Pub Date : 2025-05-20DOI: 10.1038/s41585-025-01043-5
Rachel Oliver, Stephanie Lynnette, Tristan Brown, Tina Rashid
Pronouns are small but mighty words. However, the conscious use of gender-neutral pronouns has recently led to heated discussions and has been implicated in legislation and cases of employment termination. Importantly, failing to respect a person’s pronouns can lead to real harm in physical and psychological health.
{"title":"Pronouns in English: a user’s guide","authors":"Rachel Oliver, Stephanie Lynnette, Tristan Brown, Tina Rashid","doi":"10.1038/s41585-025-01043-5","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41585-025-01043-5","url":null,"abstract":"Pronouns are small but mighty words. However, the conscious use of gender-neutral pronouns has recently led to heated discussions and has been implicated in legislation and cases of employment termination. Importantly, failing to respect a person’s pronouns can lead to real harm in physical and psychological health.","PeriodicalId":19088,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Urology","volume":"22 6","pages":"326-327"},"PeriodicalIF":14.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144103812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-05-20DOI: 10.1038/s41585-025-01042-6
Xuanji Li, Zeyu Han, Jianzhong Ai
Prostate cancer is the second most commonly diagnosed cancer and the fifth leading cause of death among men worldwide. Androgen deprivation therapy is a common prostate cancer treatment, but its efficacy is often hindered by the development of resistance, which results in reducing survival benefits. Immunotherapy showed great promise in treating solid tumours; however, clinically significant improvements have not been demonstrated for patients with prostate cancer, highlighting specific drawbacks of this therapeutic modality. Hence, exploring novel strategies to synergistically enhance the efficacy of prostate cancer immunotherapy is imperative. Clinical investigations have focused on the combined use of targeted or gene therapy and immunotherapy for prostate cancer. Notably, tumour-specific antigens and inflammatory mediators are released from tumour cells after targeted or gene therapy, and the recruitment and infiltration of immune cells, including CD8+ T cells and natural killer cells activated by immunotherapy, are further augmented, markedly improving the efficacy and prognosis of prostate cancer. Thus, immunotherapy, targeted therapy and gene therapy could have reciprocal synergistic effects in prostate cancer in combination, resulting in a proposed synergistic model encompassing these three therapeutic modalities, presenting novel potential treatment strategies for prostate cancer. In this Review, the authors discuss current immunotherapy, targeted therapy and gene therapy and propose a synergistic model of combination therapy for prostate cancer, which could enhance the effectiveness of these treatments.
{"title":"Synergistic targeting strategies for prostate cancer","authors":"Xuanji Li, Zeyu Han, Jianzhong Ai","doi":"10.1038/s41585-025-01042-6","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41585-025-01042-6","url":null,"abstract":"Prostate cancer is the second most commonly diagnosed cancer and the fifth leading cause of death among men worldwide. Androgen deprivation therapy is a common prostate cancer treatment, but its efficacy is often hindered by the development of resistance, which results in reducing survival benefits. Immunotherapy showed great promise in treating solid tumours; however, clinically significant improvements have not been demonstrated for patients with prostate cancer, highlighting specific drawbacks of this therapeutic modality. Hence, exploring novel strategies to synergistically enhance the efficacy of prostate cancer immunotherapy is imperative. Clinical investigations have focused on the combined use of targeted or gene therapy and immunotherapy for prostate cancer. Notably, tumour-specific antigens and inflammatory mediators are released from tumour cells after targeted or gene therapy, and the recruitment and infiltration of immune cells, including CD8+ T cells and natural killer cells activated by immunotherapy, are further augmented, markedly improving the efficacy and prognosis of prostate cancer. Thus, immunotherapy, targeted therapy and gene therapy could have reciprocal synergistic effects in prostate cancer in combination, resulting in a proposed synergistic model encompassing these three therapeutic modalities, presenting novel potential treatment strategies for prostate cancer. In this Review, the authors discuss current immunotherapy, targeted therapy and gene therapy and propose a synergistic model of combination therapy for prostate cancer, which could enhance the effectiveness of these treatments.","PeriodicalId":19088,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Urology","volume":"22 10","pages":"645-671"},"PeriodicalIF":14.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144103813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-05-16DOI: 10.1038/s41585-025-01031-9
Mariana Feijó, Tiago M. A. Carvalho, Lara R. S. Fonseca, Cátia V. Vaz, Bruno J. Pereira, José Eduardo B. Cavaco, Cláudio J. Maia, Ana P. Duarte, Endre Kiss-Toth, Sara Correia, Sílvia Socorro
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are natural or synthetic compounds that are ubiquitous in the environment and in daily-usage products and interfere with the normal function of the endocrine system leading to adverse health effects in humans. Exposure to these chemicals might elevate the risk of metabolic disorders, developmental and reproductive defects, and endocrine-related cancers. Prostate cancer is the most common hormone-dependent cancer in men, and the fifth leading cause of cancer-related mortality, partly owing to a lack of knowledge about the mechanisms that lead to aggressive castration-resistant forms. In addition to the dependence of early-stage prostate cancer on androgen actions, the prostate is a target of oestrogenic regulation. This hormone dependence, along with the fact that exogenous influences are major risk factors for prostate cancer, make the prostate a likely target of harmful actions from EDCs. Various sources of EDCs and their different modes of action might explain their role in prostate carcinogenesis. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals can interfere with the normal function of the endocrine system leading to adverse health effects in humans. In this Review, the authors discuss how exposure to these chemicals might be major risk factors for prostate cancer, and they consider the various sources of endocrine-disrupting chemicals and their different modes of action.
{"title":"Endocrine-disrupting chemicals as prostate carcinogens","authors":"Mariana Feijó, Tiago M. A. Carvalho, Lara R. S. Fonseca, Cátia V. Vaz, Bruno J. Pereira, José Eduardo B. Cavaco, Cláudio J. Maia, Ana P. Duarte, Endre Kiss-Toth, Sara Correia, Sílvia Socorro","doi":"10.1038/s41585-025-01031-9","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41585-025-01031-9","url":null,"abstract":"Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are natural or synthetic compounds that are ubiquitous in the environment and in daily-usage products and interfere with the normal function of the endocrine system leading to adverse health effects in humans. Exposure to these chemicals might elevate the risk of metabolic disorders, developmental and reproductive defects, and endocrine-related cancers. Prostate cancer is the most common hormone-dependent cancer in men, and the fifth leading cause of cancer-related mortality, partly owing to a lack of knowledge about the mechanisms that lead to aggressive castration-resistant forms. In addition to the dependence of early-stage prostate cancer on androgen actions, the prostate is a target of oestrogenic regulation. This hormone dependence, along with the fact that exogenous influences are major risk factors for prostate cancer, make the prostate a likely target of harmful actions from EDCs. Various sources of EDCs and their different modes of action might explain their role in prostate carcinogenesis. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals can interfere with the normal function of the endocrine system leading to adverse health effects in humans. In this Review, the authors discuss how exposure to these chemicals might be major risk factors for prostate cancer, and they consider the various sources of endocrine-disrupting chemicals and their different modes of action.","PeriodicalId":19088,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Urology","volume":"22 9","pages":"609-631"},"PeriodicalIF":14.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144066021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-05-15DOI: 10.1038/s41585-025-01044-4
Jia-Fong Jhang, Wan-Ru Yu, Yuan-Hong Jiang, Hann-Chorng Kuo
Interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) is a bladder disorder with no definite aetiology and currently no effective treatment. Its clinical symptoms vary widely, and the bladder condition and extra-bladder dysfunction also show different clinical presentations. This condition is considered to have multiple factors affecting the bladder and clinical symptoms, including urothelial dysfunction, mast cell activation, autoimmune response, neurogenic inflammation, viral or bacterial infection, autonomic nervous dysfunction and central nervous sensitization. Several non-pharmacological, medical, intravesical and novel bladder therapies have been advocated, but the efficacy and durability of these treatments have not been well elucidated. Multimodal therapy has been suggested based on possible pathological mechanisms; however, the most appropriate therapeutic strategy for this disorder has not been well defined. Thus, a rational algorithm for concomitant multimodal therapy for IC/BPS has been proposed. Here, the authors describe current understanding of the pathophysiology of interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome and potential clinical phenotyping based on clinical examinations. They propose a rational algorithm for concomitant multimodal therapy that could help physicians to select appropriate multimodal treatment strategies.
{"title":"Pathophysiology and potential multimodal therapeutic strategies for IC/BPS","authors":"Jia-Fong Jhang, Wan-Ru Yu, Yuan-Hong Jiang, Hann-Chorng Kuo","doi":"10.1038/s41585-025-01044-4","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41585-025-01044-4","url":null,"abstract":"Interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) is a bladder disorder with no definite aetiology and currently no effective treatment. Its clinical symptoms vary widely, and the bladder condition and extra-bladder dysfunction also show different clinical presentations. This condition is considered to have multiple factors affecting the bladder and clinical symptoms, including urothelial dysfunction, mast cell activation, autoimmune response, neurogenic inflammation, viral or bacterial infection, autonomic nervous dysfunction and central nervous sensitization. Several non-pharmacological, medical, intravesical and novel bladder therapies have been advocated, but the efficacy and durability of these treatments have not been well elucidated. Multimodal therapy has been suggested based on possible pathological mechanisms; however, the most appropriate therapeutic strategy for this disorder has not been well defined. Thus, a rational algorithm for concomitant multimodal therapy for IC/BPS has been proposed. Here, the authors describe current understanding of the pathophysiology of interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome and potential clinical phenotyping based on clinical examinations. They propose a rational algorithm for concomitant multimodal therapy that could help physicians to select appropriate multimodal treatment strategies.","PeriodicalId":19088,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Urology","volume":"22 10","pages":"672-686"},"PeriodicalIF":14.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144065918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-05-13DOI: 10.1038/s41585-025-01041-7
Alexi Di Cristofaro, Tommaso B. Jannini, Elena Colonnello, Erika Limoncin, Daniele Mollaioli, Giacomo Ciocca, Andrea Sansone, Emmanuele A. Jannini
Gender identity (GI) and sexual orientation (SO) are key aspects of an individual’s sexual identity, which is a major driver of human sexuality. Although definitions for GI and SO have been long established and represented in clinical and theoretical research, often without acknowledgement of their relationship to one another, the ideal means by which they should be measured is unclear. Various tools for measurement have been proposed, each presenting different methodological approaches along with their respective flaws and issues. By providing a comprehensive overview of the major instruments for measuring GI and SO, the XYGO tool aims to integrate their strengths by developing a new, cohesive and inclusive perspective on sexual identity, taking into consideration both dimensions of this unique characteristic of human sexuality. This holistic perspective integrates these components into a single construct capable of providing a more immediate and tailored interpretation to facilitate everyday clinical practice and potentially improve research in sexual medicine and psychosexology. The ways in which people express and define their own sex, gender and orientation are complex. However, these aspects are often relevant for patient care and research, which presents the need for a standardized tool for this purpose. In this Perspective, experts in the field discuss the tools that have previously been developed and propose the use of a new tool — the XYGO wind rose — to enable patients and health-care professionals to better communicate and improve care.
{"title":"XYGO: proposing a new holistic measure of gender identity and sexual orientation","authors":"Alexi Di Cristofaro, Tommaso B. Jannini, Elena Colonnello, Erika Limoncin, Daniele Mollaioli, Giacomo Ciocca, Andrea Sansone, Emmanuele A. Jannini","doi":"10.1038/s41585-025-01041-7","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41585-025-01041-7","url":null,"abstract":"Gender identity (GI) and sexual orientation (SO) are key aspects of an individual’s sexual identity, which is a major driver of human sexuality. Although definitions for GI and SO have been long established and represented in clinical and theoretical research, often without acknowledgement of their relationship to one another, the ideal means by which they should be measured is unclear. Various tools for measurement have been proposed, each presenting different methodological approaches along with their respective flaws and issues. By providing a comprehensive overview of the major instruments for measuring GI and SO, the XYGO tool aims to integrate their strengths by developing a new, cohesive and inclusive perspective on sexual identity, taking into consideration both dimensions of this unique characteristic of human sexuality. This holistic perspective integrates these components into a single construct capable of providing a more immediate and tailored interpretation to facilitate everyday clinical practice and potentially improve research in sexual medicine and psychosexology. The ways in which people express and define their own sex, gender and orientation are complex. However, these aspects are often relevant for patient care and research, which presents the need for a standardized tool for this purpose. In this Perspective, experts in the field discuss the tools that have previously been developed and propose the use of a new tool — the XYGO wind rose — to enable patients and health-care professionals to better communicate and improve care.","PeriodicalId":19088,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Urology","volume":"22 6","pages":"387-405"},"PeriodicalIF":14.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143945515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-05-09DOI: 10.1038/s41585-025-01032-8
Bryan D. Naelitz, Leila Momtazi-Mar, Sanjay Vallabhaneni, Rossella Cannarella, Sarah C. Vij, Neel V. Parekh, Raevti Bole, Scott D. Lundy
Testosterone has a pivotal role in spermatogenesis, erectile function, libido and expression of secondary sexual characteristics. The prevalence of symptomatic, laboratory-proven testosterone deficiency increases with age and is often treated with testosterone replacement therapy (TRT). Treatment with exogenous androgens suppresses gonadotropin levels, inhibits endogenous testosterone production and drastically reduces intratesticular testosterone, consequently impairing spermatogenesis. Sperm production often slowly resumes after TRT cessation. However, the rate of recovery shows highly variable kinetics that might complicate family planning. Medical therapies (including aromatase inhibitors and selective oestrogen receptor antagonists) and exogenous gonadotropins (including human chorionic gonadotropin and follicle-stimulating hormone) may be used to preserve or restore spermatogenesis in select populations receiving TRT. Exogenous testosterone is contraindicated in men trying to conceive, but new short-acting formulations, including oral testosterone undecanoate and nasal testosterone gel, might incompletely suppress the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis and partially preserve spermatogenesis. Testosterone replacement therapy is commonly used to treat symptomatic, laboratory-proven testosterone deficiency, but can have detrimental effects on spermatogenesis, which is troublesome in men of reproductive age. This Review describes therapeutic options for testosterone deficiency in the reproductive-aged males, discussing medical therapies with the potential to preserve or restore spermatogenesis in selected patients receiving testosterone replacement therapy.
{"title":"Testosterone replacement therapy and spermatogenesis in reproductive age men","authors":"Bryan D. Naelitz, Leila Momtazi-Mar, Sanjay Vallabhaneni, Rossella Cannarella, Sarah C. Vij, Neel V. Parekh, Raevti Bole, Scott D. Lundy","doi":"10.1038/s41585-025-01032-8","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41585-025-01032-8","url":null,"abstract":"Testosterone has a pivotal role in spermatogenesis, erectile function, libido and expression of secondary sexual characteristics. The prevalence of symptomatic, laboratory-proven testosterone deficiency increases with age and is often treated with testosterone replacement therapy (TRT). Treatment with exogenous androgens suppresses gonadotropin levels, inhibits endogenous testosterone production and drastically reduces intratesticular testosterone, consequently impairing spermatogenesis. Sperm production often slowly resumes after TRT cessation. However, the rate of recovery shows highly variable kinetics that might complicate family planning. Medical therapies (including aromatase inhibitors and selective oestrogen receptor antagonists) and exogenous gonadotropins (including human chorionic gonadotropin and follicle-stimulating hormone) may be used to preserve or restore spermatogenesis in select populations receiving TRT. Exogenous testosterone is contraindicated in men trying to conceive, but new short-acting formulations, including oral testosterone undecanoate and nasal testosterone gel, might incompletely suppress the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis and partially preserve spermatogenesis. Testosterone replacement therapy is commonly used to treat symptomatic, laboratory-proven testosterone deficiency, but can have detrimental effects on spermatogenesis, which is troublesome in men of reproductive age. This Review describes therapeutic options for testosterone deficiency in the reproductive-aged males, discussing medical therapies with the potential to preserve or restore spermatogenesis in selected patients receiving testosterone replacement therapy.","PeriodicalId":19088,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Urology","volume":"22 10","pages":"703-719"},"PeriodicalIF":14.6,"publicationDate":"2025-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143930958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-30DOI: 10.1038/s41585-025-01030-w
Alisa J. Stephens Shields, J. Quentin Clemens, Michel A. Pontari, H. Henry Lai, Robert Moldwin, David A. Williams, Catherine S. Bradley, John T. Farrar, J. Richard Landis, Chris Mullins, Bruce D. Naliboff, Siobhan Sutcliffe, Stephen J. Walker, Claire C. Yang, Daniel J. Clauw
Randomized clinical trials have resulted in few approved therapies for the treatment of interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome and chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome, collectively referred to as urologic chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Heterogenous patient populations, mismatches of treatments to patient phenotypes, non-specific outcomes and use of standard study designs not leveraging phenotypic heterogeneity might have contributed to the inability of previous trials to demonstrate existing efficacy. The Multidisciplinary Approach to the Study of Chronic Pelvic Pain Research Network has identified important phenotypic characteristics associated with differential symptom severity and treatment responsiveness. Based on Multidisciplinary Approach to the Study of Chronic Pelvic Pain findings and external research, empirically informed strategies were generated for defining patient populations, specifying treatments and selecting primary outcomes for future randomized clinical trials in urologic chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Explicitly specifying the scope of eligibility criteria across heterogeneous patient subgroups defined by pain widespreadness, the presence of Hunner lesions, the presence of pain with bladder filling or relieved by voiding, the extent of chronic overlapping pain conditions, and pelvic floor tenderness is needed. Therapies should be selected based on the mechanism of action and relevance to the mechanism of pain and dominant symptomology that the patient experiences. Evidence suggests that pain and urinary symptoms should be evaluated separately. Promising trial designs for identifying effective therapies in this heterogeneous patient population include sequential multiple assignment randomized trials and adaptive designs. This Expert Recommendation from the Multidisciplinary Approach to the Study of Chronic Pelvic Pain Research Network provides informed considerations and a greatly expanded foundation that can be used to refine the design of future therapeutic clinical trials in urologic chronic pelvic pain syndrome.
{"title":"Towards precision medicine in clinical trials for the treatment of urologic chronic pelvic pain syndrome: lessons from the MAPP Research Network","authors":"Alisa J. Stephens Shields, J. Quentin Clemens, Michel A. Pontari, H. Henry Lai, Robert Moldwin, David A. Williams, Catherine S. Bradley, John T. Farrar, J. Richard Landis, Chris Mullins, Bruce D. Naliboff, Siobhan Sutcliffe, Stephen J. Walker, Claire C. Yang, Daniel J. Clauw","doi":"10.1038/s41585-025-01030-w","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41585-025-01030-w","url":null,"abstract":"Randomized clinical trials have resulted in few approved therapies for the treatment of interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome and chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome, collectively referred to as urologic chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Heterogenous patient populations, mismatches of treatments to patient phenotypes, non-specific outcomes and use of standard study designs not leveraging phenotypic heterogeneity might have contributed to the inability of previous trials to demonstrate existing efficacy. The Multidisciplinary Approach to the Study of Chronic Pelvic Pain Research Network has identified important phenotypic characteristics associated with differential symptom severity and treatment responsiveness. Based on Multidisciplinary Approach to the Study of Chronic Pelvic Pain findings and external research, empirically informed strategies were generated for defining patient populations, specifying treatments and selecting primary outcomes for future randomized clinical trials in urologic chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Explicitly specifying the scope of eligibility criteria across heterogeneous patient subgroups defined by pain widespreadness, the presence of Hunner lesions, the presence of pain with bladder filling or relieved by voiding, the extent of chronic overlapping pain conditions, and pelvic floor tenderness is needed. Therapies should be selected based on the mechanism of action and relevance to the mechanism of pain and dominant symptomology that the patient experiences. Evidence suggests that pain and urinary symptoms should be evaluated separately. Promising trial designs for identifying effective therapies in this heterogeneous patient population include sequential multiple assignment randomized trials and adaptive designs. This Expert Recommendation from the Multidisciplinary Approach to the Study of Chronic Pelvic Pain Research Network provides informed considerations and a greatly expanded foundation that can be used to refine the design of future therapeutic clinical trials in urologic chronic pelvic pain syndrome.","PeriodicalId":19088,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Urology","volume":"22 9","pages":"632-642"},"PeriodicalIF":14.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143889619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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