An analytical solution is derived for the probability that a random pair of individuals from a panmictic population of size N will share ancestors who lived G generations previously. The analysis is extended to obtain 1) the probability that a sample of size s will contain at least one pair of (G − 1) th cousins; and 2) the expected number of pairs of (G − 1) th cousins in that sample. Solutions are given for both monogamous and promiscuous (non-monogamous) cases. Simulation results for a population size of N = 20,000 closely approximate the analytical expectations. Simulation results also agree very well with previously derived expectations for the proportion of unrelated individuals in a sample. The analysis is broadly consistent with genetic estimates of relatedness among a sample of 406 Danish school children, but suggests that a different genetic study of a heterogenous sample of Europeans overesti-mates the frequency of cousin pairs by as much as one order of magnitude.
{"title":"The Probability of Pairwise Shared Ancestry and the Expected Number of Pairs of <i>k</i>-th Cousins in a Population Sample","authors":"P. Service","doi":"10.4236/ns.2022.1411041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ns.2022.1411041","url":null,"abstract":"An analytical solution is derived for the probability that a random pair of individuals from a panmictic population of size N will share ancestors who lived G generations previously. The analysis is extended to obtain 1) the probability that a sample of size s will contain at least one pair of (G − 1) th cousins; and 2) the expected number of pairs of (G − 1) th cousins in that sample. Solutions are given for both monogamous and promiscuous (non-monogamous) cases. Simulation results for a population size of N = 20,000 closely approximate the analytical expectations. Simulation results also agree very well with previously derived expectations for the proportion of unrelated individuals in a sample. The analysis is broadly consistent with genetic estimates of relatedness among a sample of 406 Danish school children, but suggests that a different genetic study of a heterogenous sample of Europeans overesti-mates the frequency of cousin pairs by as much as one order of magnitude.","PeriodicalId":19083,"journal":{"name":"Natural Science","volume":"1 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91443204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper is presented in two parts. The first part provides a glimpse of the long-awaited unified theory, which explains the parallel activation of different levels of the universe: intellectual (humans), psychological (animals), biological (vegetation), physical (matter), and cosmological (energies) levels, whereas in the conventional approach, the physical and cosmological levels are grouped into the same category. This paper explains the evolution and structure of elementary physical particles (EPPs) based on the evolution and structure of elementary biological particles (cells). The second part of the paper explains the structure and ingredients of the PPE, which are responsible for the creation of the following four fields, as suggested by the author: visibility, forcibility (magnetism), the fullness field, and the hollowness field. All these fields comprise different unknown cosmological substances. These cosmological fields are present in all physical entities and are responsible for all kinds of physical activations. Finally, the paper explains the evolution of electromagnetic waves, electromagnetic fields, gravitation, and repulsion (repulsive gravitation). The theory is consistent with all previously conducted experiments and systematically unfolds several mysteries, thereby demonstrating the validity of the proposed theory. tromagnetic waves, and mass. The present paper elucidates that EPPs are not point particles, but possess positive mass and an internal cosmological structure. The paper presents a modified model of EPP, with the placement of different energy fields therein, and the placement of energy fields is responsible for all physical properties. During the journey of evolving the structure of the EPPs, the paper automatically solves several quantum mysteries, including the unitarity of “four fundamental forces” and “string theory”.
{"title":"Evolution and Structure of Elementary Physical Particles","authors":"P. K. Agrawal","doi":"10.4236/ns.2022.148030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ns.2022.148030","url":null,"abstract":"This paper is presented in two parts. The first part provides a glimpse of the long-awaited unified theory, which explains the parallel activation of different levels of the universe: intellectual (humans), psychological (animals), biological (vegetation), physical (matter), and cosmological (energies) levels, whereas in the conventional approach, the physical and cosmological levels are grouped into the same category. This paper explains the evolution and structure of elementary physical particles (EPPs) based on the evolution and structure of elementary biological particles (cells). The second part of the paper explains the structure and ingredients of the PPE, which are responsible for the creation of the following four fields, as suggested by the author: visibility, forcibility (magnetism), the fullness field, and the hollowness field. All these fields comprise different unknown cosmological substances. These cosmological fields are present in all physical entities and are responsible for all kinds of physical activations. Finally, the paper explains the evolution of electromagnetic waves, electromagnetic fields, gravitation, and repulsion (repulsive gravitation). The theory is consistent with all previously conducted experiments and systematically unfolds several mysteries, thereby demonstrating the validity of the proposed theory. tromagnetic waves, and mass. The present paper elucidates that EPPs are not point particles, but possess positive mass and an internal cosmological structure. The paper presents a modified model of EPP, with the placement of different energy fields therein, and the placement of energy fields is responsible for all physical properties. During the journey of evolving the structure of the EPPs, the paper automatically solves several quantum mysteries, including the unitarity of “four fundamental forces” and “string theory”.","PeriodicalId":19083,"journal":{"name":"Natural Science","volume":"158 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80136641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jiming Li, M. Wei, L. Wang, Yanbo Wu, Lu Kang, Yan Tang, Huan Zhao, Yubiao Sun
{"title":"The Study of Effect of Commercial Baicalin Combined with Cefoperazone Sulbactam Sodium on <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Vitro </i>","authors":"Jiming Li, M. Wei, L. Wang, Yanbo Wu, Lu Kang, Yan Tang, Huan Zhao, Yubiao Sun","doi":"10.4236/ns.2022.143011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ns.2022.143011","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19083,"journal":{"name":"Natural Science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73001664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Intermittent hypoxia or hypoxia therapy is exposing an individual to oxygenation conditions that are below atmospheric levels in a planned or acute timeframe. Hypoxia therapy is a potentially novel therapeutic strategy for a variety of pathologies including: mitochondrial disorders, exercise training, and mild cognitive impairments. Mitochondrial dysfunction, hyperkinetic movements, and cognitive impairments are hallmarks of seizures and status epilepticus (SE). A seizure can be considered uncontrolled electrical activity in the brain and SE is a seizure lasting more than 30 minutes, or multiple seizures without regaining con-sciousness in between. We examined the possibility of using the Pilocarpine model for seizure like activity on brown planaria (Dugesia tigrine). Pilocarpine is a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor agonist capable of creating seizure related brain damage. We utilized 5 mM dosages of pilocarpine and then measured open field behaviour for 3 minutes. Mobility and aversive hyperkinetic movements were observed throughout the measurement phase. After exposure to 5 mM pilocarpine, the planaria displayed behaviours consistent with seizures (e.g. aversive hyperkinetic movements and decreased mobility). Additionally, we measured the effects of an acute hypoxic event on Planaria behaviour. We used 25% carbonated water to create a hypoxic environment for the planaria and then measured mobility and hyperkinetic movements for 3 minutes. We noted that exposure to the hypoxic environment produced no changes in behaviour. However, the aversive hyperkinetic movements produced with pilocarpine administration were completely absent when a brief (3 minutes) hypoxic episode followed the pilocarpine exposure (p < 0.05). Aversive behaviours remained present when the ordering of pilocarpine and hypoxia were counterbalanced. This ordering effect was consistent across 40 trials. Further evaluation of the pilocarpine seizure model and intermittent hypoxia on planarian behaviour is warranted.
{"title":"A Single Hypoxic Event Ameliorates Pilocarpine Induced Hyperkinetic Movements in Planaria","authors":"Teagan Neufeld, Trevor N. Carniello, B. Dotta","doi":"10.4236/ns.2022.144014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ns.2022.144014","url":null,"abstract":"Intermittent hypoxia or hypoxia therapy is exposing an individual to oxygenation conditions that are below atmospheric levels in a planned or acute timeframe. Hypoxia therapy is a potentially novel therapeutic strategy for a variety of pathologies including: mitochondrial disorders, exercise training, and mild cognitive impairments. Mitochondrial dysfunction, hyperkinetic movements, and cognitive impairments are hallmarks of seizures and status epilepticus (SE). A seizure can be considered uncontrolled electrical activity in the brain and SE is a seizure lasting more than 30 minutes, or multiple seizures without regaining con-sciousness in between. We examined the possibility of using the Pilocarpine model for seizure like activity on brown planaria (Dugesia tigrine). Pilocarpine is a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor agonist capable of creating seizure related brain damage. We utilized 5 mM dosages of pilocarpine and then measured open field behaviour for 3 minutes. Mobility and aversive hyperkinetic movements were observed throughout the measurement phase. After exposure to 5 mM pilocarpine, the planaria displayed behaviours consistent with seizures (e.g. aversive hyperkinetic movements and decreased mobility). Additionally, we measured the effects of an acute hypoxic event on Planaria behaviour. We used 25% carbonated water to create a hypoxic environment for the planaria and then measured mobility and hyperkinetic movements for 3 minutes. We noted that exposure to the hypoxic environment produced no changes in behaviour. However, the aversive hyperkinetic movements produced with pilocarpine administration were completely absent when a brief (3 minutes) hypoxic episode followed the pilocarpine exposure (p < 0.05). Aversive behaviours remained present when the ordering of pilocarpine and hypoxia were counterbalanced. This ordering effect was consistent across 40 trials. Further evaluation of the pilocarpine seizure model and intermittent hypoxia on planarian behaviour is warranted.","PeriodicalId":19083,"journal":{"name":"Natural Science","volume":"81 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89639942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Previous studies substantiated the fact that Tunguska Cosmic Body was in a near-Earth orbit prior to falling. This paper considers the events preceding the June 30 catastrophe. Identified are the Tunguska Cosmic Body orbital parameters and the factors resulting in the falling. The information from the Mount Wilson Observatory is provided, which confirms the fact that Tunguska Cosmic Body was in near-Earth orbit. The circumstances surround-ing Tunguska Cosmic Body entry into near-Earth orbit are reviewed, and the event timing is identified. Substantiation is proposed of the relationship between Tunguska Cosmic Body and Comet Schwassmann-Wachmann. As to the Tunguska Cosmic Body breakup circumstances, the structure and the properties of its materials are proposed.
{"title":"Near-Earth Orbit of the Tunguska Cosmic Body","authors":"A.T. Yastrebov","doi":"10.4236/ns.2022.149032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ns.2022.149032","url":null,"abstract":"Previous studies substantiated the fact that Tunguska Cosmic Body was in a near-Earth orbit prior to falling. This paper considers the events preceding the June 30 catastrophe. Identified are the Tunguska Cosmic Body orbital parameters and the factors resulting in the falling. The information from the Mount Wilson Observatory is provided, which confirms the fact that Tunguska Cosmic Body was in near-Earth orbit. The circumstances surround-ing Tunguska Cosmic Body entry into near-Earth orbit are reviewed, and the event timing is identified. Substantiation is proposed of the relationship between Tunguska Cosmic Body and Comet Schwassmann-Wachmann. As to the Tunguska Cosmic Body breakup circumstances, the structure and the properties of its materials are proposed.","PeriodicalId":19083,"journal":{"name":"Natural Science","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74689851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Nature of Existence and Essence of Time in Existence","authors":"P. K. Agrawal","doi":"10.4236/ns.2022.145020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ns.2022.145020","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19083,"journal":{"name":"Natural Science","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75319359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Qiangcai Mai, Lihua Qan, Guosheng Su, Miaoling Liang, Xiaoye Su, Y. Gan, Qinglu Li, Cangrui Long, Huayan Zhu, Qiaocui Jiang, Yanling Zheng, Jie He, Tianwu Liang, Jing Li, Buqing Su
Objective: To understand the clinical value of combined detection of cholyglycine CG and TBA in differential diagnosis of hepatobiliary diseases. Methods: Serum samples from 50 healthy people were collected as healthy control group. According to the latest disease diagnosis and treatment plan, 58 cases of HBV asymptomatic carrier group, 17 cases of viral hepatitis group, 49 cases of cirrhosis group, 50 cases of primary liver cancer group and 50 cases of other hepatobiliary diseases groups were collected respectively. The concentration levels of cholyglycine and total bile acid in each group were detected, and the differences among each group were compared. Results: By statistical analysis, serum CG concentration in viral hepatitis group, cirrhosis group, primary liver cancer group and other hepatobiliary diseases group was significantly higher than that in asymptomatic HEPATITIS B carriers and healthy control group, the differences were statistically significant (p < 0.05). While, the serum CG concentration of asymptomatic hepatitis B virus carrier group was similar to that of healthy control group, the difference was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). There was
{"title":"Clinical Application Value of Combined Detection of CG and TBA in Differential Diagnosis of Hepatobiliary System Diseases","authors":"Qiangcai Mai, Lihua Qan, Guosheng Su, Miaoling Liang, Xiaoye Su, Y. Gan, Qinglu Li, Cangrui Long, Huayan Zhu, Qiaocui Jiang, Yanling Zheng, Jie He, Tianwu Liang, Jing Li, Buqing Su","doi":"10.4236/ns.2022.142008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ns.2022.142008","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: To understand the clinical value of combined detection of cholyglycine CG and TBA in differential diagnosis of hepatobiliary diseases. Methods: Serum samples from 50 healthy people were collected as healthy control group. According to the latest disease diagnosis and treatment plan, 58 cases of HBV asymptomatic carrier group, 17 cases of viral hepatitis group, 49 cases of cirrhosis group, 50 cases of primary liver cancer group and 50 cases of other hepatobiliary diseases groups were collected respectively. The concentration levels of cholyglycine and total bile acid in each group were detected, and the differences among each group were compared. Results: By statistical analysis, serum CG concentration in viral hepatitis group, cirrhosis group, primary liver cancer group and other hepatobiliary diseases group was significantly higher than that in asymptomatic HEPATITIS B carriers and healthy control group, the differences were statistically significant (p < 0.05). While, the serum CG concentration of asymptomatic hepatitis B virus carrier group was similar to that of healthy control group, the difference was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). There was","PeriodicalId":19083,"journal":{"name":"Natural Science","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85318569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Experimental Induction of Heterotrophic to Autotrophic Conversion, Realized by the Enforced Primary Endosymbiosis of Photosynthetic Bacteria onto Eukaryotic Amoebae","authors":"Y. Maeda, Tomoaki Abe","doi":"10.4236/ns.2022.149033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ns.2022.149033","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19083,"journal":{"name":"Natural Science","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87663186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Biological Synthesis of Nanoparticles and Their Applications in Sustainable Agriculture Production","authors":"N. Khan, S. Muqthiar Ali, Sadia Latif, A. Mehmood","doi":"10.4236/ns.2022.146022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ns.2022.146022","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19083,"journal":{"name":"Natural Science","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86094244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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