Mycological Progress最新文献

Cortinarius (Fr.) Fr. is one of the most species-rich genera in the Agaricales (Basidiomycota). Cortinarius subgen. Dermocybe (Fr.) Trog includes brightly coloured Cortinarii with anthraquinone pigments. The chemotaxonomic approach has always been as important as classical methods for species definition of Dermocybe and helped to improve overall species concepts. However, some species concepts within this group remain unclear. We therefore address this topic based on a combined phylogenetic, morphological, and pigment-chemical approach. For this, sequence data, HPLC–MS pigment profiles and spore sizes were included were included to obtain a better resolution of taxa. The study was based on 173 recent collections and 12 type specimens. A total of 117 rDNA ITS sequences were produced from the collections in this study, 102 sequences were retrieved from databases. We could detect and clearly delimit 19 Dermocybe species occurring in central European habitats, from which 16 are discussed in detail. Additionally, we grouped the detected anthraquinone pigments into four groups. This detailed analysis of dermocyboid Cortinarius species occurring in a restricted number of habitat types confirmed our hypothesis that species diversity is much higher than currently assumed. This high diversity is blurred by too wide and incorrect species concepts of several classical species like C. croceus and C. cinnamomeus. Molecular and chemotaxonomical studies carried out together with careful phenotypical analyses resulted in a good differentiation of species. A key is presented for these taxa to allow a better identification of Cortinarius subgenus Dermocybe spp. occurring in Central Europe mainly in the alpine range.

Species of Pseudosperma (Inocybaceae) are widely distributed from temperate to tropical regions. In this study, we describe and illustrate five new species of Pseudosperma: P. beninense, P. cremeo-ochraceum, P. squarrosofulvum, P. stramineum, and P. tiliae, based on comprehensive analyses of morphological and molecular data derived from specimens collected in Benin (West Africa) and Turkey (Western Eurasia). These new species have been found in forests with Isoberlinia spp. and other ectomycorrhizal tree species in Benin and in association with Tilia platyphyllos in Turkey. The phylogenetic relationships of the new species were inferred through analyses of nuclear rDNA sequences, encompassing the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), 28S rDNA, and RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (RPB2) region. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that P. beninense, P. cremeo-ochraceum, P. squarrosofulvum, and P. stramineum from Benin cluster with species from Australia, China, and India within a clade formed exclusively by species known from the palaeotropics and Australia, whereas P. tiliae from Turkey clustered with P. mediterraneum from Italy. Detailed descriptions are provided, supplemented by illustrations and line drawings of key micromorphological features. In addition, a comparative analysis with morphologically similar and phylogenetically closely related species is presented and discussed in detail.

Saprolegniaceae s.l. is a species-rich family of the monophyletic order Saprolegniales (Oomycota, Straminipila). Members of this family are primarily saprotrophs on cellulosic, chitinous, and proteinaceous materials in both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. This family also includes pathogens infecting various hosts, such as plants, crustaceans, and fishes at various life cycle stages. A diversity survey of Saprolegniaceae s.l. from freshwater and soil of the Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest resulted in 20 species isolated and identified through morphological and molecular analyses. These analyses revealed two new genera (Beakesia and Cokeria) and two new species, Achlya delicata and Brevilegnia milaneziana. Beakesia is proposed to accommodate Achlya catenulata, while Cokeria includes species with subcentric and centric oospores previously assigned to Achlya (A. racemosa, A. radiosa, and A. sparrowii). Our findings highlight the importance of additional sampling and studies in biodiversity-rich areas such as the Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest. They also provide a new perspective on the evolutionary relationships and nomenclatural delineation of traditional Oomycota genera, and revisit the family subdivisions of Saprolegniales, formally introducing Achlyaceae.

Abstract

Fungal pathogens pose threats to crop productivity and food security. Management of fungal diseases can be achieved through an integrated disease management approach, including accurate identification of the causative agents. Diaporthe blight is a common disease of eggplant (Solanum melongena). Although Diaporthe vexans has been implicated as the causative agent, it was unclear until this study whether other Diaporthe species also contribute to this disease. In this study, leaf and fruit blights of eggplants were collected from different provinces in the Philippines. Through a polyphasic approach—morphological, cultural, pathogenicity, and multi-locus phylogenetic analyses of ITS, TEF1-α, TUB2, CAL, and HIS3 coupled with genealogical concordance phylogenetic species recognition analyses—we identified six Diaporthe speciesfrom the D. sojae species complex and D. arecae species complex. Two novel species, D. solani-melongenae and D. talong, along with the re-validated D. melongenae, and known species, viz., D. arecae, D. passifloricola, and D. vexans were identified as the causative agents of Diaporthe leaf and fruit blight of eggplant in the Philippines. Additionally, we also provide evidence supporting the synonymization of D. etinsidea with D. tulliensis, D. durionigena with D. rosae, and D. griceae with D. vexans. Our study confirmed that D. vexans is the major causative agent of eggplant blight in the country. All Diaporthe species were found to be pathogenic to eggplant. The results of this study contribute to the understanding of the eggplant blight disease, its potential spread, and the development of more targeted management strategies.

Soybean diseases induced by Cercospora spp. exhibit a global prevalence worldwide. Cercospora kikuchii causes both Cercospora leaf blight (CLB) and purple seed stain (PSS), whereas Cercospora sojina is a causal agent of frogeye leaf spot (FLS). Eighteen Cercospora isolates originating from soybean plants exhibiting CLB, PSS, and FLS symptoms were obtained from continental Russia, the Crimea Peninsula, and South America. The identification was based on the Consolidated Species Concept and involved multi-locus phylogenetic analysis, assessment of cercosporin production capacity, and pathogenicity testing. Ten isolates were identified as C. sojina; the eight remaining ones were categorized into seven distinct species. Two isolates of C. kikuchii were obtained from South America, along with a single isolate each of Cercospora cf. sigesbeckiae and Cercospora sp. Q from the Russian Far East and South America, respectively. Three isolates from the Russian Far East were identified as Cercospora cf. alchemillicola and Cercospora celosiae. A single isolate formed a distinct monophyletic clade that did not include ex-type or representative Cercospora strains and is, therefore, considered a candidate for a new Cercospora species. Cercosporin production in vitro is not a stable and reliable feature for species identification; it could vary and depends on factors such as the nutrient medium composition and the specific lighting conditions during the culturing process. In Russia, multiple Cercospora species are associated with PSS: at least C. cf. alchemillicola, C. cf. sigesbeckiae, and C. celosiae, which are new records for Russia. Cercospora kikuchii and Cercospora sp. Q emerge as causal agents of PSS in South America. PSS and CLB symptoms evident on soybeans are intricate features; thus, they can no longer be definitively regarded as unequivocal signs for the presence of C. kikuchii.

Diversispora cerifera and Diversispora succinacia are new arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal species that have been isolated and propagated from spores extracted from rhizosphere soils of native vegetation that had naturally established from seeds on a nickel mine tailing test basin in New Caledonia. Interestingly, these species were not recorded from ultramafic soils of maquis vegetation endemic to New Caledonia surrounding the tailing basin. In greenhouse trap and single-species cultures, the fungi produced numerous spores, which were formed terminally or intercalary on subtending hyphae. Spores of D. cerifera are white-yellow with a waxy appearance and 70–100–120 µm in diameter; spores of D. succinacia are translucent, amber in color, and 60–80–110 µm in diameter; both species have three spore wall layers. A phylogenetic analysis placed D. cerifera in a clade sister to D. succinacia. The same analysis showed that the sister species of D. succinacia is D. sabulosa.

During our studies on the genus Lepiota in Pakistan, we collected two putatively new species from Punjab Province, with distinct morphology, ITS, and 28S of nrDNA profile. L. aurantiopilea is featured by orange to yellow-orange pileus with a reddish-brown umbo, tiny granules on the surface that are concolorous to pileus, absence of annulus, subglobose to oblong, ellipsoid or spurred basidiospores, clavate fusoid-ventricose, utriform cheilocystidia and hymeniderm made up clavate to subfusiform elements. Another new species, L. bahawalnagarensis has a light grayish-brown pileus with dark grayish-brown reddish-brown umbo, grayish-yellow brown zonation on the surface, pale yellow stipe, single-edged annulus, ellipsoid basidiospores, versiform cheilocystidia, hymeniderm pileipellis, and clavate to utriform caulocystidia. Photographs of fresh basidiomata, descriptions, and line drawings of key microscopic features are provided. Morphological characters and phylogenetic trees inferred from nrITS and 28S of nrDNA sequences show that both of our new species clustered within section Liliaceae.

Worldwide, the genus Colletotrichum has been poorly documented in forest trees compared to crops. In Chile, most of the records from native plants date from the beginning of the last century, and only a few species are properly identified according to modern taxonomy. To contribute to the knowledge of Colletotrichum species diversity in Chilean native forests, we examined 50 strains collected from 17 woody plant hosts between 36 and 40° S latitude in south-central Chile. Based on morphological characters, multi-locus phylogenetic analyses (ITS, GAPDH, CHS-1, HIS3, ACT, TUB2), and coalescent-based species delimitation methods, we identified ten species belonging to the Colletotrichum acutatum and Colletotrichum boninense species complexes. These were identified as Colletotrichum arboricola, C. brassicicola, C. godetiae, C. pyricola, C. rhombiforme, and C. roseum, along with the new species described here as C. americanum, C. laurosilvaticum, C. palki, and C. perseicola. We also propose to synonymize C. lauri with C. godetiae and C. australisinense with C. wanningense.

The genus Panus and many of its species have a wide geographic distribution, and in-depth up-to-date taxonomic review is needed that includes critical review of type materials within a phylogenetic frame. In order to recover the phylogenetic relationships within Panus species and their morphological boundaries and to critically analyze the diversity recorded for Brazil, we carried out fieldwork in poorly explored areas in the country and morphological and literature revisions of fungarium specimens, including several type materials. We present a comprehensive phylogeny of Panus and discuss several taxonomic and nomenclatural implications in order to achieve stability for species of the genus. Four new species are proposed, P. capelariae, P. pachysporus, P. speciosus, and P. stiptonotatus. Panus campinensis and P. thailandicus (an endophytic species) are proposed as new combinations in the genus, based on a morphological revision and phylogenetic evidence of their types, respectively. Additionally, Endopandanicola is synonymized within Panus, and P. parvus is synonymized within P. strigellus. The occurrence of P. conchatus, P. convivalis, P. fulvus, P. similis, and P. tephroleucus in Brazil is rejected due to morphological and phylogenetic evidences. For P. conchatus and P. similis, we present bases for the recognition of its sensu stricto status. We also discuss nomenclatural issues surrounding the Lentinus velutinus complex that include the basionym elucidation, its sensu stricto delimitation, and an epitypification based on a new sequenced specimen from the type locality. Our comprehensive assessment of Panus in Brazil has led to the confirmation of ten species supported by morphological and/or molecular data, which are critically discussed, and an identification key is presented.

Phytophthora species are a cause for concern due to their invasive potential and the damage they can cause in agriculture, forestry, and natural ecosystems worldwide. Since water plays a crucial role in their dispersal, stream and river baiting is commonly used to survey risk areas for the presence of quarantine Phytophthora species. However, our understanding of the distribution and diversity of Phytophthora species in European watercourses remains incomplete. This study investigated the presence and diversity of Phytophthora species in Swiss watercourses, with a focus on the highly urbanized Swiss Plateau. Over the period 2012–2016, we sampled 32 watercourses, including major rivers and smaller streams. We isolated Phytophthora on selective media and sequenced the internal transcribed spacer region to identify the species. We recovered 241 Phytophthora isolates, representing 11 species from five major clades. Phytophthora clade 6 prevailed, with P. lacustris being the most common, found in 94.7% of the watercourses. The number of Phytophthora species per watercourse ranged from one to five, with no correlation to watercourse complexity. Our study reveals the presence of six previously unreported species in Switzerland, while known invasive species were not found. Watercourses appear less suited to detect invasive pathogenic Phytophthora species with a still limited distribution in the environment.