
Aisha Khatoon, Muhammad Zargham Khan, Zain Ul Abidin, Muhammad Kashif Saleemi, Halis Oguz, Shafia Tehseen Gul, Rao Zahid Abbas, Ashiq Ali, Sheraz Ahmad Bhatti
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is among the most potent genotoxic and carcinogenic mycotoxins and is a major source of distress for the growing poultry sector. On the other hand, distillery yeast sludge or distillery sludge (DS) is a byproduct of molasses-based industries. It is often treated as a waste despite containing abundant nutrients particularly protein, basic amino acids, and vitamins along with other macro and micronutrients. This study was designed to investigate the oxidative stress and immunological alterations induced by AFB1 and their amelioration by dietary supplementation with DS. For this purpose, 360 newly hatched broiler chicks were randomly divided into twelve groups (30 birds each) and fed different combinations of AFB1 (100, 200, or 600 µg/kg) and DS (5 or 10 g/kg) for 42 days. The parameters under consideration were body weight, feed conversion ratio (FCR), relative organ weights, histopathological examination of different visceral organs, total antioxidant capacity, antibody response to intravenous injection of sheep red blood cells, in situ lymphoproliferative response to phytohemagglutinin-P, and phagocytic potential through a carbon clearance assay system. The results of this study established that DS supplementation ameliorated AFB1-associated oxidative stress and ameliorated toxicopathological and immunological anomalies in groups given AFB1 at 100 µg/kg and 200 µg/kg; however, little to no relief was observed in birds fed AFB1 at 600 µg/kg. The determination of the actual ratio of the AFB1 to the DS for substantiating the ameliorating effects requires further investigation.
{"title":"Aflatoxin B1-associated oxidative stress along with toxicopathological and immunological alterations is efficiently counteracted by dietary supplementation of distillery yeast sludge in broilers.","authors":"Aisha Khatoon, Muhammad Zargham Khan, Zain Ul Abidin, Muhammad Kashif Saleemi, Halis Oguz, Shafia Tehseen Gul, Rao Zahid Abbas, Ashiq Ali, Sheraz Ahmad Bhatti","doi":"10.1007/s12550-024-00549-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12550-024-00549-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is among the most potent genotoxic and carcinogenic mycotoxins and is a major source of distress for the growing poultry sector. On the other hand, distillery yeast sludge or distillery sludge (DS) is a byproduct of molasses-based industries. It is often treated as a waste despite containing abundant nutrients particularly protein, basic amino acids, and vitamins along with other macro and micronutrients. This study was designed to investigate the oxidative stress and immunological alterations induced by AFB1 and their amelioration by dietary supplementation with DS. For this purpose, 360 newly hatched broiler chicks were randomly divided into twelve groups (30 birds each) and fed different combinations of AFB1 (100, 200, or 600 µg/kg) and DS (5 or 10 g/kg) for 42 days. The parameters under consideration were body weight, feed conversion ratio (FCR), relative organ weights, histopathological examination of different visceral organs, total antioxidant capacity, antibody response to intravenous injection of sheep red blood cells, in situ lymphoproliferative response to phytohemagglutinin-P, and phagocytic potential through a carbon clearance assay system. The results of this study established that DS supplementation ameliorated AFB1-associated oxidative stress and ameliorated toxicopathological and immunological anomalies in groups given AFB1 at 100 µg/kg and 200 µg/kg; however, little to no relief was observed in birds fed AFB1 at 600 µg/kg. The determination of the actual ratio of the AFB1 to the DS for substantiating the ameliorating effects requires further investigation.</p>","PeriodicalId":19060,"journal":{"name":"Mycotoxin Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141788722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-21DOI: 10.1007/s12550-024-00543-4
Efanova Yulia, Pour Nikfardjam Martin
The occurrence of Ochratoxin A (OTA) in wine is commonly known, but there is only limited information about its occurrence in grape mash and wines of German origin. Climate change has led to higher temperatures in the southern regions of Germany, which may increase the growth of fungi associated with the production of OTA and increase the content of this mycotoxin in grapes. A safe and rapid UHPLC-FLD method was developed and validated to assess the contamination of grape mash and wine with OTA. A total of 71 samples of grape mash and 30 wines from various wine producers in Baden-Württemberg, Germany, were analysed for OTA content. The results showed that no samples contained OTA in concentrations above the limit of detection. Further monitoring of samples from different vintages is needed.
众所周知,葡萄酒中含有赭曲霉毒素 A(OTA),但有关其在德国原产葡萄泥和葡萄酒中含量的信息却十分有限。气候变化导致德国南部地区气温升高,这可能会增加与 OTA 生成有关的真菌的生长,并增加葡萄中这种霉菌毒素的含量。为了评估葡萄泥和葡萄酒中的 OTA 污染情况,我们开发并验证了一种安全快速的超高效液相色谱-荧光定量分析方法。对来自德国巴登-符腾堡州不同葡萄酒生产商的 71 份葡萄泥样品和 30 份葡萄酒样品进行了 OTA 含量分析。结果表明,没有样品的 OTA 含量超过检测限。需要对不同年份的样品进行进一步监测。
{"title":"Development of a rapid method for determination of Ochratoxin A in grape mash and wine.","authors":"Efanova Yulia, Pour Nikfardjam Martin","doi":"10.1007/s12550-024-00543-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12550-024-00543-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The occurrence of Ochratoxin A (OTA) in wine is commonly known, but there is only limited information about its occurrence in grape mash and wines of German origin. Climate change has led to higher temperatures in the southern regions of Germany, which may increase the growth of fungi associated with the production of OTA and increase the content of this mycotoxin in grapes. A safe and rapid UHPLC-FLD method was developed and validated to assess the contamination of grape mash and wine with OTA. A total of 71 samples of grape mash and 30 wines from various wine producers in Baden-Württemberg, Germany, were analysed for OTA content. The results showed that no samples contained OTA in concentrations above the limit of detection. Further monitoring of samples from different vintages is needed.</p>","PeriodicalId":19060,"journal":{"name":"Mycotoxin Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141734716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-19DOI: 10.1007/s12550-024-00541-6
Abimbola Oluwakayode, Brett Greer, Qiqi He, Michael Sulyok, Julie Meneely, Rudolf Krska, Angel Medina
Environmental factors influence fungal growth and mycotoxin production in stored grains. However, the concentrations of free mycotoxins and their conjugates and how they are impacted by different interacting environment conditions have not been previously examined. The objectives of this study were to examine the impact of storage conditions (0.93-0.98 aw) and temperature (20-25 °C) on (a) the concentrations of deoxynivalenol and zearalenone and their respective glucosides/conjugates and (b) the concentrations of emerging mycotoxins in both naturally contaminated and irradiated wheat grains inoculated with Fusarium graminearum. Contaminated samples were analysed for multiple mycotoxins using Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Method validation was performed according to the acceptable performance criteria set and updated by the European Commission regulations No. 2021/808/EC. As an important conjugate of deoxynivalenol, the concentrations of deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside were significantly different from its precursor deoxynivalenol at 0.93 aw (22% moisture content- MC) at 25 °C in the naturally contaminated wheat with a ratio proportion of 56:44% respectively. The high concentrations of deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside could be influenced by the wheat's variety and/or harvested season/fungal strain type/location. Zeralenone-14-sulfate concentrations were surprisingly three times higher than Zearalenone in the naturally contaminated wheat at 0.98 aw (26% MC) at both temperatures. Emerging mycotoxins such as moniliformin increased with temperature rise with the highest concentrations at 0.95 aw and 25 °C. These findings highlight the influence and importance of storage aw x temperature conditions on the relative presence of free vs conjugated mycotoxins which can have implications for food safety.
环境因素会影响贮藏谷物中真菌的生长和霉菌毒素的产生。然而,游离霉菌毒素及其共轭物的浓度以及它们如何受到不同相互作用环境条件的影响,以前还没有进行过研究。本研究的目的是考察贮藏条件(0.93-0.98 aw)和温度(20-25 °C)对(a)脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇和玉米赤霉烯酮及其各自的葡糖苷/共轭物的浓度,以及(b)禾谷镰刀菌自然污染和辐照接种的小麦谷粒中新出现的霉菌毒素浓度的影响。受污染的样本采用液相色谱串联质谱法(LC-MS/MS)分析多种霉菌毒素。根据欧盟委员会第 2021/808/EC 号法规制定和更新的可接受性能标准进行了方法验证。作为脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇的一种重要共轭物,脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇-3-葡萄糖苷的浓度与其前体脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇在 25 °C、0.93 aw(含水量为 22%-MC)时的浓度存在显著差异,两者的比例分别为 56:44%。脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇-3-葡萄糖苷的高浓度可能受到小麦品种和/或收获季节/真菌菌株类型/地点的影响。在两种温度下,受自然污染的小麦中玉米赤霉烯酮-14-硫酸盐的浓度为 0.98 aw(26% MC),竟然比玉米赤霉烯酮高出三倍。随着温度的升高,新出现的霉菌毒素(如moniliformin)也在增加,在 0.95 aw 和 25 °C 时浓度最高。这些发现突出表明了贮藏温度对游离霉菌毒素和共轭霉菌毒素相对含量的影响和重要性,这可能会对食品安全产生影响。
{"title":"The influence of different abiotic conditions on the concentrations of free and conjugated deoxynivalenol and zearalenone in stored wheat.","authors":"Abimbola Oluwakayode, Brett Greer, Qiqi He, Michael Sulyok, Julie Meneely, Rudolf Krska, Angel Medina","doi":"10.1007/s12550-024-00541-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12550-024-00541-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Environmental factors influence fungal growth and mycotoxin production in stored grains. However, the concentrations of free mycotoxins and their conjugates and how they are impacted by different interacting environment conditions have not been previously examined. The objectives of this study were to examine the impact of storage conditions (0.93-0.98 a<sub>w</sub>) and temperature (20-25 °C) on (a) the concentrations of deoxynivalenol and zearalenone and their respective glucosides/conjugates and (b) the concentrations of emerging mycotoxins in both naturally contaminated and irradiated wheat grains inoculated with Fusarium graminearum. Contaminated samples were analysed for multiple mycotoxins using Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Method validation was performed according to the acceptable performance criteria set and updated by the European Commission regulations No. 2021/808/EC. As an important conjugate of deoxynivalenol, the concentrations of deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside were significantly different from its precursor deoxynivalenol at 0.93 a<sub>w</sub> (22% moisture content- MC) at 25 °C in the naturally contaminated wheat with a ratio proportion of 56:44% respectively. The high concentrations of deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside could be influenced by the wheat's variety and/or harvested season/fungal strain type/location. Zeralenone-14-sulfate concentrations were surprisingly three times higher than Zearalenone in the naturally contaminated wheat at 0.98 a<sub>w</sub> (26% MC) at both temperatures. Emerging mycotoxins such as moniliformin increased with temperature rise with the highest concentrations at 0.95 a<sub>w</sub> and 25 °C. These findings highlight the influence and importance of storage a<sub>w</sub> x temperature conditions on the relative presence of free vs conjugated mycotoxins which can have implications for food safety.</p>","PeriodicalId":19060,"journal":{"name":"Mycotoxin Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141723974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-18DOI: 10.1007/s12550-024-00544-3
Nelson Opoku, Abdul Rashid Hudu, Francis Addy
The fungal genus Fusarium contains many toxigenic pathogens of maize with associated yield losses, reduction of grain quality, and accumulation of mycotoxins in harvested grains. To determine zearalenone (ZEN) concentration and identify the various Fusarium species in commercial maize grains, a survey of 75 maize samples, collected from 11 market centers in the five regions in northern Ghana was identified based on morphological characteristics, sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer region, and polymerase chain reaction using species-specific primers. ZEN levels were determined using HPLC. ZEN contamination was recorded in 33.3% of the maize samples, with concentrations ranging from 0.61 to 3.05 µg/kg. Based on VERT1/2 and TEF 1-α sequencing, F. verticillioides was the most prevalent species in the studied samples: 40.35% from the Upper East Region, 28.07% from the North East Region, 19.30% from the Upper West Region, 10.53% from the Savannah Region, and 1.75% for the Northern Region. Other fungal species found were F. equiseti and F. solani. A higher number of the Fusarium isolates were found in white maize (609 isolates from 27 samples) compared to yellow maize (225 isolates from 23 samples).
真菌镰刀菌属含有多种玉米致毒病原体,会造成产量损失、谷物品质下降以及收获谷物中霉菌毒素的积累。为了确定玉米赤霉烯酮(ZEN)的浓度并识别商品玉米谷物中的各种镰刀菌菌种,对从加纳北部五个地区的 11 个市场中心采集的 75 个玉米样本进行了调查,根据形态特征、内部转录间隔区的序列分析以及使用菌种特异性引物进行的聚合酶链式反应,对这些样本进行了鉴定。采用高效液相色谱法测定 ZEN 含量。在 33.3% 的玉米样本中发现了 ZEN 污染,浓度范围为 0.61 至 3.05 µg/kg。根据 VERT1/2 和 TEF 1-α 测序,褶曲镰刀菌是研究样本中最常见的菌种:上东部地区占 40.35%,东北地区占 28.07%,上西部地区占 19.30%,大草原地区占 10.53%,北部地区占 1.75%。发现的其他真菌种类有 F. equiseti 和 F. solani。与黄玉米(23 个样本中有 225 个分离株)相比,白玉米(27 个样本中有 609 个分离株)中发现的镰刀菌分离株更多。
{"title":"Mycotoxigenic Fusarium species and zearalenone concentration in commercial maize kernels in northern Ghana.","authors":"Nelson Opoku, Abdul Rashid Hudu, Francis Addy","doi":"10.1007/s12550-024-00544-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12550-024-00544-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The fungal genus Fusarium contains many toxigenic pathogens of maize with associated yield losses, reduction of grain quality, and accumulation of mycotoxins in harvested grains. To determine zearalenone (ZEN) concentration and identify the various Fusarium species in commercial maize grains, a survey of 75 maize samples, collected from 11 market centers in the five regions in northern Ghana was identified based on morphological characteristics, sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer region, and polymerase chain reaction using species-specific primers. ZEN levels were determined using HPLC. ZEN contamination was recorded in 33.3% of the maize samples, with concentrations ranging from 0.61 to 3.05 µg/kg. Based on VERT1/2 and TEF 1-α sequencing, F. verticillioides was the most prevalent species in the studied samples: 40.35% from the Upper East Region, 28.07% from the North East Region, 19.30% from the Upper West Region, 10.53% from the Savannah Region, and 1.75% for the Northern Region. Other fungal species found were F. equiseti and F. solani. A higher number of the Fusarium isolates were found in white maize (609 isolates from 27 samples) compared to yellow maize (225 isolates from 23 samples).</p>","PeriodicalId":19060,"journal":{"name":"Mycotoxin Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141634012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-17DOI: 10.1007/s12550-024-00547-0
Inés Rodríguez-Cañás, Jesús M González-Jartín, Rebeca Alvariño, Amparo Alfonso, Mercedes R Vieytes, Luis M Botana
Yogurt, a milk-derived product, is susceptible to mycotoxin contamination. While various methods have been developed for the analysis of dairy products, only a few have been specifically validated for yogurt. In addition, these methods are primarily focus on detecting aflatoxins and zearalenone. This study aimed to conduct a preliminary investigation into the presence of regulated, emerging, and modified mycotoxins in natural and oat yogurts available in the Spanish market. For this, a QuEChERS-based extraction method was optimized and then validated to detect and quantify 32 mycotoxins using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). The method was in-house validated for the analysis of natural and oat yogurt in terms of linearity, matrix effect, sensitivity, accuracy, and precision. Satisfactory performance characteristics were achieved; for most of the analytes, LOQs were lower than 2 ng/g, and recoveries ranged from 60 to 110% with a precision, expressed as the relative standard deviation of the recovery, lower than 15%. Subsequently, the validated method was applied to analyze commercial yogurt samples, revealing a notable incidence of beauvericin and enniatins, with some analogues found in up to 100% of the samples. Alternariol methyl ether was also frequently found, appearing in 50% of the samples. Additionally, the study identified regulated toxins such as fumonisins, ochratoxin A , and HT-2 toxin. These results provide new incidence data in yogurt, raising concerns about potential health risks for consumers.
{"title":"Identification of mycotoxins in yogurt samples using an optimized QuEChERS extraction and UHPLC-MS/MS detection.","authors":"Inés Rodríguez-Cañás, Jesús M González-Jartín, Rebeca Alvariño, Amparo Alfonso, Mercedes R Vieytes, Luis M Botana","doi":"10.1007/s12550-024-00547-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12550-024-00547-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Yogurt, a milk-derived product, is susceptible to mycotoxin contamination. While various methods have been developed for the analysis of dairy products, only a few have been specifically validated for yogurt. In addition, these methods are primarily focus on detecting aflatoxins and zearalenone. This study aimed to conduct a preliminary investigation into the presence of regulated, emerging, and modified mycotoxins in natural and oat yogurts available in the Spanish market. For this, a QuEChERS-based extraction method was optimized and then validated to detect and quantify 32 mycotoxins using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). The method was in-house validated for the analysis of natural and oat yogurt in terms of linearity, matrix effect, sensitivity, accuracy, and precision. Satisfactory performance characteristics were achieved; for most of the analytes, LOQs were lower than 2 ng/g, and recoveries ranged from 60 to 110% with a precision, expressed as the relative standard deviation of the recovery, lower than 15%. Subsequently, the validated method was applied to analyze commercial yogurt samples, revealing a notable incidence of beauvericin and enniatins, with some analogues found in up to 100% of the samples. Alternariol methyl ether was also frequently found, appearing in 50% of the samples. Additionally, the study identified regulated toxins such as fumonisins, ochratoxin A , and HT-2 toxin. These results provide new incidence data in yogurt, raising concerns about potential health risks for consumers.</p>","PeriodicalId":19060,"journal":{"name":"Mycotoxin Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141627221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mycotoxins, such as aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), deoxynivalenol (DON), fumonisins (FBs), ochratoxin A (OTA), T-2 toxin (T-2), and zearalenone (ZEN), can contaminate animal feeds and pose risks to animal health and production performance. These mycotoxins are commonly found in cereals and grains, with the increased use of cereals in pet food, there is a rising concern about mycotoxin contamination among pet owners. To address this, we analyzed imported brands of feline and canine food from the Chinese market produced in 2021-2022. Ninety-three samples were analyzed, comprising 45 feline food and 48 canine food samples. Among them, 14 were canned food and 79 were dry food. The results indicate that AFB1, DON, FBs, OTA, T-2, and ZEN occurred in 32.26%, 98.92%, 22.58%, 73.12%, 55.91%, and 7.53% of the samples, respectively. The most prevalent mycotoxin was DON, followed by OTA, T-2, AFB1, and FBs, whereas ZEN was less frequently detected. The mean concentrations of the six mycotoxins in pet feed samples were 3.17 μg/kg for AFB1, 0.65 mg/kg for DON, 2.15 mg/kg for FBs, 6.27 μg/kg for OTA, 20.00 μg/kg for T-2, and 30.00 μg/kg for ZEN. The levels of mycotoxins were generally below the limits of the Pet Feed Hygiene Regulations of China and the EU. Notably, a substantial majority of the pet food samples (88 out of 93) were contaminated by two or more mycotoxins. AFB1, FBs, OTA, and ZEN occurred slightly more often in feline food than in canine food. Except for OTA, the contamination rates for the other five mycotoxins in canned food were lower than those in dry food. Moreover, except for AFB1, the levels of the other five mycotoxins in canned foods were lower than those in dry foods. This study highlights the widespread contamination of pet foods with mycotoxins, which poses a significant risk to pets from continuous exposure to multiple mycotoxins.
{"title":"Individual and combined occurrences of the prevalent mycotoxins in commercial feline and canine food.","authors":"Guangteng Zhou, Shen Hu, Longqiang Xie, Hao Huang, Wenbin Huang, Qiang Zheng, Niya Zhang","doi":"10.1007/s12550-024-00545-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12550-024-00545-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mycotoxins, such as aflatoxin B<sub>1</sub> (AFB<sub>1</sub>), deoxynivalenol (DON), fumonisins (FBs), ochratoxin A (OTA), T-2 toxin (T-2), and zearalenone (ZEN), can contaminate animal feeds and pose risks to animal health and production performance. These mycotoxins are commonly found in cereals and grains, with the increased use of cereals in pet food, there is a rising concern about mycotoxin contamination among pet owners. To address this, we analyzed imported brands of feline and canine food from the Chinese market produced in 2021-2022. Ninety-three samples were analyzed, comprising 45 feline food and 48 canine food samples. Among them, 14 were canned food and 79 were dry food. The results indicate that AFB<sub>1</sub>, DON, FBs, OTA, T-2, and ZEN occurred in 32.26%, 98.92%, 22.58%, 73.12%, 55.91%, and 7.53% of the samples, respectively. The most prevalent mycotoxin was DON, followed by OTA, T-2, AFB<sub>1,</sub> and FBs, whereas ZEN was less frequently detected. The mean concentrations of the six mycotoxins in pet feed samples were 3.17 μg/kg for AFB<sub>1</sub>, 0.65 mg/kg for DON, 2.15 mg/kg for FBs, 6.27 μg/kg for OTA, 20.00 μg/kg for T-2, and 30.00 μg/kg for ZEN. The levels of mycotoxins were generally below the limits of the Pet Feed Hygiene Regulations of China and the EU. Notably, a substantial majority of the pet food samples (88 out of 93) were contaminated by two or more mycotoxins. AFB<sub>1</sub>, FBs, OTA, and ZEN occurred slightly more often in feline food than in canine food. Except for OTA, the contamination rates for the other five mycotoxins in canned food were lower than those in dry food. Moreover, except for AFB<sub>1</sub>, the levels of the other five mycotoxins in canned foods were lower than those in dry foods. This study highlights the widespread contamination of pet foods with mycotoxins, which poses a significant risk to pets from continuous exposure to multiple mycotoxins.</p>","PeriodicalId":19060,"journal":{"name":"Mycotoxin Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141580322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-11DOI: 10.1007/s12550-024-00546-1
Ranjith Arimboor, Venugopal Gopalan, Srilatha C M, Remashree Azhimala Bhaskaranpillai
UPLC-MS/MS analytical conditions for the analysis of aflatoxins in spices were optimized and validated in this study. Liquid-liquid partition-based protocols for the cleaning up of extracts using common organic solvents such as acetonitrile, hexane, and ethyl acetate were developed and validated. The developed liquid-liquid partition methods were compared with immuno-affinity column and QuEChERS clean-up methods for the UPLC-MS/MS analysis of aflatoxins in 8 spices. The reduction of lipophilic components using the partition with hexane is particularly useful in spices like red pepper that have higher levels of fatty acids, carotenoids, sterols, triterpenoids, etc. The subsequent partitioning with ethyl acetate considerably reduced the matrix interference from the polar components and increased the sensitivity. The cleaning up of spice extracts using liquid-liquid partition techniques resulted in limits of quantification (LOQ) of 2-5 µgL-1 in UPLC-MS/MS analysis. Trueness, repeatability, and reproducibility of the methods were in acceptable ranges. The accuracy of the developed methods was further verified by analyzing aflatoxins in naturally incurred samples of spices and comparing the results with those obtained from the immuno-affinity column cleanup-HPLC-FD method.
{"title":"Development and validation of extraction and clean-up procedures for UPLC-MS/MS analysis of aflatoxins in spices.","authors":"Ranjith Arimboor, Venugopal Gopalan, Srilatha C M, Remashree Azhimala Bhaskaranpillai","doi":"10.1007/s12550-024-00546-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12550-024-00546-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>UPLC-MS/MS analytical conditions for the analysis of aflatoxins in spices were optimized and validated in this study. Liquid-liquid partition-based protocols for the cleaning up of extracts using common organic solvents such as acetonitrile, hexane, and ethyl acetate were developed and validated. The developed liquid-liquid partition methods were compared with immuno-affinity column and QuEChERS clean-up methods for the UPLC-MS/MS analysis of aflatoxins in 8 spices. The reduction of lipophilic components using the partition with hexane is particularly useful in spices like red pepper that have higher levels of fatty acids, carotenoids, sterols, triterpenoids, etc. The subsequent partitioning with ethyl acetate considerably reduced the matrix interference from the polar components and increased the sensitivity. The cleaning up of spice extracts using liquid-liquid partition techniques resulted in limits of quantification (LOQ) of 2-5 µgL<sup>-1</sup> in UPLC-MS/MS analysis. Trueness, repeatability, and reproducibility of the methods were in acceptable ranges. The accuracy of the developed methods was further verified by analyzing aflatoxins in naturally incurred samples of spices and comparing the results with those obtained from the immuno-affinity column cleanup-HPLC-FD method.</p>","PeriodicalId":19060,"journal":{"name":"Mycotoxin Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141580351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-01Epub Date: 2024-02-23DOI: 10.1007/s12550-024-00523-8
Anna Peter Mamiro, Haikael D Martin, Neema Kassim
Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) contamination of milk affects the general population with particular attention to children who frequently consume milk as part of complementary food. This study determined AFM1 contamination of cow's milk and estimated the health risk of dietary AFM1 through consumption of cow's milk among children (6 to 36 months) in the Magadu ward of Morogoro region in Tanzania. A total of 165 mother-baby pairs were recruited and interviewed on child feeding practices with a focus on feeding of cow's milk in the past 24 h. Alongside the interview, 100 raw cows' milk samples were collected from subsampled respondent households and were analyzed for AFM1 using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results showed that about 35% of the surveyed children consumed cow's milk in the form of plain milk, incorporated in porridge and/or tea. The amount consumed varied from 62.5 to 500 mls with a median of 125 (125, 250) mls at a frequency of 1 to 2 times a day. All raw cows' milk (100%) samples (n = 100) were found contaminated with AFM1 at concentrations ranging from 0.052 to 9.310 µg/L and median of 2.076 µg/L (1.27, 2.48). All samples were contaminated by AFM1 at levels above the limits of 0.05 µg/L of raw milk set by the Tanzania Bureau of Standard and the European Union, while 97% exceeded 0.5 µg/L set by the US Food and Drug Administration. Exposure to AFM1 due to consumption of cow's milk ranged from 0.0024 to 0.077 µg/kg bw per day with a median of 0.019 (0.0016, 0.026) µg/kg bw per day, while the margin of exposure (MOE) ranged from 5.19 to 166.76 and median 20.68 (15.33, 25.40) implying high risk of public health concern. This study recommends that advocacy on consumption of cows' milk to combat undernutrition in children should consider a holistic approach that considers the milk's safety aspect.
{"title":"Risk of exposure to aflatoxin M1 through consumption of cow's milk among children in Magadu, Morogoro.","authors":"Anna Peter Mamiro, Haikael D Martin, Neema Kassim","doi":"10.1007/s12550-024-00523-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12550-024-00523-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) contamination of milk affects the general population with particular attention to children who frequently consume milk as part of complementary food. This study determined AFM1 contamination of cow's milk and estimated the health risk of dietary AFM1 through consumption of cow's milk among children (6 to 36 months) in the Magadu ward of Morogoro region in Tanzania. A total of 165 mother-baby pairs were recruited and interviewed on child feeding practices with a focus on feeding of cow's milk in the past 24 h. Alongside the interview, 100 raw cows' milk samples were collected from subsampled respondent households and were analyzed for AFM1 using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results showed that about 35% of the surveyed children consumed cow's milk in the form of plain milk, incorporated in porridge and/or tea. The amount consumed varied from 62.5 to 500 mls with a median of 125 (125, 250) mls at a frequency of 1 to 2 times a day. All raw cows' milk (100%) samples (n = 100) were found contaminated with AFM1 at concentrations ranging from 0.052 to 9.310 µg/L and median of 2.076 µg/L (1.27, 2.48). All samples were contaminated by AFM1 at levels above the limits of 0.05 µg/L of raw milk set by the Tanzania Bureau of Standard and the European Union, while 97% exceeded 0.5 µg/L set by the US Food and Drug Administration. Exposure to AFM1 due to consumption of cow's milk ranged from 0.0024 to 0.077 µg/kg bw per day with a median of 0.019 (0.0016, 0.026) µg/kg bw per day, while the margin of exposure (MOE) ranged from 5.19 to 166.76 and median 20.68 (15.33, 25.40) implying high risk of public health concern. This study recommends that advocacy on consumption of cows' milk to combat undernutrition in children should consider a holistic approach that considers the milk's safety aspect.</p>","PeriodicalId":19060,"journal":{"name":"Mycotoxin Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139932165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-01Epub Date: 2024-02-16DOI: 10.1007/s12550-024-00522-9
Yanan Zhao, Wenjing Xu, Ruihua Liu, Linli Guo, Ping Liu
This study aimed to establish a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method to investigate the residues of patulin in apples, hawthorns, and their products. A total of 400 samples were collected from online shopping plats and supermarkets in China, including apples (n = 50), hawthorns (n = 50), and their products (apple juice, apple puree, apple jam, hawthorn juice, hawthorn chips, and hawthorn rolls, n = 300). In this experiment, this method had good linearity and a recovery of 82.3-94.4% for patulin. The limit of detection (LOD) was 0.2 µg/kg for liquid samples, while it was 0.3 µg/kg for solid and semi-fluid samples. The frequencies of patulin were 79.8% in 400 samples, and the patulin concentration is from 0.6 to 126.0 µg/kg. Two samples (0.5%) for patulin exceeded the regulatory limit (50 µg/kg) in 400 samples. The frequencies of patulin in kinds of samples were 32.0-98.0% (p < 0.05), and the percentage of samples exceeding the limit was not more than 2.0%. The frequencies of patulin in domestic samples were 83.0%, while they were 57.7% in imported samples. Two domestic samples (0.6%) contained patulin above the regulatory limit, while none of the imported samples exceeded the limit. Among the online and offline samples, the frequencies of patulin were 76.4 and 82.1%. Two online samples (1.0%) for patulin exceeded the regulatory limit, whereas none of the offline samples exceeded the limit. These results showed it is important to monitor regularly the content of patulin in apples, hawthorns, and their products to ensure consumer food safety.
{"title":"Determination and analysis of patulin in apples, hawthorns, and their products by high-performance liquid chromatography.","authors":"Yanan Zhao, Wenjing Xu, Ruihua Liu, Linli Guo, Ping Liu","doi":"10.1007/s12550-024-00522-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12550-024-00522-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aimed to establish a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method to investigate the residues of patulin in apples, hawthorns, and their products. A total of 400 samples were collected from online shopping plats and supermarkets in China, including apples (n = 50), hawthorns (n = 50), and their products (apple juice, apple puree, apple jam, hawthorn juice, hawthorn chips, and hawthorn rolls, n = 300). In this experiment, this method had good linearity and a recovery of 82.3-94.4% for patulin. The limit of detection (LOD) was 0.2 µg/kg for liquid samples, while it was 0.3 µg/kg for solid and semi-fluid samples. The frequencies of patulin were 79.8% in 400 samples, and the patulin concentration is from 0.6 to 126.0 µg/kg. Two samples (0.5%) for patulin exceeded the regulatory limit (50 µg/kg) in 400 samples. The frequencies of patulin in kinds of samples were 32.0-98.0% (p < 0.05), and the percentage of samples exceeding the limit was not more than 2.0%. The frequencies of patulin in domestic samples were 83.0%, while they were 57.7% in imported samples. Two domestic samples (0.6%) contained patulin above the regulatory limit, while none of the imported samples exceeded the limit. Among the online and offline samples, the frequencies of patulin were 76.4 and 82.1%. Two online samples (1.0%) for patulin exceeded the regulatory limit, whereas none of the offline samples exceeded the limit. These results showed it is important to monitor regularly the content of patulin in apples, hawthorns, and their products to ensure consumer food safety.</p>","PeriodicalId":19060,"journal":{"name":"Mycotoxin Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139741502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-01Epub Date: 2024-03-27DOI: 10.1007/s12550-024-00530-9
Oluwaseun Olanrewaju Esan, Abioye Abiodun Okanlawon, Bamidele Nyemike Ogunro, John Olusoji Abiola, Sunday Charles Olaogun, Victor Ayodele Aliyu
Mycotoxins pose a major problem to poultry production as a result of feed contamination which has deleterious consequences such as production losses and human health risks. A total of 158 chicken feed samples were randomly collected from 46 consenting poultry farms in Oyo State throughout the wet season (April-October; 91 samples) and the dry season (November-March; 67 samples), including compounded feed (n = 129) and feed ingredients (n = 29). Samples were promptly transported to the laboratory in sterile plastic vials for lateral flow assay for mycotoxins using six different commercial mycotoxin test kits each for aflatoxin B1, zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, ochratoxin A, fumonisin, and T-2 toxin/HT-2 toxin. Summary values of mycotoxin levels (µg/kg) in the feedstuffs were represented as frequency or median (and range). Fisher exact or Mann-Whitney U tests were carried out where appropriate at α = 0.05. Every sample contained at least four mycotoxins. Aflatoxins and fumonisin co-occurred in 80% of the samples. Aflatoxin and fumonisin concentrations were above the permissible limits in 32.9% and 18.4% respectively in feedstuff sampled in the dry season while the values were 17.1% and 6.3% respectively during the wet season. Among feed ingredients, peanut cake and maize had the highest median concentration of aflatoxin and fumonisin, respectively. Median aflatoxin concentration in the feedstuff was significantly higher than the permissible limit irrespective of season. There is a need to frequently monitor mycotoxin levels of feed and feed ingredients and improve storage system for feed ingredients in order to reduce the risk associated with high mycotoxin intake in poultry.
{"title":"Seasonal variation of mycotoxin levels in poultry feeds and feed ingredients in Oyo State, Nigeria.","authors":"Oluwaseun Olanrewaju Esan, Abioye Abiodun Okanlawon, Bamidele Nyemike Ogunro, John Olusoji Abiola, Sunday Charles Olaogun, Victor Ayodele Aliyu","doi":"10.1007/s12550-024-00530-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12550-024-00530-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mycotoxins pose a major problem to poultry production as a result of feed contamination which has deleterious consequences such as production losses and human health risks. A total of 158 chicken feed samples were randomly collected from 46 consenting poultry farms in Oyo State throughout the wet season (April-October; 91 samples) and the dry season (November-March; 67 samples), including compounded feed (n = 129) and feed ingredients (n = 29). Samples were promptly transported to the laboratory in sterile plastic vials for lateral flow assay for mycotoxins using six different commercial mycotoxin test kits each for aflatoxin B1, zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, ochratoxin A, fumonisin, and T-2 toxin/HT-2 toxin. Summary values of mycotoxin levels (µg/kg) in the feedstuffs were represented as frequency or median (and range). Fisher exact or Mann-Whitney U tests were carried out where appropriate at α = 0.05. Every sample contained at least four mycotoxins. Aflatoxins and fumonisin co-occurred in 80% of the samples. Aflatoxin and fumonisin concentrations were above the permissible limits in 32.9% and 18.4% respectively in feedstuff sampled in the dry season while the values were 17.1% and 6.3% respectively during the wet season. Among feed ingredients, peanut cake and maize had the highest median concentration of aflatoxin and fumonisin, respectively. Median aflatoxin concentration in the feedstuff was significantly higher than the permissible limit irrespective of season. There is a need to frequently monitor mycotoxin levels of feed and feed ingredients and improve storage system for feed ingredients in order to reduce the risk associated with high mycotoxin intake in poultry.</p>","PeriodicalId":19060,"journal":{"name":"Mycotoxin Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140306292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}