2.2. Fracture surface The block of 3 mm high, 50 mm long with the upper surface of 2 mm width and the lower surface of 1.8 mm width was cut from zirconia cylinder and sintered at 1350◦C as recommended by Product Company. The size of cross-section of zirconia block was selected to fit to the clinical fracture case. It was fractured manually through bending by loading from upper to lower surface without any treatment on the sintered surface. Clinically derived fracture zirconia was also used as sample. 2.3. Observation Variously treated surfaces and fractured cross-sections were observed by FE-SEM (S4000: Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan). 2.4. Contact angle measurement The contact angles with water were measured for the surface of zirconia after silicone wheel, sandblast and tribochemical treatments with DMs-200 (Drop Master S series: Kyowa Interface Science Co.Ltd, Saitama, Japan) Measurements were performed 10times for each. All experimental results were evaluated by Non-repeated Measures ANOVA (n = 10) (p < 0.001). 2.5. Surface roughness measurement The surface roughness was measured using SURFCOM 1400A (Tokyo Seimitu, Japan) after the treatments with silicone wheel, sandblast, tribochemical treatments, mirror polishing and porcelain layering. 3. Results Fig. 1 shows SEM observation of smoothed zirconia surface. Fig. 1a is silicone wheel polishing, Fig. 1b is mirror polishing, and Fig. 1c is porcelain layering. The surfaces after mirror polishing were smooth except mechanically formed grooves during silicone wheel polishing. Porcelain layering was smooth except large formed grooves by bubbles. Both mirror polishing and porcelain layering look similarly smooth. Fig. 2 shows SEM observation of roughened zirconia surface, for silicone wheel polishing Fig. 2a, sandblast treatment Fig. 2b and tribochemical treatment Fig. 2c. After sandblast and tribochemical treatments, the surfaces showed several micron-sized caving with micron to submicron level irregularities. When Fig. 2b and c were compared, the latter was slightly rougher. Fig. 3 is the enlargement of roughened zirconia surface by SEM observation. Fig. 3a is tribochemical treatment, and Fig. 3b is 24-hacid treatment. 24-h acid treatment induced much more surface roughening with the 50–100 nm particulate roughness than tribochemical treatments. Fig. 4 shows the specimens of dental zirconia. Fig. 4a shows zirconia cylinder supplied for dental CAD/CAM machining and a fabricated bridge. Fig. 4b is the fractured block and matchstick behind for reference of size. Block was obtained by milling from zirconia cylinder. Fig. 4c is fractured zirconia bridge used in clinical case and d is enlargement of pontic with fracture cross-section seen as white plane in right side. Fracture occurred nearly in the center of bridge c. Fig. 5 is SEM observation of fracture cross-section, Fig. 5a clinically fractured, Fig. 5b enlargement of Fig. 5a, Fig. 5c experimentally fractured, Fig. 5d enlargement of Fig. 5b. Clinically occu
{"title":"Application of Fourier Transform for Analysis of Surface Topographic Properties of Dental Zirconia","authors":"Naoyoshi Tarumi, T. Akasaka, F. Watari","doi":"10.11344/NANO.5.85","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11344/NANO.5.85","url":null,"abstract":"2.2. Fracture surface The block of 3 mm high, 50 mm long with the upper surface of 2 mm width and the lower surface of 1.8 mm width was cut from zirconia cylinder and sintered at 1350◦C as recommended by Product Company. The size of cross-section of zirconia block was selected to fit to the clinical fracture case. It was fractured manually through bending by loading from upper to lower surface without any treatment on the sintered surface. Clinically derived fracture zirconia was also used as sample. 2.3. Observation Variously treated surfaces and fractured cross-sections were observed by FE-SEM (S4000: Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan). 2.4. Contact angle measurement The contact angles with water were measured for the surface of zirconia after silicone wheel, sandblast and tribochemical treatments with DMs-200 (Drop Master S series: Kyowa Interface Science Co.Ltd, Saitama, Japan) Measurements were performed 10times for each. All experimental results were evaluated by Non-repeated Measures ANOVA (n = 10) (p < 0.001). 2.5. Surface roughness measurement The surface roughness was measured using SURFCOM 1400A (Tokyo Seimitu, Japan) after the treatments with silicone wheel, sandblast, tribochemical treatments, mirror polishing and porcelain layering. 3. Results Fig. 1 shows SEM observation of smoothed zirconia surface. Fig. 1a is silicone wheel polishing, Fig. 1b is mirror polishing, and Fig. 1c is porcelain layering. The surfaces after mirror polishing were smooth except mechanically formed grooves during silicone wheel polishing. Porcelain layering was smooth except large formed grooves by bubbles. Both mirror polishing and porcelain layering look similarly smooth. Fig. 2 shows SEM observation of roughened zirconia surface, for silicone wheel polishing Fig. 2a, sandblast treatment Fig. 2b and tribochemical treatment Fig. 2c. After sandblast and tribochemical treatments, the surfaces showed several micron-sized caving with micron to submicron level irregularities. When Fig. 2b and c were compared, the latter was slightly rougher. Fig. 3 is the enlargement of roughened zirconia surface by SEM observation. Fig. 3a is tribochemical treatment, and Fig. 3b is 24-hacid treatment. 24-h acid treatment induced much more surface roughening with the 50–100 nm particulate roughness than tribochemical treatments. Fig. 4 shows the specimens of dental zirconia. Fig. 4a shows zirconia cylinder supplied for dental CAD/CAM machining and a fabricated bridge. Fig. 4b is the fractured block and matchstick behind for reference of size. Block was obtained by milling from zirconia cylinder. Fig. 4c is fractured zirconia bridge used in clinical case and d is enlargement of pontic with fracture cross-section seen as white plane in right side. Fracture occurred nearly in the center of bridge c. Fig. 5 is SEM observation of fracture cross-section, Fig. 5a clinically fractured, Fig. 5b enlargement of Fig. 5a, Fig. 5c experimentally fractured, Fig. 5d enlargement of Fig. 5b. Clinically occu","PeriodicalId":19070,"journal":{"name":"Nano Biomedicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"63692244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
64 Introduction As the expectations of gene therapy have been increasing in recent years, the development of an efficient gene transfer agent is a very important issue in biology and medicine. Viral vectors have good transfection efficiency, but are associated with cytotoxicity [1], immunogenicity [2] and potential recombination or complementation [3]. Systems such as liposomes [4-8], polymers [9-12] and inorganic nanoparticles [13-15] have been investigated as potent non-viral agents for gene transfer. However, most of these suffer from either low gene transfection efficiency or significant cytotoxicity. For an ideal transfer agent, cellular uptake, protection of nucleic acids from degradation and nuclear delivery should be associated with low cytotoxicity. Calcium phosphate nanoparticles are an attractive carrier system due to their good biocompatibility, their high biodegradability and their high affinity for nucleic acids [16]. Previously, we demonstrated that the transfection efficiency of DNA-loaded calcium phosphate nanoparticles was considerably higher with incorporation of DNA into multi-shell nanoparticles to prevent its degradation within the cell by nucleases [17]. Polyethylenimine (PEI) was used for gene delivery as a non-viral transfection agent with high cationic-charge density [18, 19]. PEI condenses DNA into positively charged particles (polyplexes), which penetrate through the negatively charged cell membrane by endocytosis. The ability of PEI to destabilize lysosomal membranes enables DNA to efficiently escape the degradation within the Protamine Increases Transfection Efficiency and Cell Viability after Transfection with Calcium Phosphate Nanoparticles
{"title":"Protamine Increases Transfection Efficiency and Cell Viability after Transfection with Calcium Phosphate Nanoparticles","authors":"Taichi Tenkumo, Olga Rotan, V. Sokolova, M. Epple","doi":"10.11344/NANO.5.64","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11344/NANO.5.64","url":null,"abstract":"64 Introduction As the expectations of gene therapy have been increasing in recent years, the development of an efficient gene transfer agent is a very important issue in biology and medicine. Viral vectors have good transfection efficiency, but are associated with cytotoxicity [1], immunogenicity [2] and potential recombination or complementation [3]. Systems such as liposomes [4-8], polymers [9-12] and inorganic nanoparticles [13-15] have been investigated as potent non-viral agents for gene transfer. However, most of these suffer from either low gene transfection efficiency or significant cytotoxicity. For an ideal transfer agent, cellular uptake, protection of nucleic acids from degradation and nuclear delivery should be associated with low cytotoxicity. Calcium phosphate nanoparticles are an attractive carrier system due to their good biocompatibility, their high biodegradability and their high affinity for nucleic acids [16]. Previously, we demonstrated that the transfection efficiency of DNA-loaded calcium phosphate nanoparticles was considerably higher with incorporation of DNA into multi-shell nanoparticles to prevent its degradation within the cell by nucleases [17]. Polyethylenimine (PEI) was used for gene delivery as a non-viral transfection agent with high cationic-charge density [18, 19]. PEI condenses DNA into positively charged particles (polyplexes), which penetrate through the negatively charged cell membrane by endocytosis. The ability of PEI to destabilize lysosomal membranes enables DNA to efficiently escape the degradation within the Protamine Increases Transfection Efficiency and Cell Viability after Transfection with Calcium Phosphate Nanoparticles","PeriodicalId":19070,"journal":{"name":"Nano Biomedicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.11344/NANO.5.64","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"63691678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Comparative Hip Joint Simulator Study of the Wear, Debris and Metal Ion Release of CoCrMo / CoCrMo and CoCrMo / CL-UHMWPE Couplings","authors":"M. Hashimoto, K. Hayashi, S. Kitaoka","doi":"10.11344/NANO.5.25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11344/NANO.5.25","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19070,"journal":{"name":"Nano Biomedicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"63691787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wataru Hatakeyama, M. Taira, Kyoko Takafuji, Hidemichi Kihara, H. Kondo
95 Introduction The development of new alloplastic bone graft materials is now expected in dentistry, as well as orthopedic surgery, to improve the quality of clinical treatment (e.g., sinus lift elevation for dental implantology) [1]. Apatite is an osteo-conductive material, and large apatite plate and granules (blocks) have been employed as artificial bone skull [2] and bone-filling materials [3], respectively. These apatite devices have the large dimension of about 100 m to several cm [2, 3]. On the other hand, nano-apatite has recently attracted the attention in bio-materials community. Apatite drastically changes physical, Bone-regeneration Trial of Rat Critical-size Calvarial Defects using Nano-apatite/collagen Composites
{"title":"Bone-regeneration Trial of Rat Critical-size Calvarial Defects using Nano-apatite/collagen Composites","authors":"Wataru Hatakeyama, M. Taira, Kyoko Takafuji, Hidemichi Kihara, H. Kondo","doi":"10.11344/NANO.5.95","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11344/NANO.5.95","url":null,"abstract":"95 Introduction The development of new alloplastic bone graft materials is now expected in dentistry, as well as orthopedic surgery, to improve the quality of clinical treatment (e.g., sinus lift elevation for dental implantology) [1]. Apatite is an osteo-conductive material, and large apatite plate and granules (blocks) have been employed as artificial bone skull [2] and bone-filling materials [3], respectively. These apatite devices have the large dimension of about 100 m to several cm [2, 3]. On the other hand, nano-apatite has recently attracted the attention in bio-materials community. Apatite drastically changes physical, Bone-regeneration Trial of Rat Critical-size Calvarial Defects using Nano-apatite/collagen Composites","PeriodicalId":19070,"journal":{"name":"Nano Biomedicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"63691896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yusuke Hamba, Shuichi Yamagata, T. Akasaka, M. Uo, J. Iida, F. Watari
{"title":"Preparation and Properties of Fluorescent Orthodontic Adhesives Containing Y2O3:Eu3+ Particles","authors":"Yusuke Hamba, Shuichi Yamagata, T. Akasaka, M. Uo, J. Iida, F. Watari","doi":"10.11344/NANO.5.75","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11344/NANO.5.75","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19070,"journal":{"name":"Nano Biomedicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"63692181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Biological Interpretation of the In Vitro Assessment of Nanotoxicity","authors":"N. Hanagata","doi":"10.11344/NANO.5.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11344/NANO.5.1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19070,"journal":{"name":"Nano Biomedicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"63691187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Nishikawa, Tomoharu Okamura, Takanao Ono, H. Matsushita, K. Imai, Y. Honda, M. Hidaka, N. Matsumoto, S. Takeda, A. Tanaka
{"title":"Bone Augmentation Experiment using Coral on the Skull of Rat","authors":"T. Nishikawa, Tomoharu Okamura, Takanao Ono, H. Matsushita, K. Imai, Y. Honda, M. Hidaka, N. Matsumoto, S. Takeda, A. Tanaka","doi":"10.11344/NANO.5.109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11344/NANO.5.109","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19070,"journal":{"name":"Nano Biomedicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"63691396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shuichi Yamagata, Yusuke Hamba, K. Nakanishi, S. Abe, T. Akasaka, N. Ushijima, M. Uo, J. Iida, F. Watari
{"title":"Introduction of Rare-Earth-Element- Containing ZnO Nanoparticles into Orthodontic Adhesives","authors":"Shuichi Yamagata, Yusuke Hamba, K. Nakanishi, S. Abe, T. Akasaka, N. Ushijima, M. Uo, J. Iida, F. Watari","doi":"10.11344/NANO.4.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11344/NANO.4.11","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19070,"journal":{"name":"Nano Biomedicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.11344/NANO.4.11","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"63690421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Abe, A. Hyono, Yuri Machida, F. Watari, T. Yonezawa
18 Introduction Choline, a well-known neurotransmitter, consists of a tetraammonium cation that has three methyl groups symmetrically and a hydroxyethy group, and some anion molecules (shown in Scheme 1). Some of the organic salts, such as choline lactate, have specific physical properties such as noncombustibility, extremely low vapor pressure, high heat resistance, and high ionic conductivity. Choline lactate also has a unique property, i.e., it is liquid at room temperature, a so-called room temperature ionic liquid (RTIL). Because of these properties, RTILs have attracted much attention for application in many fields [1-4]. Recently, Kuwabata et al. applied an imidazolium-type RTIL for pre-treatment of a scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation because the ionic liquid has some suitable properties for the treatment described above. They observed SEM images of biological specimens such as insect, flower, tissue, pollen, and cell using several IL aqueous solutions [5]. To estimate the usefulness of the pretreatment, we applied imidazolium-type ILs for nanocarbon materials such as fullerene nanocrystals and carbon nanotubes. The highest resolution observed was <30 nm [6]. For improvement the affinity of ILs to biological materials, we designed novel choline-type ILs and applied for SEM observation Conductivity Preparation by Choline Lactate Ethanol Solution for SEM Observation: Both Hard and Soft Tissues in Living Matter
{"title":"Conductivity Preparation by Choline Lactate Ethanol Solution for SEM Ob servation: Both Hard and Soft Tissues in Living Matter","authors":"S. Abe, A. Hyono, Yuri Machida, F. Watari, T. Yonezawa","doi":"10.11344/NANO.4.18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11344/NANO.4.18","url":null,"abstract":"18 Introduction Choline, a well-known neurotransmitter, consists of a tetraammonium cation that has three methyl groups symmetrically and a hydroxyethy group, and some anion molecules (shown in Scheme 1). Some of the organic salts, such as choline lactate, have specific physical properties such as noncombustibility, extremely low vapor pressure, high heat resistance, and high ionic conductivity. Choline lactate also has a unique property, i.e., it is liquid at room temperature, a so-called room temperature ionic liquid (RTIL). Because of these properties, RTILs have attracted much attention for application in many fields [1-4]. Recently, Kuwabata et al. applied an imidazolium-type RTIL for pre-treatment of a scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation because the ionic liquid has some suitable properties for the treatment described above. They observed SEM images of biological specimens such as insect, flower, tissue, pollen, and cell using several IL aqueous solutions [5]. To estimate the usefulness of the pretreatment, we applied imidazolium-type ILs for nanocarbon materials such as fullerene nanocrystals and carbon nanotubes. The highest resolution observed was <30 nm [6]. For improvement the affinity of ILs to biological materials, we designed novel choline-type ILs and applied for SEM observation Conductivity Preparation by Choline Lactate Ethanol Solution for SEM Observation: Both Hard and Soft Tissues in Living Matter","PeriodicalId":19070,"journal":{"name":"Nano Biomedicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"63690995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"PIV Analysis of Cartilage Regeneration Process from Bone Marrow Cells by Three Dimensional Culture using RWV Bioreactor","authors":"T. Uemura","doi":"10.11344/NANO.4.85","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11344/NANO.4.85","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19070,"journal":{"name":"Nano Biomedicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"63691091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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