Objective of the study: This study aimed at characterizing output features of the higher-order motor control centers (hoMCCs), including secondary (premotor cortex [Pre] and supplementary motor area [SMA]) and association (prefrontal cortex [PFC]) motor regions to the primary motor cortex (M1) during graded force tasks. It is well known that one of the major roles of the primary motor cortex (M1) is controlling motor output such as muscle force. However, it is unclear how the hoMCCs interact with M1 in regulating voluntary muscle contractions. Methods: fMRI data was acquired during graded force tasks and fMRI-based effective connectivity (EC) and muscle force analyses were performed to study the relationship between hoMCCs-M1 effective connectivity and voluntarily exerted handgrip force. Results: The results show that there is a consistent information flow from the hoMCCs to M1 under all force conditions, suggesting a hierarchical control mechanism in the brain in regulating voluntary muscle force. Only the premotor cortex exhibited a significant role in mediating the level of force production through its EC with M1 but that role diminished when the exerted force was high, suggesting perhaps a ceiling and/or fatigue effect on the EC. A flip in the direction of EC from the primary sensory cortex (S1) to the hoMCCs (PFC, SMA, and Pre) at lower force levels while at higher forces EC was observed from the hoMCCs to S1. Conclusion: The hoMCCs regulate M1 output to produce desired voluntary muscle force. Only the Pre-to-M1 connectivity strength directly correlates with the force level especially from low to moderate levels. The hoMCCs are involved in modulating higher force production likely by strengthening M1 output and downgrading inhibition from S1 to M1.
{"title":"Motor Control Network Effective Connectivity in Regulating Muscle Force Output","authors":"S. Saleh, Zhiguo Jiang, G. Yue","doi":"10.4236/NS.2021.132002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/NS.2021.132002","url":null,"abstract":"Objective of the study: \u0000This study aimed at characterizing output features of the higher-order motor \u0000control centers (hoMCCs), including secondary (premotor cortex [Pre] and \u0000supplementary motor area [SMA]) and association (prefrontal cortex [PFC]) motor \u0000regions to the primary motor cortex (M1) during graded force tasks. It is well \u0000known that one of the major roles of the primary motor cortex (M1) is \u0000controlling motor output such as muscle force. However, it is unclear how the \u0000hoMCCs interact with M1 in regulating voluntary muscle contractions. Methods: \u0000fMRI data was acquired during graded force tasks and fMRI-based effective \u0000connectivity (EC) and muscle force analyses were performed to study the \u0000relationship between hoMCCs-M1 effective connectivity and voluntarily exerted \u0000handgrip force. Results: The results show that there is a consistent \u0000information flow from the hoMCCs to M1 under all force conditions, suggesting a \u0000hierarchical control mechanism in the brain in regulating voluntary muscle \u0000force. Only the premotor cortex exhibited a significant role in mediating the \u0000level of force production through its EC with M1 but that role diminished when \u0000the exerted force was high, suggesting perhaps a ceiling and/or fatigue effect \u0000on the EC. A flip in the direction of EC from the primary sensory cortex (S1) to \u0000the hoMCCs (PFC, SMA, and Pre) at lower force levels while at higher forces EC \u0000was observed from the hoMCCs to S1. Conclusion: The hoMCCs regulate M1 output \u0000to produce desired voluntary muscle force. Only the Pre-to-M1 connectivity \u0000strength directly correlates with the force level especially from low to \u0000moderate levels. The hoMCCs are involved in modulating higher force production \u0000likely by strengthening M1 output and downgrading inhibition from \u0000S1 to M1.","PeriodicalId":19083,"journal":{"name":"Natural Science","volume":"14 1","pages":"9-17"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85250225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The purpose of this note is to stimulate interest in measuring and characterizing the emitted ultraviolet frequencies in antimicrobial copper materials. Antimicrobial sanitizing materials are urgently needed to limit the spread of COVID-19 virus. In the current pandemic, ultraviolet radiation is often used for sterilization. It is shown that 3 d-orbital capture in copper can result in radiation generated by copper materials. Since ultraviolet radiation is known to be effective in antimicrobial sterilization, it is logical to assume that the radiation formed by copper occurs in the ultraviolet region. Electron transitions in 3 d-orbital capture are expected to occur in this region. A description of the 3 d-orbital capture process, and the origin of the associated frequency, is given. It is shown that for Group 1B elements the strength of electron affinity in the d-orbital capture process increases with increasing Periodic Table period number, n. This is the opposite of other electron affinity properties for atoms that decrease wth an increase in n. A brief discussion of the relationship of d-orbital capture to the chemical inertness of gold is given. The same type of d-orbital capture process that occurs in antimicrobial copper occurs in high temperature superconducting cuprates.
{"title":"Antimicrobial Properties of Copper and d-Orbital Capture","authors":"P. Love","doi":"10.4236/NS.2021.132004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/NS.2021.132004","url":null,"abstract":"The \u0000purpose of this note is to stimulate interest in measuring and characterizing \u0000the emitted ultraviolet frequencies in antimicrobial copper materials. Antimicrobial \u0000sanitizing materials are urgently needed to limit the spread of COVID-19 virus. \u0000In the current pandemic, ultraviolet radiation is often used for sterilization. \u0000It is shown that 3 d-orbital \u0000capture in copper can result in radiation generated by copper materials. Since \u0000ultraviolet radiation is known to be effective in antimicrobial sterilization, \u0000it is logical to assume that the radiation formed by copper occurs in the \u0000ultraviolet region. Electron transitions in 3 d-orbital capture are expected to \u0000occur in this region. A description of the 3 d-orbital capture process, and the \u0000origin of the associated frequency, is given. It is shown that for Group 1B \u0000elements the strength of electron affinity in the d-orbital capture process \u0000increases with increasing Periodic Table period number, n. This is the opposite \u0000of other electron affinity properties for atoms that decrease wth an increase \u0000in n. A brief discussion of the relationship of d-orbital capture to the \u0000chemical inertness of gold is given. The same type of d-orbital capture process \u0000that occurs in antimicrobial copper occurs in high temperature superconducting \u0000cuprates.","PeriodicalId":19083,"journal":{"name":"Natural Science","volume":"1 1","pages":"21-25"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91273657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Drought stress in plants is accompanied by several metabolic changes. One of them is the appearance of N-malonyltryptophan (MT) during leaf wilting of many species, but there is a significant number of plant species in which the appearance of MT did not occur. Plants of some species were able to synthesize also N-acetyltryptophan (AT). Excised tomato leaves incubated with D-amino acids (including D-Trp) transform them into malonyl- and acetyl-derivatives even without water deficit. However, MT which appeared during water deficit has been shown to contain L-Trp. Amino acid—1-amino-cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) is also malonylated during water deficit, but other L-amino acids were not malonylated. N-malonyl transferases specific for Trp and ACC have been found in several plants. The existence of N-malonyltransferase specific to L-Trp and appeared during water deficit in plants forming MT is supposed, but clear experimental proof has not been obtained yet. Plants can transform MT applied exogenously into Trp and further to indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). But no evidence has been appeared up to now that endogenous MT may be a source of IAA. It is unknown till now why it is necessary for plants of many species to malonylate only Trp during water deficit. How MT metabolized in animals and if it affects them is also unknown. The necessity to use molecular-genetic approaches for the elucidation of the physiological significance of MT formation during water deficit is underlined.
{"title":"The Dependence of N-Malonyltryptophan Formation in Plants on Water Deficit (Review)","authors":"K. Z. Gamburg","doi":"10.4236/NS.2021.132005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/NS.2021.132005","url":null,"abstract":"Drought stress in plants is accompanied by several metabolic changes. One of them is the appearance of N-malonyltryptophan (MT) during leaf wilting of many species, but there is a significant number of plant species in which the appearance of MT did not occur. Plants of some species were able to synthesize also N-acetyltryptophan (AT). Excised tomato leaves incubated with D-amino acids (including D-Trp) transform them into malonyl- and acetyl-derivatives even without water deficit. However, MT which appeared during water deficit has been shown to contain L-Trp. Amino acid—1-amino-cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) is also malonylated during water deficit, but other L-amino acids were not malonylated. N-malonyl transferases specific for Trp and ACC have been found in several plants. The existence of N-malonyltransferase specific to L-Trp and appeared during water deficit in plants forming MT is supposed, but clear experimental proof has not been obtained yet. Plants can transform MT applied exogenously into Trp and further to indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). But no evidence has been appeared up to now that endogenous MT may be a source of IAA. It is unknown till now why it is necessary for plants of many species to malonylate only Trp during water deficit. How MT metabolized in animals and if it affects them is also unknown. The necessity to use molecular-genetic approaches for the elucidation of the physiological significance of MT formation during water deficit is underlined.","PeriodicalId":19083,"journal":{"name":"Natural Science","volume":"34 1","pages":"26-41"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77204761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fluid particles in translating surface gravity waves have an orbital motion which decreases in size with increasing mean depth. These wave characteristics came from observations and were not forecast theoretically. The classical potential flow model is incapable of explaining the particle movement due to the irrotational assumption and to a flaw in carrying out the method. When a wave passes by an observer from left to right, the particles move clockwise under a crest and a trough. This correct conclusion is consistent with what the incorrect standard theory implies but should not be considered to have been derived from it.
{"title":"Particle Motion in Surface Gravity Waves","authors":"K. Kenyon","doi":"10.4236/NS.2021.132003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/NS.2021.132003","url":null,"abstract":"Fluid \u0000particles in translating surface gravity waves have an orbital motion which \u0000decreases in size with increasing mean depth. These wave characteristics came \u0000from observations and were not forecast theoretically. The classical potential \u0000flow model is incapable of explaining the particle movement due to the \u0000irrotational assumption and to a flaw in carrying out the method. When a wave \u0000passes by an observer from left to right, the particles move clockwise under a \u0000crest and a trough. This correct conclusion is consistent with what the \u0000incorrect standard theory implies but should not be considered to have been \u0000derived from it.","PeriodicalId":19083,"journal":{"name":"Natural Science","volume":"21 1","pages":"18-20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75695392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper discusses the “Hubble constant measurement—mystery”. Independent measurements of this cosmic parameter, referred to as H0 in abbreviated form, have all led to different values, with the highest value ≈ 74 km·s-1·Mpc-1 and the lowest ≈ 67 km·s-1·Mpc-1, where km denotes kilometer, s second and Mpc-1 megaparsec. These measurements have mainly been obtained with space telescopes. Apparently, up to now there was no way to explain the differences. However, previously published studies seem to regard the problem of the different measurement results for H0 [1, 2]. I have shown that due to a symmetrical expansion of the Minkowski space (SMS), each respective frame of reference for an observer, who rests in the zero point of the frame, is converted into a state of apparent rest relative to the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation. This SMS-relativistic effect also seems to be responsible for the different measurement results of the Hubble constant, especially through space telescopes.
{"title":"Relativistic Quantitative Determination of the “Mysterious” Differences in the Hubble Constant","authors":"Ernst Karl Kunst","doi":"10.4236/NS.2021.131001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/NS.2021.131001","url":null,"abstract":"This \u0000paper discusses the “Hubble constant measurement—mystery”. Independent \u0000measurements of this cosmic parameter, referred to as H0 in abbreviated form, have all led to different \u0000values, with the highest value ≈ 74 km·s-1·Mpc-1 and the \u0000lowest ≈ 67 km·s-1·Mpc-1, where km denotes kilometer, s \u0000second and Mpc-1 megaparsec. These measurements have mainly been \u0000obtained with space telescopes. Apparently, up to now there was no way to \u0000explain the differences. However, previously published studies seem to regard \u0000the problem of the different measurement results for H0 [1, 2]. I have shown \u0000that due to a symmetrical expansion of the Minkowski space (SMS), each \u0000respective frame of reference for an observer, who rests in the zero point of \u0000the frame, is converted into a state of apparent rest relative to the cosmic \u0000microwave background (CMB) radiation. This SMS-relativistic effect also seems \u0000to be responsible for the different measurement results of the Hubble constant, \u0000especially through space telescopes.","PeriodicalId":19083,"journal":{"name":"Natural Science","volume":"38 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78758694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The climate change phenomena presents robust evidence that businesses are failing to manage resources in a sustainable manner. In today’s market, corporate decision-makers tend to externalise environmental costs to the extent that in many cases they are not factored into economic decisions, prompting the Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change to regard climate change as being the greatest market failure of all time.
气候变化现象提供了强有力的证据，表明企业未能以可持续的方式管理资源。在今天的市场中，企业决策者倾向于将环境成本外部化，以至于在许多情况下，环境成本没有被考虑到经济决策中，这促使《斯特恩气候变化经济学评论》(Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change)将气候变化视为有史以来最大的市场失灵。
{"title":"Achieving Sustainability","authors":"M. Platts","doi":"10.4236/ns.2021.137023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ns.2021.137023","url":null,"abstract":"The climate change phenomena presents robust evidence that businesses are failing to manage resources in a sustainable manner. In today’s market, corporate decision-makers tend to externalise environmental costs to the extent that in many cases they are not factored into economic decisions, prompting the Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change to regard climate change as being the greatest market failure of all time.","PeriodicalId":19083,"journal":{"name":"Natural Science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89600377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Energy consumption is increasing yearly all over the world due to the increase in population and demand of energy. The world largely depends on a hydroelectric energy supply, thermal electric energy supply which is all non-renewable energy resources. Nevertheless, non-re-newable energy resources are rapidly decreasing per year due to increasing rate of energy consumption. The quest for the discovery of another abundant resource of energy has at-tracted many scientists into development of renewable energy technologies like photovoltaic energy which are the technology that convert solar radiation into electricity. For the past several years, different photovoltaic devices like inorganic, organic, and hybrid solar cells have been invented using different methods for different application purposes. Moreover, high conversion efficiency of silicon solar cells, the high cost of module and complicated production processes involved in the production restricted commercialization of photovoltaic solar cells as a means of electricity supply. Among all organic solar cells, Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs) are the most efficient, low cost and easily implemented technology. This review paper focuses on clarifying the technological meaning of the structure of DSSCs, Various types of DSSCs materials, working electrode and working mechanism of DSSC, transparent and conductive substrate, nanocrystalline semiconductor film electrode, pho-tosensisitizer (dye), electrolyte, carbon layer electrode, zinc oxide (ZnO) layer, zirconium dioxide (ZrO 2 ) layer, benefits of DSSCs and application, the efficiency and challenges for research and development of DSSCs to upgrade the current efficiency.
{"title":"Review of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSCs) Development","authors":"Okoye Ikechukwu Francis, A. Ikenna","doi":"10.4236/ns.2021.1312043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ns.2021.1312043","url":null,"abstract":"Energy consumption is increasing yearly all over the world due to the increase in population and demand of energy. The world largely depends on a hydroelectric energy supply, thermal electric energy supply which is all non-renewable energy resources. Nevertheless, non-re-newable energy resources are rapidly decreasing per year due to increasing rate of energy consumption. The quest for the discovery of another abundant resource of energy has at-tracted many scientists into development of renewable energy technologies like photovoltaic energy which are the technology that convert solar radiation into electricity. For the past several years, different photovoltaic devices like inorganic, organic, and hybrid solar cells have been invented using different methods for different application purposes. Moreover, high conversion efficiency of silicon solar cells, the high cost of module and complicated production processes involved in the production restricted commercialization of photovoltaic solar cells as a means of electricity supply. Among all organic solar cells, Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs) are the most efficient, low cost and easily implemented technology. This review paper focuses on clarifying the technological meaning of the structure of DSSCs, Various types of DSSCs materials, working electrode and working mechanism of DSSC, transparent and conductive substrate, nanocrystalline semiconductor film electrode, pho-tosensisitizer (dye), electrolyte, carbon layer electrode, zinc oxide (ZnO) layer, zirconium dioxide (ZrO 2 ) layer, benefits of DSSCs and application, the efficiency and challenges for research and development of DSSCs to upgrade the current efficiency.","PeriodicalId":19083,"journal":{"name":"Natural Science","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85262667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A recent formula for the lift force on a low speed wing of circular arc cross-section [1] is adapted to the upward pressure force on the crests of a surface gravity wave propagating in the wind. In both cases, the main feature is the utilization of the air’s compressibility. At and near a wave crest, it is predicted that the air density is increased over the ambient value and that the air density decreases inversely as the square of the upward distance from the radius of curvature of the crest. As a consequence, the air pressure also decreases upward inversely as the square of the same distance. Therefore, an upward pressure force on each crest occurs which presumably will make the crests grow. Growth rates are largest for small wavelengths and large mean slopes of the wave surface. Contrary winds should produce wave growth (not damping) as well as no wind at all.
{"title":"Wind Wave Growth","authors":"K. Kenyon","doi":"10.4236/NS.2021.135013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/NS.2021.135013","url":null,"abstract":"A recent formula for the lift force on a low speed wing of circular arc cross-section [1] is adapted to the upward pressure force on the crests of a surface gravity wave propagating in the wind. In both cases, the main feature is the utilization of the air’s compressibility. At and near a wave crest, it is predicted that the air density is increased over the ambient value and that the air density decreases inversely as the square of the upward distance from the radius of curvature of the crest. As a consequence, the air pressure also decreases upward inversely as the square of the same distance. Therefore, an upward pressure force on each crest occurs which presumably will make the crests grow. Growth rates are largest for small wavelengths and large mean slopes of the wave surface. Contrary winds should produce wave growth (not damping) as well as no wind at all.","PeriodicalId":19083,"journal":{"name":"Natural Science","volume":"36 1","pages":"137-139"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89519703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In 1917 D’Arcy Thompson observed that the pair of antlers of a red deer, a sambur or a wapiti Make up between them a single surface that is more or less spherical or occasionally an ellipsoidal surface. The palmated antlers of the moose are explored to provide an example of how antlers can be instrumental in lowering the threshold sensitivity of hearing.
{"title":"Antlers Are Shaped as Elements of Concave Surfaces that Reflect and Concentrate Incoming Sounds","authors":"M. Rossetto","doi":"10.4236/ns.2021.1311039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ns.2021.1311039","url":null,"abstract":"In 1917 D’Arcy Thompson observed that the pair of antlers of a red deer, a sambur or a wapiti Make up between them a single surface that is more or less spherical or occasionally an ellipsoidal surface. The palmated antlers of the moose are explored to provide an example of how antlers can be instrumental in lowering the threshold sensitivity of hearing.","PeriodicalId":19083,"journal":{"name":"Natural Science","volume":"1983 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88189697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
W. Rizwan, Muhammad Nasir Rana, M. Bukhari, A. Mushtaq, M. Sadiq
The government of Pakistan started vaccination campaign for the frontline healthcare pro-viders, as they are more likely to be exposed to COVID-19 patients. In the next step, it ex-tended the free vaccination campaign to include people above 60 and 50 years of age re-spectively. The drive is now open to all citizens >18 years of age. There is a significant re-luctance to get vaccinated even though the government has provided it free of cost. The project uses self-reporting method to assess reasons of vaccine hesitancy among Pakistanis and possible solutions to overcome this problem. Concern for serious side effects was the most common issue 154 (48.42%) reported among all groups of people, including the healthcare workers. The major sources of COVID-19 related information were television 117 (36.8%) and healthcare professionals 105 (33%). The participants reported that they can be convinced to get vaccinated if more published data related to vaccine efficacy and safety is available 118 (37.1%), they observe no side effect among vaccine recipients 90 (28.3%) or higher government officials get the same vaccine 39 (12.3%). Vigorous analysis and publication of data generated is paramount to increase the percentage of people being vaccinated. The healthcare professionals should share evidence-based knowledge related to vaccine efficacy and safety through television and social media to increase acceptance rates and hence, decrease mortality and morbidity from COVID-19 in Pakistan.
{"title":"Reasons of Vaccine Hesitancy among Pakistanis with Available COVID-19 Vaccine: The Next Challenge in the Fight against COVID-19","authors":"W. Rizwan, Muhammad Nasir Rana, M. Bukhari, A. Mushtaq, M. Sadiq","doi":"10.4236/NS.2021.136018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/NS.2021.136018","url":null,"abstract":"The government of Pakistan started vaccination campaign for the frontline healthcare pro-viders, as they are more likely to be exposed to COVID-19 patients. In the next step, it ex-tended the free vaccination campaign to include people above 60 and 50 years of age re-spectively. The drive is now open to all citizens >18 years of age. There is a significant re-luctance to get vaccinated even though the government has provided it free of cost. The project uses self-reporting method to assess reasons of vaccine hesitancy among Pakistanis and possible solutions to overcome this problem. Concern for serious side effects was the most common issue 154 (48.42%) reported among all groups of people, including the healthcare workers. The major sources of COVID-19 related information were television 117 (36.8%) and healthcare professionals 105 (33%). The participants reported that they can be convinced to get vaccinated if more published data related to vaccine efficacy and safety is available 118 (37.1%), they observe no side effect among vaccine recipients 90 (28.3%) or higher government officials get the same vaccine 39 (12.3%). Vigorous analysis and publication of data generated is paramount to increase the percentage of people being vaccinated. The healthcare professionals should share evidence-based knowledge related to vaccine efficacy and safety through television and social media to increase acceptance rates and hence, decrease mortality and morbidity from COVID-19 in Pakistan.","PeriodicalId":19083,"journal":{"name":"Natural Science","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87225077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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