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Phytophthora: an underestimated threat to agriculture, forestry, and natural ecosystems in sub-Saharan Africa 疫霉:对撒哈拉以南非洲农业、林业和自然生态系统的一种被低估的威胁
3区 生物学 Q3 MYCOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-10-19 DOI: 10.1007/s11557-023-01926-0
Tanay Bose, Christoffel F. J. Spies, Almuth Hammerbacher, Teresa A. Coutinho
Abstract Phytophthora species are highly destructive plant pathogens and pose a significant threat to plants in various ecosystems, including agriculture, forest plantations, and natural environments. In sub-Saharan Africa, a total of 77 Phytophthora species have been identified and this review aims to provide an overview of the species diversity and progress of Phytophthora research in this region. Numerous important studies have been carried out in this region, contributing significantly to our understanding of Phytophthora in various research fields. However, compared to global data, the advancement of Phytophthora research in sub-Saharan Africa has been relatively slow. This is evident from the fact that some countries in the region have yet to report the presence of Phytophthora species. Thus, this review also highlights critical research gaps, particularly concerning the potential impacts of climate change, and suggests specific studies to address these gaps. The identified research studies are of utmost urgency as they not only aim to safeguard the iconic floral biodiversity of the region but also play a crucial role in enhancing the economy and ensuring food security.
疫霉是一种具有高度破坏性的植物病原体,对农业、人工林和自然环境等生态系统中的植物构成重大威胁。在撒哈拉以南非洲地区,已鉴定的疫霉共有77种,本文综述了该地区疫霉的物种多样性和研究进展。在这一领域开展了大量重要的研究,为我们在各个研究领域对疫霉菌的认识做出了重要贡献。然而,与全球数据相比,撒哈拉以南非洲地区疫霉研究的进展相对缓慢。这一点从该地区一些国家尚未报告疫霉物种的存在这一事实中可见一斑。因此,本综述还强调了关键的研究空白,特别是关于气候变化的潜在影响,并提出了解决这些空白的具体研究建议。已确定的研究工作迫在眉睫,因为它们不仅旨在保护该地区标志性的植物生物多样性,而且在促进经济和确保粮食安全方面发挥着至关重要的作用。
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引用次数: 0
Diverse arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi species associate with indigenous trees in a natural forest 不同的丛枝菌根真菌种类与本地树木在自然森林
3区 生物学 Q3 MYCOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-10-16 DOI: 10.1007/s11557-023-01922-4
Jemal yimer Kebede, Marcela Claudio Pagano, Belay Berza Beyene, Fassil Assefa Tuji
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引用次数: 0
Resources and tools for studying convergent evolution in different lineages of smut fungi 研究黑穗病真菌不同谱系趋同进化的资源和工具
3区 生物学 Q3 MYCOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-10-13 DOI: 10.1007/s11557-023-01918-0
Lena Steins, Marine Duhamel, Sebastian Klenner-Koch, Dominik Begerow, Martin Kemler
Abstract Convergent evolution is the phenomenon of similar traits evolving independently in different lineages of the tree of life. Studying convergent evolution provides an excellent opportunity to understand natural selection for specific traits and physiological constraints to evolution that allow a broadened view on evolutionary mechanisms as a whole. Smut fungi, a polyphyletic group of plant-parasitic fungi with a specific infection and life cycle pattern, are a prime example of convergent evolution. Most notably, smut fungi in the genus Microbotryum that belongs to the subdivision Pucciniomycotina and smut fungi from the subdivision Ustilaginomycotina show strong similarities despite millions of years of independent evolution. However, the conceptual connections drawn between the two groups are scarce, thereby limiting the opportunities for exploring convergent evolution between these taxa. To facilitate knowledge exchange within the research community, we provide a summary of databases, molecular and biological tools and a brief introduction to the structure of populations and the characteristics of host specificity in both groups. Furthermore, we compare the life cycles and research emphases between the two groups. The comparisons are supplemented with an analysis of genome composition and gene function, which aims to advance research on the convergent evolution of smut fungi using existing data.
趋同进化是指在生命之树的不同谱系中,相似特征独立进化的现象。研究趋同进化为理解特定特征的自然选择和进化的生理限制提供了一个极好的机会,从而可以从整体上扩大对进化机制的看法。黑穗病真菌是一种多系植物寄生真菌,具有特定的感染和生命周期模式,是趋同进化的一个主要例子。最值得注意的是,尽管经过了数百万年的独立进化,但隶属于puccininiomycotina细分的Microbotryum属的黑穗病真菌和隶属于Ustilaginomycotina细分的黑穗病真菌表现出很强的相似性。然而,这两个类群之间的概念联系很少,因此限制了探索这些类群之间趋同进化的机会。为了促进研究界的知识交流,我们总结了数据库、分子和生物学工具,并简要介绍了两组群体的结构和宿主特异性特征。此外,我们比较了两组的生命周期和研究重点。这些比较补充了基因组组成和基因功能的分析,旨在利用现有数据推进黑穗病真菌趋同进化的研究。
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引用次数: 0
Oomycete composition in Proteaceae orchards and natural stands on three continents 三大洲Proteaceae果园和天然林分的卵菌组成
3区 生物学 Q3 MYCOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-10-13 DOI: 10.1007/s11557-023-01925-1
Duccio Migliorini, Maria Vivas, Michael J. Wingfield, Christopher Shaw, Treena I. Burgess
Abstract The Proteaceae , a diverse family of woody flowering plants in the Southern Hemisphere, contains many species known to be susceptible to Phytophthora cinnamomi , both in the natural environment and in cut-flower orchards. Very little is known about the prevalence of P. cinnamomi and other oomycetes across these landscapes. To address this knowledge gap, we used a double ITS1 and RPS10 gene metabarcoding approach and traditional isolation protocols to investigate oomycetes in orchards and natural stands of Proteaceae across South Africa, South Africa (eastern and western), Australia, and Europe. The RPS10 primers amplified more samples, including various Pythium species, while the ITS primers detected more Phytophthora phylotypes. Both datasets showed that geographic regions influenced oomycete species richness and community composition, while they did not show any variation between orchards and natural vegetation. RPS10 metabarcoding detected the largest number of species and provided greater statistical confidence than ITS1 when considering oomycete species composition. Metabarcoding also showed that orchards had a higher abundance of P. cinnamomi compared to native stands, although this was not found when isolating through baiting of roots and rhizosphere soil. Direct isolation and metabarcoding are complementary, with metabarcoding serving as an early detection tool. However, it cannot distinguish living viable propagules from residual DNA of dead propagules, limiting its use for diagnostic purposes related to Phytophthora management and control. These results, along with those of other recent studies, show that metabarcoding offers an effective tool to describe the dynamics of soil oomycetes in different ecosystems.
Proteaceae是南半球木本开花植物的一个多样化家族,包含许多已知在自然环境和切花果园中对Phytophthora cinnamomi敏感的物种。关于肉桂假单胞菌和其他卵菌在这些景观中的流行情况知之甚少。为了解决这一知识空白,我们使用双ITS1和RPS10基因元条形码方法和传统的分离方法研究了南非、南非(东部和西部)、澳大利亚和欧洲的Proteaceae果园和自然林分中的卵菌。RPS10引物扩增的样品较多,包括多种霉属,而ITS引物扩增的疫霉菌种型较多。两组数据均显示地理区域对卵菌种类丰富度和群落组成有影响,而果园与自然植被之间没有差异。RPS10元条形码检测到的物种数量最多,在考虑卵菌种类组成时比ITS1提供了更大的统计置信度。元条形码还显示,与本地林分相比,果园中肉桂的丰度更高,尽管通过根际土壤和根际土壤进行分离时没有发现这一点。直接隔离和元条形码是互补的,元条形码可以作为早期检测工具。然而,它不能区分活的有活力的繁殖体和死亡繁殖体的残余DNA,限制了它在与疫霉菌管理和控制有关的诊断目的中的应用。这些结果以及最近的其他研究表明,元条形码为描述不同生态系统中土壤卵菌的动态提供了有效的工具。
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引用次数: 0
Blaszkowskia, a new genus in Glomeraceae 标题肾小球科一新属
3区 生物学 Q3 MYCOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-10-07 DOI: 10.1007/s11557-023-01919-z
Gladstone Alves da Silva, Mike Anderson Corazon-Guivin, Daniele Magna Azevedo de Assis, Fritz Oehl
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引用次数: 1
Two new species of Pustula (Albuginales, Oomycota) from northern Iran 标题伊朗北部脓疱菌属二新种(白菌科,卵菌科)
3区 生物学 Q3 MYCOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-10-04 DOI: 10.1007/s11557-023-01924-2
Mohammad Reza Mirzaee, Naser Radman, Mohammad Salari, Rasoul Zare, Mahdi Pirnia, Shir Ahmad Sarani
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引用次数: 0
Taxonomic and phylogenetic evidence reveal two new Russula species (Russulaceae, Russulales) from northern Thailand 分类和系统发育证据揭示了泰国北部两新种(Russulaceae, Russulales)
3区 生物学 Q3 MYCOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-09-26 DOI: 10.1007/s11557-023-01921-5
Soumitra Paloi, Jaturong Kumla, Samantha C. Karunarathna, Saisamorn Lumyong, Nakarin Suwannarach
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引用次数: 0
Pathogenicity of Phytophthora and Halophytophthora species on black alder and the host histological response 黑桤木疫霉和盐疫霉的致病性及宿主的组织学反应
3区 生物学 Q3 MYCOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-09-20 DOI: 10.1007/s11557-023-01923-3
Cristina Vieites-Blanco, Michele Colangelo, J. Julio Camarero, Maria Caballol, Francisco José García Breijo, Dora Štraus, Jonàs Oliva
Abstract Riparian alder forests are threatened by Phytophthora across Europe. Comparative studies of the pathogenicity of Phytophthora species are crucial for developing effective management strategies. Although only a limited number of species, particularly P. × alni , lead to tree decline in natural environments, many species demonstrate pathogenicity in inoculation trials. Phytophthora species vary in their ability to infect different tissues, such as phloem and xylem, and trigger defence responses in the host through the formation of tyloses and callose. By comparing the histological responses of alder to various Phytophthora species, we can gain insights into the success of P. × alni and the potential damage that could be caused by other species. To investigate the defence strategies of black alder ( Alnus glutinosa ) against attack by Phytophthora and Halophytophthora species present in Catalonia (NE Spain), we conducted inoculation trials on saplings using nine potentially pathogenic species and compared the histological responses. Phytophthora × alni and P. plurivora were the most aggressive species followed by other exotic species such as P. × cambivora and P. cactorum . Phytophthora × alni and P. plurivora were equally damaging despite the higher prevalence of P. × alni in declining alders in natural settings. Although P. × alni mainly invaded the phloem, P. plurivora also invaded the xylem and triggered the production of tyloses. Histological analyses revealed a diverse range of plant responses to infection by Phytophthora species, providing a better understanding of their adaptability in natural environments compared with solely observing lesions. The low level of callose production in saplings inoculated with P. × alni compared with callose production in saplings inoculated with less pathogenic species suggests that P. × alni can evade recognition by the host and, hence, could partially explain its success.
欧洲沿岸桤木林受到疫霉的威胁。疫霉致病性的比较研究对于制定有效的管理策略至关重要。虽然在自然环境中,只有有限的物种,特别是P. x . alni,导致树木衰退,但许多物种在接种试验中显示出致病性。疫霉感染不同组织(如韧皮部和木质部)的能力各不相同,并通过形成tylose和callose引发寄主的防御反应。通过比较桤木对不同疫霉物种的组织学反应,我们可以深入了解P. xalni的成功以及其他物种可能造成的潜在危害。为了研究西班牙加泰罗尼亚地区黑桤木(Alnus glutinosa)对疫霉菌和盐疫霉菌的防御策略,我们对9种潜在致病性疫霉菌幼树进行了接种试验,并比较了其组织学反应。疫霉(Phytophthora × alni)和多角疫霉(P. plurivora)是最具侵染力的外来种,其次是P. xcambivora和P. cactorum。在自然环境中,尽管在衰退桤木中疫霉的流行率较高,但疫霉和多形疫霉的危害是相同的。虽然P. x alni主要侵入韧皮部,但P. plurivora也侵入木质部并引发泰氨酸的产生。组织学分析揭示了植物对疫霉菌感染的多种反应,与单纯观察病变相比,可以更好地了解它们在自然环境中的适应性。与低致病性菌种接种的幼树相比,接种扁豆的幼树胼胝质产量较低,这表明扁豆可以逃避宿主的识别,因此可以部分解释其成功的原因。
{"title":"Pathogenicity of Phytophthora and Halophytophthora species on black alder and the host histological response","authors":"Cristina Vieites-Blanco, Michele Colangelo, J. Julio Camarero, Maria Caballol, Francisco José García Breijo, Dora Štraus, Jonàs Oliva","doi":"10.1007/s11557-023-01923-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-023-01923-3","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Riparian alder forests are threatened by Phytophthora across Europe. Comparative studies of the pathogenicity of Phytophthora species are crucial for developing effective management strategies. Although only a limited number of species, particularly P. × alni , lead to tree decline in natural environments, many species demonstrate pathogenicity in inoculation trials. Phytophthora species vary in their ability to infect different tissues, such as phloem and xylem, and trigger defence responses in the host through the formation of tyloses and callose. By comparing the histological responses of alder to various Phytophthora species, we can gain insights into the success of P. × alni and the potential damage that could be caused by other species. To investigate the defence strategies of black alder ( Alnus glutinosa ) against attack by Phytophthora and Halophytophthora species present in Catalonia (NE Spain), we conducted inoculation trials on saplings using nine potentially pathogenic species and compared the histological responses. Phytophthora × alni and P. plurivora were the most aggressive species followed by other exotic species such as P. × cambivora and P. cactorum . Phytophthora × alni and P. plurivora were equally damaging despite the higher prevalence of P. × alni in declining alders in natural settings. Although P. × alni mainly invaded the phloem, P. plurivora also invaded the xylem and triggered the production of tyloses. Histological analyses revealed a diverse range of plant responses to infection by Phytophthora species, providing a better understanding of their adaptability in natural environments compared with solely observing lesions. The low level of callose production in saplings inoculated with P. × alni compared with callose production in saplings inoculated with less pathogenic species suggests that P. × alni can evade recognition by the host and, hence, could partially explain its success.","PeriodicalId":19111,"journal":{"name":"Mycological Progress","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136312801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
5′-O-methyl-14-hydroxyarmillane, a new armillane-type sesquiterpene from cultures of Guyanagaster necrorhiza 5′- o -甲基-14-羟基蜜环烷:一种新的蜜环烷型倍半萜
3区 生物学 Q3 MYCOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-09-16 DOI: 10.1007/s11557-023-01920-6
Sebastian Pfütze, Dana Leoni Nedder, Frank Surup, Marc Stadler
Abstract Protoilludene-type sesquiterpene aryl esters are a unique and very diverse compound class that were exclusively isolated from members of the genus Armillaria ( Agaricomycetes , Physalacriaceae ) up to this point. Herein, we describe the isolation and structural characterization of 5′- O -methyl-14-hydroxyarmillane ( 1 ), a new armillane-type derivative, that was obtained from submerged cultures of Guyanagaster necrorhiza (CBS 138623) together with the known congeners melleolide G ( 2 ), melleolide B ( 3 ), and 10-dehydroxy-melleolide B ( 4 ). ROESY data and coupling constants assigned the relative configurations of 1 , while common absolute configurations were confirmed from comparison of its ECD spectrum to the one of 10-hydroxy-5′-methoxy-6′-chloroarmillane ( 5 ). Additionally, the configuration of melleolide G ( 2 ) was revised based on observed ROESY correlations. It is the first time that protoilludene-type sesquiterpene aryl esters were isolated from another genus, namely, Guyanagaster , that is closely related to Armillaria . 1 – 4 were evaluated for their biological activities in a serial dilution assay against several yeast, fungi, and bacteria, as well as in a cytotoxicity assay against different cell lines. Compound 4 was moderately active against Bacillus subtilis , Staphylococcus aureus , and Mucor hiemalis . Furthermore, 1 , 3 , and 4 showed weak cytotoxic effects against the mouse fibroblast cell line L929 and the cervix carcinoma cell line KB3.1.
原illudene型倍半萜芳基酯是迄今为止仅从蜜环菌属(Agaricomycetes, Physalacriaceae)成员中分离到的一种独特而多样的化合物。在此,我们描述了5 ' - O -甲基-14-羟基蜜环烷(1)的分离和结构表征,这是一种新的蜜环烷型衍生物,从Guyanagaster necrorhiza (CBS 138623)的深层培养中获得,与已知的同系物melleolide G (2), melleolide B(3)和10- de羟基-melleolide B(4)一起。ROESY数据和偶联常数确定其相对构型为1,而通过与10-羟基-5′-甲氧基-6′-氯胺环烷的ECD谱比较,确定其常见的绝对构型(5)。此外,根据观察到的ROESY相关性,对千层内酯G(2)的构型进行了修正。这是首次从蜜环菌亲缘关系较近的Guyanagaster属中分离到原illudene型倍半萜芳基酯。在对几种酵母、真菌和细菌的一系列稀释试验中,以及对不同细胞系的细胞毒性试验中,对1 - 4进行了生物活性评估。化合物4对枯草芽孢杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和毛霉菌有中等活性。此外,1、3、4对小鼠成纤维细胞系L929和宫颈癌细胞系KB3.1表现出较弱的细胞毒作用。
{"title":"5′-O-methyl-14-hydroxyarmillane, a new armillane-type sesquiterpene from cultures of Guyanagaster necrorhiza","authors":"Sebastian Pfütze, Dana Leoni Nedder, Frank Surup, Marc Stadler","doi":"10.1007/s11557-023-01920-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-023-01920-6","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Protoilludene-type sesquiterpene aryl esters are a unique and very diverse compound class that were exclusively isolated from members of the genus Armillaria ( Agaricomycetes , Physalacriaceae ) up to this point. Herein, we describe the isolation and structural characterization of 5′- O -methyl-14-hydroxyarmillane ( 1 ), a new armillane-type derivative, that was obtained from submerged cultures of Guyanagaster necrorhiza (CBS 138623) together with the known congeners melleolide G ( 2 ), melleolide B ( 3 ), and 10-dehydroxy-melleolide B ( 4 ). ROESY data and coupling constants assigned the relative configurations of 1 , while common absolute configurations were confirmed from comparison of its ECD spectrum to the one of 10-hydroxy-5′-methoxy-6′-chloroarmillane ( 5 ). Additionally, the configuration of melleolide G ( 2 ) was revised based on observed ROESY correlations. It is the first time that protoilludene-type sesquiterpene aryl esters were isolated from another genus, namely, Guyanagaster , that is closely related to Armillaria . 1 – 4 were evaluated for their biological activities in a serial dilution assay against several yeast, fungi, and bacteria, as well as in a cytotoxicity assay against different cell lines. Compound 4 was moderately active against Bacillus subtilis , Staphylococcus aureus , and Mucor hiemalis . Furthermore, 1 , 3 , and 4 showed weak cytotoxic effects against the mouse fibroblast cell line L929 and the cervix carcinoma cell line KB3.1.","PeriodicalId":19111,"journal":{"name":"Mycological Progress","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135307070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Study of a new strain of Sanchytrium tribonematis expands our knowledge on Sanchytriomycota (Fungi) 新一株三角三壶菌的研究扩大了我们对三壶菌科(真菌)的认识。
IF 2.4 3区 生物学 Q3 MYCOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-09-09 DOI: 10.1007/s11557-023-01917-1
A. Vishnyakov, Alexei O. Seliuk, Victoria S. Tcvetkova, S. Karpov
{"title":"Study of a new strain of Sanchytrium tribonematis expands our knowledge on Sanchytriomycota (Fungi)","authors":"A. Vishnyakov, Alexei O. Seliuk, Victoria S. Tcvetkova, S. Karpov","doi":"10.1007/s11557-023-01917-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-023-01917-1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19111,"journal":{"name":"Mycological Progress","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2023-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44884846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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Mycological Progress
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