Mycological Progress最新文献

The present study suggests that the Esca pathogenic fungus Phaeomoniella chlamydospora can form biofilm in vitro and possibly in the grapevine host tissues. This phenomenon was revealed by the detailed examination of the development of three isolates of the fungus, showing dimorphic growth with the formation of yeast-like cells in the center, which were embedded in a polysaccharide-rich extracellular matrix, and filamentous growth at the colony margins. The colonies produced acetate, which chemical proved to be an enhancer of yeast-like growth and extracellular matrix production. The dynamic of biofilm formation was correlated with the ability of the strains to produce acetate, suggesting that it acts as a quorum sensing molecule in the process. The dimorphic growth of P. chlamydospora was also demonstrated in host tissues as a sole nutrient source, suggesting that biofilm can be produced in planta and take part in the pathogenesis of Esca. The biofilms formed by the fungus may contribute to the previously reported inhibition of sap flow in the infected plants, while its quorum sensing-mediated nature may partly explain the controversial literature data on the occurrence of the pathogen and symptom severity in the host.

In this study, we investigated two distinct new phylogenetic lineages of root-colonizing dark septate endophytic fungi colonizing wheat (Triticum aestivum) roots from a long-term agricultural experimental site in Hungary. According to four-locus (internal transcribed spacer, partial large and small subunit regions of nuclear ribosomal DNA, and partial translation elongation factor 1-alpha) phylogenetic analyses, the isolates belong to the Lentitheciaceae and Didymosphaeriaceae of the Pleosporales (Dothideomycetes). We studied the morphology and culture characteristics of the strains. We carried out in vitro resynthesis pot experiments with their original hosts and found no overall negative effect of the inoculation with different isolates of the new taxa. One of the lineages belonged to the genus Poaceascoma (Lentitheciaceae) and represented a novel species described here as Poaceascoma zborayi. We could describe conidia-like structures from this species. Isolates of the other lineage represented a monotypic novel genus in the Didymosphaeriaceae. Accordingly, the new genus, Agrorhizomyces, represented by the species A. patris, is introduced. Sterile, globose structures resembling immature sporocarps were detected. Sequence similarity searches indicated that P. zborayi might be widely distributed, while no sequence similar to A. patris was found outside the sampling area.

Entoloma is one of the largest genera of Agaricales in terms of species diversity and is widespread throughout the world. In the present study, four new species, namely Entoloma brunneofibrillosum, E. humidiphilum, E. ochraceodiscum, and E. colchicum, are introduced as new to science. These species are described based on specimens collected in Cyprus, Georgia, Hungary, Italy, Russia, Spain, and Türkiye, including morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analyses of the nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences. Entoloma brunneofibrillosum is recognized by its brown to dark brown pileus with conspicuous dark, radial fibrils, a pale brown stipe with glistening fibrils, and usually fusiform to broadly clavate cheilocystidia. It belongs to the /Undulatosporum clade. Entoloma humidiphilum (subg. Alboleptonia) is close to E. niveum from New Zealand but differs by a completely pruinose or minutely squamulose pileus surface, narrowly cylindrical to cylindrical pileipellis elements with a deep median constriction, and by occurring in riparian habitats. Entoloma ochraceodiscum is characterized by funnel-shaped basidiomata with a deeply depressed yellowish-brown pileus and belongs to the section Griseorubida. Entoloma colchicum (subg. Nolanea) is similar to E. ortonii but differs by its distinctive radially fibrillose or velutinous pileus and the absence of odour. The new species are presented with photographs, line drawings, and comparisons with similar taxa.

Three new wood-inhabiting fungal species, Lyomyces punctatomarginatus, L. lancangjiangensis and Mycobernardia yunnanensis, are proposed based on a combination of morphological features and molecular evidence. Lyomyces punctatomarginatus is characterized by a smooth hymenophore, a monomitic hyphal system with the generative hyphae having clamp connections, the presence of fusoid cystidia, and ellipsoid basidiospores (4–5.3 × 2.5–3 µm); L. lancangjiangensis is characterized by a monomitic hyphal system with clamped generative hyphae, fusiform and capitate cystidia, and ellipsoid basidiospores (4.5–5.8 × 2.8–4.5 µm). Mycobernardia yunnanensis is characterized by a monomitic hyphal system with clamped generative hyphae, and allantoid basidiospores (4.5–6.3 × 2–3 µm). Sequences of ITS and nLSU rDNA markers of the studied samples were generated and phylogenetic analyses were performed with maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony, and Bayesian inference methods. The phylogram inferred from the ITS dataset revealed that L. punctatomarginatus formed a monophyletic lineage and was grouped closely with L. crustosus, L. juniperi, L. niveus and L. ochraceoalbus. Additionally, L. lancangjiangensis grouped closely with L. albopulverulentus and L. bambusinus with strong supports. The phylogenetic tree inferred from the ITS + LSU rDNA sequences highlighted that the new species M. yunnanensis was sister to M. incrustans, the type species of the genus Mycobernardia within the family Corticiaceae.

Lichens are multi-component microbial communities where yeasts are common. This work was designed to address the taxonomic diversity and distribution of cultivated endothallic yeasts in terricolous lichens of the genus Cladonia. Lichens Cladonia stellaris, C. rangiferina, C. cornuta, and C. pleurota from arctic, subarctic, and continental boreal climates in Russia in a range of biotopes were studied. In total, 40 yeast species were isolated. It revealed a broad taxonomic range of endothallic yeast with a substantial proportion of basidiomycetes from subphyla Agaricomycotina and Pucciniomycotina. Many common yeast species were found within the epithallic and endothallic yeast communities of some lichens studied. The physiological and ecological characterization of 30 basidiomycetous endothallic yeasts enhances our understanding of lichen habitats and may aid in culturing seldom-isolated lichenicolous fungi. Out of 40 species in this study, 21 new yeast species were discovered, and 10 new yeast species were proposed with their formal descriptions. They are Colacogloea glushakovae sp. nov., Cyrenella lichenicola sp. nov., Microsporomyces wangii sp. nov., Microsporomyces cladoniae sp. nov., Genolevuria nadymea sp. nov., Teunia turchettiae sp. nov., Phaeotremella sibirica sp. nov., Phaeotremella endothallina sp. nov., Piskurozyma altaica sp. nov., and Piskurozyma cladoniicola sp. nov.

The very hot summers of recent years have led to an increase in the number of large forest fires in Europe. We investigated four large fire sites in Brandenburg and Saxony (Germany) up to 4 years after the fires with a focus on studying the post-fire fungal communities. In this context, we documented two species of Agaricomycetes associated with mosses, which are common but particularly emerge on burnt areas, i.e., Arrhenia bryophthora sp. nov. and Bryopistillaria clavarioides sp. nov. The former is an agaric with omphalinoid habit that causes the dieback of the common moss Ceratodon purpureus; the latter is a clavarioid fungus associated with either Ceratodon purpureus or another common moss, Funaria hygrometrica. Both fungal species appear to be restricted to recently burnt areas and have otherwise not been observed on or in close vicinity of these mosses. Herein, we describe these fungi macro- and micromorphologically as well as on a molecular basis and discuss their taxonomic position and potential lifestyles.

Well-preserved remains of a mitosporic fungus were found on leaf cuticles of Cinnamomum sp. (Lauraceae) recovered from the lower Siwalik (Chunabati Formation; Middle Miocene) sedimentary stratum of Darjeeling foothills of eastern Himalaya. Based on the characteristic features (solitary vesicular conidiophores arising directly from a superficial mycelium and strongly curved, darkly pigmented, ovoid to pyriform vesicles with 1–3 celled stalk cells), it is here proposed as a new fossil species, Zygosporium palaeogibbum sp. nov. The in situ evidence of Z. palaeogibbum in appreciable numbers on the host leaf cuticles suggests the probable existence of a host-specific saprophytic relationship in the Darjeeling sub-Himalaya’s ancient warm humid tropical climate during the time of deposition. This conclusion on past climate is in agreement with published qualitative, quantitative, and palaeomycological climatic data obtained from the study of megafossil plant remains from the same fossil locality.