Pub Date : 2025-08-01DOI: 10.1038/s41585-025-01065-z
Jonathan J. Molina, Ana L. Flores-Mireles
Urinary tract infections are one of the most common infections, accounting for ~400 million diagnoses per year worldwide. Uncomplicated urinary tract infections (uUTIs) occur in healthy individuals with no structural or functional abnormalities of the urinary system and primarily affect women. Catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) are a type of complicated UTI affecting patients who have a urinary catheter in place, often hospitalized patients or patients with conditions that prevent them from urinating naturally. Both infections share common symptoms, diagnostics and treatment options but also differ greatly in pathophysiology, aetiology, risk factors and comorbidities. These differences could explain why antibiotic treatments — which generally lead to positive outcomes in patients with uUTIs — often fail in patients with CAUTIs. Understanding these differences could guide evidence-based insights into why treatments for CAUTIs should be different from those for uUTIs, specifically, by modifying catheters, which initiate the damage-induced segue for UTIs. This Review provides a thorough comparison between uncomplicated urinary tract infections and catheter-associated urinary tract infections, highlighting that these infections are similar in terms of pathogens and sequelae, but many differences exist, for example, in pathophysiology and risk factors. The authors highlight how these differences should be considered to guide differential treatment.
{"title":"CAUTIon — not all UTIs are the same","authors":"Jonathan J. Molina, Ana L. Flores-Mireles","doi":"10.1038/s41585-025-01065-z","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41585-025-01065-z","url":null,"abstract":"Urinary tract infections are one of the most common infections, accounting for ~400 million diagnoses per year worldwide. Uncomplicated urinary tract infections (uUTIs) occur in healthy individuals with no structural or functional abnormalities of the urinary system and primarily affect women. Catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) are a type of complicated UTI affecting patients who have a urinary catheter in place, often hospitalized patients or patients with conditions that prevent them from urinating naturally. Both infections share common symptoms, diagnostics and treatment options but also differ greatly in pathophysiology, aetiology, risk factors and comorbidities. These differences could explain why antibiotic treatments — which generally lead to positive outcomes in patients with uUTIs — often fail in patients with CAUTIs. Understanding these differences could guide evidence-based insights into why treatments for CAUTIs should be different from those for uUTIs, specifically, by modifying catheters, which initiate the damage-induced segue for UTIs. This Review provides a thorough comparison between uncomplicated urinary tract infections and catheter-associated urinary tract infections, highlighting that these infections are similar in terms of pathogens and sequelae, but many differences exist, for example, in pathophysiology and risk factors. The authors highlight how these differences should be considered to guide differential treatment.","PeriodicalId":19088,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Urology","volume":"22 12","pages":"799-814"},"PeriodicalIF":14.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144756442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-31DOI: 10.1038/s41585-025-01074-y
Maria I Carlo,A Ari Hakimi
{"title":"Dissecting the molecular landscape of fumarate hydratase-deficient RCC: towards precision oncology.","authors":"Maria I Carlo,A Ari Hakimi","doi":"10.1038/s41585-025-01074-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41585-025-01074-y","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19088,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Urology","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144756155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-30DOI: 10.1038/s41585-025-01073-z
Ziad Bakouny, A. Ari Hakimi, Ed Reznik, Robert J. Motzer
The management of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has undergone a major transformation, with median survival increasing from <1 year to ~5 years. However, biomarker development in RCC has lagged, largely because the most effective therapies, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors and VEGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors, act on the tumour microenvironment rather than directly on tumour cells. Although predictive biomarker development in RCC remains challenging, selected tools such as circulating biomarkers and tissue-based RNA signatures are shaping a personalized approach to care, with some emerging biomarkers showing clinical potential, and additional biomarkers poised to enter clinical practice.
{"title":"Biomarkers for renal cell carcinoma — a pragmatic approach","authors":"Ziad Bakouny, A. Ari Hakimi, Ed Reznik, Robert J. Motzer","doi":"10.1038/s41585-025-01073-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41585-025-01073-z","url":null,"abstract":"The management of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has undergone a major transformation, with median survival increasing from <1 year to ~5 years. However, biomarker development in RCC has lagged, largely because the most effective therapies, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors and VEGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors, act on the tumour microenvironment rather than directly on tumour cells. Although predictive biomarker development in RCC remains challenging, selected tools such as circulating biomarkers and tissue-based RNA signatures are shaping a personalized approach to care, with some emerging biomarkers showing clinical potential, and additional biomarkers poised to enter clinical practice.","PeriodicalId":19088,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Urology","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144747230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-29DOI: 10.1038/s41585-025-01067-x
Orla Cullivan, Eva Browne, Sorcha O’Meara, Andreas Skolarikos, Bhaskar Somani, Eoghan M. Cunnane, Michael T. Walsh, Fergal J. O’Brien, Niall F. Davis
The incidence of urolithiasis is increasing globally, with a prevalence of 13% in North America and 9% in Europe. Ureteroscopy is a minimally invasive approach for treating conditions affecting the upper urinary tract, including urolithiasis, for which its efficacy and safety is well recognized. There is a risk of complications associated with ureteroscopy, including iatrogenic mechanical ureteric injuries. These injuries are multifactorial in nature, with ureteroscopes and auxiliary endoscopic equipment having an important role, in addition to patient and stone factors. Excessive friction and insertion forces during ureteroscope and ureteric access sheath insertion, apparatus malfunction or thermal injuries during laser lithotripsy might cause injury to the upper urinary tract. Ureteric avulsion is a serious event, which necessitates further intervention such as ureteric reimplantation or nephrectomy. Ureteric mucosal injuries can be managed with a period of ureteric stenting, although stent-related symptoms can be challenging for patients. The ability of endoscopic equipment to injure the ureter is an area that requires further study to reduce incidence and minimize patient morbidity. In this article, we review the operative mechanisms that contribute to iatrogenic mechanical ureteric injuries and discuss preventative strategies. This Review outlines the operative mechanisms that contribute to iatrogenic mechanical ureteric injuries. The authors aim to increase awareness among urologists of the aetiology of these injuries, so that they can be avoided in practice, ultimately enhancing patient safety.
{"title":"Iatrogenic upper urinary tract injuries during ureteroscopy for urolithiasis: a comprehensive review on incidence, mechanisms and preventative strategies","authors":"Orla Cullivan, Eva Browne, Sorcha O’Meara, Andreas Skolarikos, Bhaskar Somani, Eoghan M. Cunnane, Michael T. Walsh, Fergal J. O’Brien, Niall F. Davis","doi":"10.1038/s41585-025-01067-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41585-025-01067-x","url":null,"abstract":"The incidence of urolithiasis is increasing globally, with a prevalence of 13% in North America and 9% in Europe. Ureteroscopy is a minimally invasive approach for treating conditions affecting the upper urinary tract, including urolithiasis, for which its efficacy and safety is well recognized. There is a risk of complications associated with ureteroscopy, including iatrogenic mechanical ureteric injuries. These injuries are multifactorial in nature, with ureteroscopes and auxiliary endoscopic equipment having an important role, in addition to patient and stone factors. Excessive friction and insertion forces during ureteroscope and ureteric access sheath insertion, apparatus malfunction or thermal injuries during laser lithotripsy might cause injury to the upper urinary tract. Ureteric avulsion is a serious event, which necessitates further intervention such as ureteric reimplantation or nephrectomy. Ureteric mucosal injuries can be managed with a period of ureteric stenting, although stent-related symptoms can be challenging for patients. The ability of endoscopic equipment to injure the ureter is an area that requires further study to reduce incidence and minimize patient morbidity. In this article, we review the operative mechanisms that contribute to iatrogenic mechanical ureteric injuries and discuss preventative strategies. This Review outlines the operative mechanisms that contribute to iatrogenic mechanical ureteric injuries. The authors aim to increase awareness among urologists of the aetiology of these injuries, so that they can be avoided in practice, ultimately enhancing patient safety.","PeriodicalId":19088,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Urology","volume":"22 12","pages":"815-825"},"PeriodicalIF":14.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144719469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cellular plasticity, the ability of cells to reprogramme and alter their fate, has a pivotal role in maintaining homeostasis and facilitating tissue regeneration after injury. The bladder urothelium, a dynamic transitional epithelial layer, displays a highly plastic phenotype that enables its remarkable regenerative capacity in response to wounding. During both development and repair, urothelial cells exhibit considerable plasticity through processes such as dedifferentiation, transdifferentiation and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Urothelial plasticity is not only crucial for healthy tissue repair but is also involved in pathological conditions, including cancer. In bladder tumorigenesis, urothelial cells exploit plasticity to acquire new phenotypic and functional characteristics, transitioning between distinct cellular states. This plasticity contributes to tumour heterogeneity, subtype switching, progression, metastasis and resistance to therapies. These dynamic cellular transitions are regulated by intrinsic and extrinsic factors, including transcriptional and epigenetic mechanisms, as well as microenvironmental influences. Targeting urothelial plasticity could offer novel therapeutic strategies for bladder-related diseases. In this Review the authors describe current knowledge on cellular plasticity in the bladder urothelium, emphasizing its role in bladder repair and tumorigenesis, and explore the molecular mechanisms of urothelial plasticity and discuss its potential as a novel therapeutic target for bladder-related diseases.
{"title":"Mechanisms and implications of epithelial cell plasticity in the bladder","authors":"Kan Wu, Xu Liu, Jiapeng Zhang, Xianding Wang, Xiang Li, Chong Chen","doi":"10.1038/s41585-025-01066-y","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41585-025-01066-y","url":null,"abstract":"Cellular plasticity, the ability of cells to reprogramme and alter their fate, has a pivotal role in maintaining homeostasis and facilitating tissue regeneration after injury. The bladder urothelium, a dynamic transitional epithelial layer, displays a highly plastic phenotype that enables its remarkable regenerative capacity in response to wounding. During both development and repair, urothelial cells exhibit considerable plasticity through processes such as dedifferentiation, transdifferentiation and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Urothelial plasticity is not only crucial for healthy tissue repair but is also involved in pathological conditions, including cancer. In bladder tumorigenesis, urothelial cells exploit plasticity to acquire new phenotypic and functional characteristics, transitioning between distinct cellular states. This plasticity contributes to tumour heterogeneity, subtype switching, progression, metastasis and resistance to therapies. These dynamic cellular transitions are regulated by intrinsic and extrinsic factors, including transcriptional and epigenetic mechanisms, as well as microenvironmental influences. Targeting urothelial plasticity could offer novel therapeutic strategies for bladder-related diseases. In this Review the authors describe current knowledge on cellular plasticity in the bladder urothelium, emphasizing its role in bladder repair and tumorigenesis, and explore the molecular mechanisms of urothelial plasticity and discuss its potential as a novel therapeutic target for bladder-related diseases.","PeriodicalId":19088,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Urology","volume":"23 2","pages":"70-88"},"PeriodicalIF":14.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144694161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-07DOI: 10.1038/s41585-025-01062-2
R. Clayton Edenfield, Jasper C. Bash, Lyndsey E. Shorey-Kendrick, Rahul J. D’Mello, Travis L. Rice-Stitt, Olivia L. Hagen, Jason A. Graham, Kyle E. Orwig, Charles A. Easley, Jason C. Hedges, Carol B. Hanna, Jamie O. Lo
Male fertility is complex and influenced by genetic, hormonal, environmental and lifestyle factors. However, limitations to human studies necessitate the use of reliable preclinical models to better understand the underlying mechanisms of male fertility. Rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta), with their close genetic and physiological similarities to humans, offer an invaluable model for male reproductive health studies. The suitability of rhesus macaques for studying male infertility is based on similarities in spermatogenesis, hormonal cycles and the way in which assisted reproductive technologies can be applied, and key differences and similarities between human and rhesus macaque sperm structure, function and cryopreservation techniques highlight the translational potential of findings derived from macaque models. Furthermore, insights into the epigenetic and proteomic characteristics of sperm in both species improve understanding of how these findings can help to advance clinical diagnostics, male contraception and fertility preservation and illuminate the regulatory omics of normal reproduction. Thus, the rhesus macaque model offers critical insights into male fertility and studies in this species could contribute to advances in therapies for male infertility. Non-human primates, especially the rhesus macaque, provide a good preclinical model for research into male fertility, owing to their physiological and genetic similarities to humans. In this article, the authors examine the value and limitations of using non-human primates in studies to improve understanding of spermatogenesis, reproductive endocrinology and innovations in assisted reproductive technologies.
{"title":"Non-human primates as a translational model for the study of male reproductive health","authors":"R. Clayton Edenfield, Jasper C. Bash, Lyndsey E. Shorey-Kendrick, Rahul J. D’Mello, Travis L. Rice-Stitt, Olivia L. Hagen, Jason A. Graham, Kyle E. Orwig, Charles A. Easley, Jason C. Hedges, Carol B. Hanna, Jamie O. Lo","doi":"10.1038/s41585-025-01062-2","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41585-025-01062-2","url":null,"abstract":"Male fertility is complex and influenced by genetic, hormonal, environmental and lifestyle factors. However, limitations to human studies necessitate the use of reliable preclinical models to better understand the underlying mechanisms of male fertility. Rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta), with their close genetic and physiological similarities to humans, offer an invaluable model for male reproductive health studies. The suitability of rhesus macaques for studying male infertility is based on similarities in spermatogenesis, hormonal cycles and the way in which assisted reproductive technologies can be applied, and key differences and similarities between human and rhesus macaque sperm structure, function and cryopreservation techniques highlight the translational potential of findings derived from macaque models. Furthermore, insights into the epigenetic and proteomic characteristics of sperm in both species improve understanding of how these findings can help to advance clinical diagnostics, male contraception and fertility preservation and illuminate the regulatory omics of normal reproduction. Thus, the rhesus macaque model offers critical insights into male fertility and studies in this species could contribute to advances in therapies for male infertility. Non-human primates, especially the rhesus macaque, provide a good preclinical model for research into male fertility, owing to their physiological and genetic similarities to humans. In this article, the authors examine the value and limitations of using non-human primates in studies to improve understanding of spermatogenesis, reproductive endocrinology and innovations in assisted reproductive technologies.","PeriodicalId":19088,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Urology","volume":"22 11","pages":"756-774"},"PeriodicalIF":14.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144568809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-04DOI: 10.1038/s41585-025-01056-0
Prerna R. Nepali, Ahmed Eraky, Kennedy E. Okhawere, Navneet Dogra, Reza Mehrazin, Ketan Badani, Natasha Kyprianou
Non-clear cell renal cell carcinomas (nccRCC) include diverse subtypes such as papillary, oncocytic and chromophobe, collecting duct, molecularly defined and other rare histological subtypes, each associated with unique clinical, pathological, genetic and molecular features as well as therapeutic challenges. Surgical resection remains the primary approach for the treatment of localized nccRCC but optimal outcomes depend on tumour stage and the patient’s overall health. Clinically established treatment guidelines tailored for patients diagnosed with nccRCC are limited owing to the molecular and histological heterogeneity of nccRCC. Progress has been made in systemic therapy for metastatic disease but nccRCC treatment still poses challenges as patients experience variable treatment responses to immunotherapy, targeted therapies, chemotherapy and some combination strategies. Molecular biomarkers as well as established techniques, such as immunohistochemical and genetic analysis, have a crucial role in early detection, prognosis prediction and personalization of targeted therapies for nccRCC. The increasing identification of potential signatures and actionable molecular targets will aid in the clinical decision-making for patients diagnosed with these rare tumours towards optimization of the therapeutic response and treatment outcomes. This Review discusses the different subtypes of non-clear cell renal cell carcinoma in terms of molecular, genetic and clinicopathological characteristics as well as response to therapy. The authors highlight challenges associated with the rarity and heterogeneity of this subset of tumours and how investing in future research to find reliable biomarkers will be essential to improve patient outcomes.
{"title":"Molecular and therapeutic landscape of non-clear cell renal carcinoma","authors":"Prerna R. Nepali, Ahmed Eraky, Kennedy E. Okhawere, Navneet Dogra, Reza Mehrazin, Ketan Badani, Natasha Kyprianou","doi":"10.1038/s41585-025-01056-0","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41585-025-01056-0","url":null,"abstract":"Non-clear cell renal cell carcinomas (nccRCC) include diverse subtypes such as papillary, oncocytic and chromophobe, collecting duct, molecularly defined and other rare histological subtypes, each associated with unique clinical, pathological, genetic and molecular features as well as therapeutic challenges. Surgical resection remains the primary approach for the treatment of localized nccRCC but optimal outcomes depend on tumour stage and the patient’s overall health. Clinically established treatment guidelines tailored for patients diagnosed with nccRCC are limited owing to the molecular and histological heterogeneity of nccRCC. Progress has been made in systemic therapy for metastatic disease but nccRCC treatment still poses challenges as patients experience variable treatment responses to immunotherapy, targeted therapies, chemotherapy and some combination strategies. Molecular biomarkers as well as established techniques, such as immunohistochemical and genetic analysis, have a crucial role in early detection, prognosis prediction and personalization of targeted therapies for nccRCC. The increasing identification of potential signatures and actionable molecular targets will aid in the clinical decision-making for patients diagnosed with these rare tumours towards optimization of the therapeutic response and treatment outcomes. This Review discusses the different subtypes of non-clear cell renal cell carcinoma in terms of molecular, genetic and clinicopathological characteristics as well as response to therapy. The authors highlight challenges associated with the rarity and heterogeneity of this subset of tumours and how investing in future research to find reliable biomarkers will be essential to improve patient outcomes.","PeriodicalId":19088,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Urology","volume":"22 11","pages":"735-755"},"PeriodicalIF":14.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144564938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-02DOI: 10.1038/s41585-025-01057-z
Olivier Cussenot
Use of spatial transcriptomics has helped to create a functional map of cellular organization in the healthy and tumoural human prostate, creating new opportunities for understanding age-related prostatic diseases.
{"title":"Mapping the human prostate at the cellular level","authors":"Olivier Cussenot","doi":"10.1038/s41585-025-01057-z","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41585-025-01057-z","url":null,"abstract":"Use of spatial transcriptomics has helped to create a functional map of cellular organization in the healthy and tumoural human prostate, creating new opportunities for understanding age-related prostatic diseases.","PeriodicalId":19088,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Urology","volume":"23 2","pages":"68-69"},"PeriodicalIF":14.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144533743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-02DOI: 10.1038/s41585-025-01064-0
Marie-Pier St-Laurent, Peter C. Black
Bladder cancer is a biologically heterogeneous disease, and ongoing efforts in biomarker research aim to support personalized treatment approaches. Circulating tumour DNA is approaching clinical integration through prospective trials, whereas other markers remain investigational owing to technical limitations, inconsistent findings and lack of validation. Rigorous biomarker-driven trials and cost-effectiveness studies are needed to enable the integration of molecular tools into routine practice. Biomarkers might ultimately lead to rational treatment de-escalation or escalation, improving outcomes while minimizing harm and cost.
{"title":"Promise without practice — charting the path forward for bladder cancer biomarkers","authors":"Marie-Pier St-Laurent, Peter C. Black","doi":"10.1038/s41585-025-01064-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41585-025-01064-0","url":null,"abstract":"Bladder cancer is a biologically heterogeneous disease, and ongoing efforts in biomarker research aim to support personalized treatment approaches. Circulating tumour DNA is approaching clinical integration through prospective trials, whereas other markers remain investigational owing to technical limitations, inconsistent findings and lack of validation. Rigorous biomarker-driven trials and cost-effectiveness studies are needed to enable the integration of molecular tools into routine practice. Biomarkers might ultimately lead to rational treatment de-escalation or escalation, improving outcomes while minimizing harm and cost.","PeriodicalId":19088,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Urology","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":15.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144533864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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