Neuroscience Research最新文献_第5页

The modified spatial context memory test for assessing cognitive aging in middle-aged and older adults 改进空间情境记忆测验评估中老年人认知老化。

IF 2.3 4区医学 Q3 NEUROSCIENCES

Neuroscience Research

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2025.104956

Hsuan-Min Wang , Yo-Ping Huang , Hsun-Yu Kuo , Hung-Chou Kuo

Deficits in spatial-context memory may be risk factors for Alzheimer disease (AD). This study aimed to investigate spatial-context memory and spatial navigation in middle-aged and older adults using a modified spatial-context memory test (SCMT). This prospective study recruited adults aged 55–75 years from our outpatient department. Non-dementia cases were confirmed by neurologists and assessed by psychologists. Age and education were analyzed as continuous variables using regression models to examine their associations with SCMT performance. A modified SCMT was established, consisting of a computer program that performed in cooperation with a spatial memory paradigm using real-world simulation. Subtests of navigation, scene-event associations and people-object associations were included. Of 147 participants, 108 met the selection criteria and were included in the analysis. Older age was linked to more errors and longer retrieval times, whereas higher education was related to shorter completion times in some SCMT-I tasks. In conclusion, SCMT-I performance was primarily influenced by age, with older participants showing increased errors and longer retrieval times across subtests. These findings suggest that age-related changes in spatial-context memory can be detected even among cognitively normal adults, and that SCMT-I may provide a sensitive tool for assessing cognitive aging independent of educational background.

空间-语境记忆缺陷可能是阿尔茨海默病（AD）的危险因素。本研究采用改进的空间-情境记忆测试（SCMT）对中老年人的空间-情境记忆和空间导航进行了研究。这项前瞻性研究从我们的门诊部招募了55-75岁的成年人。非痴呆病例由神经学家确认，并由心理学家评估。年龄和教育作为连续变量进行分析，使用回归模型来检验它们与SCMT表现的关系。建立了一个改进的SCMT，由一个计算机程序组成，该程序与使用现实世界模拟的空间记忆范式合作执行。包括导航子测试、场景-事件关联子测试和人-物体关联子测试。在147名参与者中，有108人符合选择标准，并被纳入分析。在一些SCMT-I任务中，年龄越大，错误越多，检索时间越长，而教育程度越高，完成时间越短。总之，SCMT-I的表现主要受年龄的影响，年龄越大的参与者在子测试中出现更多的错误和更长的检索时间。这些发现表明，即使在认知正常的成年人中，也可以检测到与年龄相关的空间-情境记忆变化，SCMT-I可能为评估与教育背景无关的认知衰老提供了一种敏感的工具。

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引用次数: 0

Abnormalities in the functional activity of neural networks in a human iPSC model of Dravet syndrome Dravet综合征人类iPSC模型中神经网络功能活动异常。

IF 2.3 4区医学 Q3 NEUROSCIENCES

Neuroscience Research

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2025.104958

Ropafadzo Mzezewa , Tanja Hyvärinen , Oskari Kulta , Andrey Vinogradov , Emma Pesu , Lotta Isosaari , Valtteri Vuolanto , Fikret Emre Kapucu , Jens Schuster , Niklas Dahl , Susanna Narkilahti

Dravet syndrome (DS) is a severe pediatric epilepsy primarily caused by de novo mutation in the SCN1A gene encoding the alpha subunit of the voltage-gated sodium channel. While early in vivo studies linked DS pathology to GABAergic disinhibition, recent studies report altered sodium currents in both inhibitory and excitatory neurons. In vitro models containing both neuronal subtypes may offer deeper insights into functionality of neuronal networks. This study examined the effects of two different SCN1A pathogenic variants on the functional phenotype of human induced pluripotent stem cell -derived enriched GABAergic cultures and heterogeneous GABA- and glutamatergic cultures using microelectrode arrays. We observed functional differences evident as increased network bursts in one DS patient line compared to controls and to another DS patient line in GABAergic and heterogenous cultures. Importantly, heterogeneous cultures revealed lower spiking and bursting frequency in both DS patient lines. Principal component analysis confirmed distinct clustering of the functional profiles of the DS patient and control networks in heterogeneous cultures. The magnitude of the altered functional activity reflected the clinical severity of the disease. Thus, functional alterations caused by SCN1A variants are apparent in heterogenous cultures indicating their competence for characterizing disease phenotypes in DS.

Dravet综合征（DS）是一种严重的儿童癫痫，主要由编码电压门控钠通道α亚基的SCN1A基因从头突变引起。虽然早期的体内研究将DS病理与gaba能去抑制联系起来，但最近的研究报道了抑制性和兴奋性神经元中钠电流的改变。包含这两种神经元亚型的体外模型可能为神经元网络的功能提供更深入的见解。本研究利用微电极阵列检测了两种不同的SCN1A致病变异对人诱导多能干细胞衍生的富集GABA能培养物和异质GABA-谷氨酸能培养物的功能表型的影响。我们观察到，在gaba能培养和异质培养中，一种DS患者系与对照组和另一种DS患者系相比，网络爆发增加，功能差异明显。重要的是，异质培养显示两种退行性椎体滑移患者系的尖峰和破裂频率较低。主成分分析证实了异质培养中DS患者和对照网络的功能特征的明显聚类。功能活动改变的程度反映了疾病的临床严重程度。因此，SCN1A变异引起的功能改变在异质培养中是明显的，这表明它们具有表征DS疾病表型的能力。

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引用次数: 0

A decade progress in the phenotyping of AppNL-G-F knock-in mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease apnl - g - f敲入小鼠阿尔茨海默病模型的表型研究进展

IF 2.3 4区医学 Q3 NEUROSCIENCES

Neuroscience Research

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2025.104959

Tatsuya Manabe , Takashi Saito

Numerous mouse models of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) have developed since the discovery of mutations causing familial AD. These models successfully recapitulate the progressive amyloid pathology over time, thus serving as indispensable tools for improving our understanding of the pathogenesis. However, there is a growing concern about artificial phenotypes in these transgenic mouse models, resulting from overexpression of mutant amyloid precursor protein (APP) under artificial promoters. To address this issue, App knock-in (KI) mice were developed to produce mutated human β-amyloid (Aβ) from the endogenous App locus. Since the first characterisation in 2014, gathering evidence has made significant progress in the phenotype analysis of this mouse model. Here, we provide an update on novel phenotypes observed in App^NL-G-F KI mice. In particular, we will highlight how the progression of amyloid pathology is related to neuronal pathology, behavioural phenotype, and microglial response.

自从发现引起家族性阿尔茨海默病的突变以来，已经开发了许多阿尔茨海默病（AD）的小鼠模型。这些模型成功地概括了淀粉样蛋白随时间的进展病理，从而成为提高我们对发病机制理解的不可或缺的工具。然而，在这些转基因小鼠模型中，由于在人工启动子下突变淀粉样前体蛋白（APP）过表达而导致的人工表型越来越受到关注。为了解决这一问题，研究人员开发了App敲入（KI）小鼠，从内源性App位点产生突变的人β-淀粉样蛋白（Aβ）。自2014年首次表征以来，收集证据已经在该小鼠模型的表型分析方面取得了重大进展。在这里，我们提供了在AppNL-G-F KI小鼠中观察到的新表型的最新进展。特别是，我们将强调淀粉样蛋白病理的进展如何与神经元病理、行为表型和小胶质细胞反应相关。

引用次数: 0

Neurotransmitter receptor gene expression patterns associated with reward-related neural representations 神经递质受体基因表达模式与奖励相关的神经表征。

IF 2.3 4区医学 Q3 NEUROSCIENCES

Neuroscience Research

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2025.104957

Kaosu Matsumori , Kana Matsuyanagi , Kenji Matsumoto

The neural representation of reward is underpinned by neurotransmitter systems; however, current human neuroimaging techniques cannot assess the receptor-specific contributions to reward processing. We investigated the relationships between reward-related neural representations and the expression patterns of 30 neurotransmitter receptor genes by combining meta-analytic functional neuroimaging maps with gene expression data from the Allen Human Brain Atlas. Clustering analysis revealed that serotonin receptor 2 A was co-expressed with other reward-related receptors, whereas the nociceptin (NOP) receptor exhibited a distinct expression pattern. Using elastic net regression with spatial null models, we observed that monetary reward maps showed significant positive spatial correlations with serotonin receptor 2 A expression and negative correlations with NOP receptor expression. Similar positive correlations with serotonin receptor 2 A were observed in the craving maps. Principal component regression provided complementary evidence, with both monetary reward and craving maps showing significant associations with components characterized by NOP receptor loadings. These findings from multiple analytical approaches suggest that reward processing involves both coordinated receptor networks and specialized receptor systems, particularly highlighting the opposing roles of the serotonin receptor 2 A and NOP systems. Our results provide insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying reward processing in the human brain, potentially informing targeted interventions for reward-related disorders.

奖励的神经表征是由神经递质系统支撑的；然而，目前的人类神经成像技术无法评估特定受体对奖励处理的贡献。我们通过将meta分析功能神经成像图谱与来自Allen人脑图谱的基因表达数据相结合，研究了奖励相关神经表征与30种神经递质受体基因表达模式之间的关系。聚类分析显示，5 -羟色胺受体2A与其他奖励相关受体共表达，而NOP受体表现出不同的表达模式。利用空间零模型的弹性网络回归，我们观察到金钱奖励图与血清素受体2A表达呈显著的正空间相关性，与NOP受体表达呈负相关。在渴望图中也观察到与血清素受体2A类似的正相关。主成分回归提供了补充证据，金钱奖励和渴望图都显示出与NOP受体负荷特征的成分有显著关联。这些来自多种分析方法的发现表明，奖励处理涉及协调的受体网络和专门的受体系统，特别强调了5 -羟色胺受体2A和NOP系统的相反作用。我们的研究结果提供了对人类大脑中奖励处理的分子机制的见解，可能为有针对性的干预奖励相关疾病提供信息。

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引用次数: 0

Modeling natural neural networks of decision making with artificial neural networks 用人工神经网络建模自然神经网络的决策。

IF 2.3 4区医学 Q3 NEUROSCIENCES

Neuroscience Research

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2025.104961

Akihiro Funamizu , Ryo Karakida

One main focus in neuroscience is to understand the relationship between decision making and various brain regions. Researchers use machine learning approaches to model the neural circuits of cerebral cortices, cerebellum, and basal ganglia. This review focuses on artificial neural networks (ANNs), particularly recurrent neural networks (RNNs), to model cortical functions for decision making. We first introduce the basic architecture of RNNs and explain how researchers compare the activity and circuits between artificial and biological networks. We also summarize how RNNs model the prefrontal and posterior parietal cortical in tasks involving short-term memory, perceptual decision making, and value-based decision making. We then show our recent challenges to develop a real-cyber hybrid network, that integrates neuronal activity in mice with RNN-based artificial units to better generate continuous-time body movements, compared to conventional RNNs that only use artificial units. The hybrid network tries to develop RNNs which have similar activity to the brain by using real neurons, rather than developing artificial RNNs and comparing their functions with biological brain. We propose that such integrative approaches in neuroscience and AI will further our understanding of both natural and artificial intelligence in the field of neuro-AI.

神经科学的一个主要焦点是了解决策与大脑各区域之间的关系。研究人员使用机器学习方法来模拟大脑皮层、小脑和基底神经节的神经回路。本文综述了人工神经网络（ANNs），特别是递归神经网络（RNNs），以模拟皮层功能的决策。我们首先介绍rnn的基本结构，并解释研究人员如何比较人工网络和生物网络之间的活动和电路。我们还总结了rnn如何在涉及短期记忆、感知决策和基于价值的决策的任务中对前额叶和后顶叶皮层进行建模。然后，我们展示了我们最近的挑战，即开发一个真实的网络混合网络，与仅使用人工单元的传统rnn相比，该网络将小鼠的神经元活动与基于rnn的人工单元相结合，以更好地产生连续时间的身体运动。混合网络试图通过使用真实的神经元来开发具有与大脑相似活动的rnn，而不是开发人工rnn并将其功能与生物大脑进行比较。我们认为，这种神经科学和人工智能的整合方法将进一步加深我们对神经人工智能领域的自然智能和人工智能的理解。

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引用次数: 0

Animal models of tau propagation in Alzheimer's disease 阿尔茨海默病中tau蛋白繁殖的动物模型。

IF 2.3 4区医学 Q3 NEUROSCIENCES

Neuroscience Research

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2025.104960

Masami Masuda-Suzukake, Shotaro Shimonaka, Takashi Nonaka, Masato Hasegawa

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by extracellular amyloid plaques composed of amyloid-β and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles composed of aggregated tau protein. In sporadic AD, the distribution of pathological tau progresses in a stereotypical manner and correlates with clinical staging, whereas the distribution of amyloid-β plaques does not. This suggests that the spread of tau pathology is a critical process that plays a key role in neurodegeneration and disease progression. Accurate models of tau propagation are therefore necessary to develop disease-modifying drugs for AD. The prion-like propagation hypothesis is a potential mechanism for the progressive distribution of tau pathology in the brain. In 2009, it was experimentally demonstrated that the intracerebral injection of brain extracts from transgenic mice that overexpress a mutated form of human tau protein into other tau transgenic mice induced the spread of pathological tau in vivo. Since then, this approach has been widely used to model tau propagation. More recently, newer models that more closely replicate the pathology of AD have been developed. This review summarizes the latest developments in animal models of tau propagation in sporadic AD.

阿尔茨海默病（AD）的特征是由淀粉样蛋白-β组成的细胞外淀粉样斑块和由聚集的tau蛋白组成的细胞内神经原纤维缠结。在散发性阿尔茨海默病中，病理性tau蛋白的分布以一种典型的方式发展，并与临床分期相关，而淀粉样蛋白-β斑块的分布则不是这样。这表明tau病理的扩散是在神经变性和疾病进展中起关键作用的关键过程。因此，tau蛋白繁殖的精确模型对于开发AD的疾病修饰药物是必要的。朊病毒样传播假说是脑内tau病理渐进式分布的潜在机制。2009年，实验证明，将过度表达一种突变形式的人tau蛋白的转基因小鼠脑提取物注入其他tau转基因小鼠脑内，可诱导病理性tau在体内的扩散。从那时起，这种方法被广泛用于模拟tau的传播。最近，更接近地复制阿尔茨海默病病理的新模型已经被开发出来。本文综述了散发性AD中tau蛋白繁殖动物模型的最新进展。

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引用次数: 0

Morphologic changes in striatonigral neurons in a rat model of levodopa-induced dyskinesia 左旋多巴诱导运动障碍大鼠纹状体神经元形态学改变

IF 2.3 4区医学 Q3 NEUROSCIENCES

Neuroscience Research

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 Epub Date: 2025-08-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2025.104953

Masako Fujita , Haruo Nishijima , Tomonori Furukawa , Fumiaki Mori , Aogi Kobayashi , Chieko Suzuki , Koichi Wakabayashi , Masahiko Tomiyama

We aimed to elucidate morphological changes in striatonigral projection neurons in a rat model of levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID). Male Wistar rats underwent unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesioning to establish a hemiparkinsonian model. At 8 weeks postoperatively, the rats were allocated to either the levodopa-treated group or the saline-treated control group. Behavioral abnormalities were quantified using the Abnormal Involuntary Movement (AIM) scores. We identified direct pathway neurons projecting to substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) by retrograde tracer injection. Dendritic spine morphology and the ultrastructure of synaptic terminals in SNr were assessed. The AIM scores increased along with levodopa treatment. Compared to control rats and the intact side of the LID model, the dendritic spine heads of striatonigral projection neurons were significantly enlarged, while spine density was reduced in the dopamine-denervated side of the LID model. Electron microscopic analysis revealed enlarged axon terminals and an increased number of synaptic vesicles in the dopamine-denervated side of SNr in levodopa-treated rats compared with those of the controls. Repeated levodopa administration induces morphological plasticity in striatonigral neurons, characterized by enlarged dendritic spine heads, reduced spine density, and enlarged synaptic terminals. These structural alterations likely contribute to enhanced GABAergic transmission in SNr and a reduced threshold for dyskinesia.

我们的目的是阐明大鼠左旋多巴诱导的运动障碍（LID）模型中纹状体投射神经元的形态学变化。雄性Wistar大鼠单侧6-羟多巴胺损伤建立半帕金森模型。术后8周，将大鼠分为左旋多巴组和盐水对照组。使用异常不自主运动（AIM）评分对行为异常进行量化。我们用逆行示踪剂注射方法鉴定了向黑质网状部（SNr）投射的直接通路神经元。观察大鼠树突棘形态和突触末梢超微结构。AIM评分随左旋多巴治疗而升高。与对照大鼠和LID模型完整侧相比，纹状体投射神经元树突棘头明显增大，而多巴胺去神经侧脊柱密度降低。电镜分析显示，与对照组相比，左旋多巴治疗大鼠SNr多巴胺失神经侧轴突末端增大，突触囊泡数量增加。反复左旋多巴诱导纹状体神经元形态可塑性，表现为树突棘头增大、棘密度降低、突触终末增大。这些结构改变可能有助于增强gaba能在信噪比中的传递，并降低运动障碍的阈值。

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引用次数: 0

Neural mechanisms for the control of thirst and salt appetite in response to body fluid conditions and intake behavior 根据体液状况和摄入行为控制口渴和盐的食欲的神经机制。

IF 2.3 4区医学 Q3 NEUROSCIENCES

Neuroscience Research

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 Epub Date: 2025-07-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2025.104941

Takashi Matsuda

Terrestrial animals, including humans, seek out and consume adequate amounts of water and salt on a daily basis to maintain body fluid homeostasis. To initiate water and salt intake behaviors, the brain anticipates and senses fluid imbalances, i.e., changes in [Na⁺ ] and relevant circulating hormones, including angiotensin II and aldosterone. Circumventricular organs, such as the organum vasculosum lamina terminalis and subfornical organ, continuously detect information about body fluids and convert it into neuronal signals that drive or quench thirst and salt appetite. On the other hand, signals for water and salt intake are detected in peripheral organs and sent back to the control center for the transient suppression of thirst and salt appetite through specific neural circuits. Some brain regions integrate this information to maintain the harmony of body fluid balance. This review discusses the neural mechanisms responsible for monitoring fluid imbalances, driving the motivation for thirst and salt appetite, and then quenching this motivation after the ingestion of water and salt. Based on our findings and those of other studies, the mechanisms by which the brain integrates multiple sources of information to flexibly control thirst and salt appetite are also highlighted.

陆生动物，包括人类，每天都要寻找和消耗足量的水和盐，以维持体液平衡。为了启动水和盐的摄入行为，大脑预测和感知液体失衡，即[Na+]和相关循环激素（包括血管紧张素II和醛固酮）的变化。心室周围器官，如血管终板器官和皮层下器官，不断地检测体液信息并将其转化为神经元信号，驱动或消除口渴和盐的食欲。另一方面，外周器官检测到水和盐摄入的信号，并通过特定的神经回路发送回控制中心，短暂抑制口渴和盐的食欲。大脑的一些区域整合这些信息来维持体液平衡的和谐。本文综述了监测体液失衡、驱动口渴和盐食欲的神经机制，然后在摄入水和盐后熄灭这种动机。基于我们和其他研究的发现，大脑整合多种信息来源以灵活控制口渴和盐食欲的机制也得到了强调。

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引用次数: 0

Quantitative comparison of uncrossed corticospinal tracts arising from different cortical areas in humans 人类不同皮质区产生的未交叉皮质脊髓束的定量比较。

IF 2.3 4区医学 Q3 NEUROSCIENCES

Neuroscience Research

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2025.104954

Noboru Usuda, Sho K. Sugawara, Toshiki Tazoe, Yukio Nishimura

The uncrossed corticospinal tract (CST) has garnered interest as a potential compensatory neural pathway for recovering motor function after stroke-induced damage to the crossed CST. However, the area of origin of the uncrossed CST in humans remain unclear. This study aimed to identify the area of origin of the uncrossed CST in healthy adults via fibre tractography and diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. We identified uncrossed corticospinal (CS) streamlines arising from seven cortical areas: the primary motor cortex (M1: mean ± SE = 71.55 ± 2.19 %), primary somatosensory cortex (13.77 ± 2.18 %), supplementary motor area (SMA: 8.02 ± 1.49 %), dorsal (2.51 ± 0.52 %), and ventral (1.39 ± 0.31 %) aspects of the premotor cortex, preSMA (1.50 ± 0.42), and Brodmann area 5 (1.26 ± 0.21 %). Even though there was a fair amount of individual variation (min - max: 17.98–99.73 %), on average, 74.04 % of the CS streamlines passed through the dorsolateral funiculus of the spinal cord. Our findings enhance the anatomical understanding of the uncrossed CST and may inform neurorehabilitation strategies aimed at optimizing motor recovery following neurological injury.

未交叉皮质脊髓束（CST）作为一种潜在的代偿性神经通路，在中风引起的交叉皮质脊髓束损伤后恢复运动功能，已经引起了人们的兴趣。然而，人类未杂交CST的起源区域仍不清楚。本研究旨在通过纤维束造影和弥散加权磁共振成像确定健康成人未交叉CST的起源区域。我们在七个皮质区域发现了未交叉的皮质脊髓（CS）流线：初级运动皮质（M1：平均值±SE = 71.55±2.19%）、初级体感皮质（13.77±2.18%）、辅助运动区（SMA: 8.02±1.49%）、运动前皮质背侧（2.51±0.52%）和腹侧（1.39±0.31%）、preSMA区（1.50±0.42）和Brodmann区5（1.26±0.21%）。尽管存在相当数量的个体差异（最小-最大：17.98-99.73%），但平均而言，74.04%的CS流线通过脊髓背外侧索。我们的研究结果增强了对未交叉CST的解剖学理解，并可能为神经损伤后优化运动恢复的神经康复策略提供信息。

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引用次数: 0

Neural responses to male and female voices: An event-related potential study on listener and speaker differences 对男性和女性声音的神经反应：听者和说话者差异的事件相关电位研究。

IF 2.3 4区医学 Q3 NEUROSCIENCES

Neuroscience Research

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 Epub Date: 2025-07-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2025.104942

Eunbi Park , Misato Kasuya , Fumitaka Homae

This study investigated sex-based differences in the temporal dynamics of brain responses to male and female voices using electroencephalography (EEG). We examined whether the sex of the speaker and listener influenced the early and late event-related potential (ERP) components. The participants (14 females and 15 males) listened to voice stimuli and identified the speaker’s sex. The results showed a trend toward lower recognition accuracy for female voices. EEG revealed distinct differences in responses; both male and female participants exhibited stronger positivity for female voices, whereas late-stage components showed pronounced responses to female voices in male participants. These findings suggest that voice-based sex identification relies on both basic acoustic feature processing and advanced cognitive stages with sex-specific dynamics in brain responses. This study provides insight into the neural mechanisms of voice perception and highlights the influence of the interaction between voice gender and listener’s sex, thereby contributing to a deeper understanding of social communication.

本研究利用脑电图（EEG）研究了基于性别的大脑对男声和女声反应的时间动态差异。我们研究了说话者和听话者的性别是否会影响事件相关电位（ERP）的早期和晚期成分。参与者（14名女性和15名男性）听声音刺激并识别说话者的性别。结果显示，女性声音的识别准确率呈下降趋势。脑电图显示两组反应有明显差异；男性和女性参与者都对女性声音表现出更强的积极性，而男性参与者的后期成分对女性声音表现出明显的反应。这些发现表明，基于声音的性别识别既依赖于基本的声学特征处理，也依赖于大脑反应中具有性别特异性动态的高级认知阶段。本研究揭示了语音感知的神经机制，并强调了语音性别与听者性别之间的交互作用的影响，从而有助于对社会交际的更深入理解。

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引用次数: 0