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Analytical computation of magnetic field in coil-dominated superconducting quadrupole magnets based on racetrack coils 基于赛道线圈的线圈主导型超导四极磁体磁场的分析计算
IF 2.8 1区 物理与天体物理 Q2 Energy Pub Date : 2024-05-24 DOI: 10.1007/s41365-024-01437-x
Chuang Shen, Ying-Shun Zhu, Fu-San Chen

Currently, three types of superconducting quadrupole magnets are used in particle accelerators: (cos {2theta }), CCT, and serpentine. However, all three coil configurations have complex spatial geometries, which make magnet manufacturing and strain-sensitive superconductor applications difficult. Compared with the three existing quadrupole coils, the racetrack quadrupole coil has a simple shape and manufacturing process, but there have been few theoretical studies. In this paper, the two-dimensional and three-dimensional analytical expressions for the magnetic field in coil-dominated racetrack superconducting quadrupole magnets are presented. The analytical expressions of the field harmonics and gradient are fully resolved and depend only on the geometric parameters of the coil and current density. Then, a genetic algorithm is applied to obtain a solution for the coil geometry parameters with field harmonics on the order of (10^{-4}). Finally, considering the practical engineering needs of the accelerator interaction region, electromagnetic design examples of racetrack quadrupole magnets with high gradients, large apertures, and small apertures are described, and the application prospects of racetrack quadrupole coils are analyzed.

目前,粒子加速器中使用了三种超导四极磁体:(cos {2theta }), CCT 和蛇形。然而,这三种线圈结构都具有复杂的空间几何形状,给磁体制造和应变敏感超导体应用带来了困难。与现有的三种四极线圈相比,赛道四极线圈的形状和制造工艺简单,但理论研究较少。本文提出了线圈主导的赛道超导四极磁体中磁场的二维和三维分析表达式。磁场谐波和梯度的分析表达式是完全解析的,只取决于线圈的几何参数和电流密度。然后,应用遗传算法获得了线圈几何参数的解决方案,其场谐波的数量级为 (10^{-4})。最后,考虑到加速器相互作用区的实际工程需要,介绍了高梯度、大孔径和小孔径赛道四极磁体的电磁设计实例,并分析了赛道四极线圈的应用前景。
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引用次数: 0
Development of a scintillating-fiber-based beam monitor for the coherent muon-to-electron transition experiment 为相干μ介子-电子转变实验开发基于闪烁光纤的光束监测器
IF 2.8 1区 物理与天体物理 Q2 Energy Pub Date : 2024-05-24 DOI: 10.1007/s41365-024-01442-0
Yu Xu, Yun-Song Ning, Zhi-Zhen Qin, Yao Teng, Chang-Qing Feng, Jian Tang, Yu Chen, Yoshinori Fukao, Satoshi Mihara, Kou Oishi

The coherent muon-to-electron transition (COMET) experiment is a leading experiment for the coherent conversion of (mu ^- textrm{N}rightarrow e^- textrm{N}) using a high-intensity pulsed muon beamline, produced using innovative slow-extraction techniques. Therefore, it is critical to measure the muon beam characteristics. We set up a muon beam monitor (MBM), where scintillating fibers woven in a cross shape were coupled to silicon photomultipliers to measure the spatial profile and timing structure of the extracted muon beam for the COMET. The MBM detector was tested successfully with a proton beamline at the China Spallation Neutron Source and took data with good performance in the commissioning run. The development of the MBM, including its mechanical structure, electronic readout, and beam measurement results, are discussed

μ介子到电子的相干转换(COMET)实验是利用创新的慢提取技术产生的高强度脉冲μ介子束线进行μ介子到电子的相干转换(mu ^- textrm{N}rightarrow e^- textrm{N} )的领先实验。因此,测量μ介子束的特性至关重要。我们建立了一个μ介子束监测器(MBM),将编织成十字形的闪烁纤维耦合到硅光电倍增管上,以测量COMET提取的μ介子束的空间轮廓和时序结构。在中国溅射中子源的质子束线上成功地测试了μ介子探测器,并在试运行中获得了性能良好的数据。本文讨论了μ介子束探测器的发展,包括其机械结构、电子读出和束流测量结果。
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引用次数: 0
Beam based alignment using a neural network 利用神经网络进行光束对准
IF 2.8 1区 物理与天体物理 Q2 Energy Pub Date : 2024-05-24 DOI: 10.1007/s41365-024-01436-y
Guan-Liang Wang, Ke-Min Chen, Si-Wei Wang, Zhe Wang, Tao He, Masahito Hosaka, Guang-Yao Feng, Wei Xu

Beams typically do not travel through the magnet centers because of errors in storage rings. The beam deviating from the quadrupole centers is affected by additional dipole fields due to magnetic field feed-down. Beam-based alignment (BBA) is often performed to determine a golden orbit where the beam circulates around the quadrupole center axes. For storage rings with many quadrupoles, the conventional BBA procedure is time-consuming, particularly in the commissioning phase, because of the necessary iterative process. In addition, the conventional BBA method can be affected by strong coupling and the nonlinearity of the storage ring optics. In this study, a novel method based on a neural network was proposed to determine the golden orbit in a much shorter time with reasonable accuracy. This golden orbit can be used directly for operation or adopted as a starting point for conventional BBA. The method was demonstrated in the HLS-II storage ring for the first time through simulations and online experiments. The results of the experiments showed that the golden orbit obtained using this new method was consistent with that obtained using the conventional BBA. The development of this new method and the corresponding experiments are reported in this paper.

由于存储环的误差,光束通常不会穿过磁体中心。偏离四极中心的光束会受到磁场馈下产生的额外偶极子场的影响。基于光束的对准(BBA)通常用于确定光束围绕四极子中心轴循环的黄金轨道。对于具有多个四极子的存储环来说,传统的 BBA 程序非常耗时,尤其是在调试阶段,因为需要进行必要的迭代过程。此外,传统的 BBA 方法还会受到强耦合和存储环光学非线性的影响。本研究提出了一种基于神经网络的新方法,可以在更短的时间内确定黄金轨道,并具有合理的精度。该黄金轨道可直接用于运行,也可作为传统 BBA 的起点。通过模拟和在线实验,该方法首次在 HLS-II 存储环中得到了验证。实验结果表明,使用这种新方法获得的黄金轨道与使用传统 BBA 获得的黄金轨道一致。本文报告了这一新方法的开发和相应的实验。
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引用次数: 0
Design and performance evaluation of a large field-of-view dual-particle time-encoded imager based on a depth-of-interaction detector 基于交互深度探测器的大视场双粒子时间编码成像仪的设计与性能评估
IF 2.8 1区 物理与天体物理 Q2 Energy Pub Date : 2024-05-09 DOI: 10.1007/s41365-024-01416-2
Dong Zhao, Xu-Wen Liang, Ping-Kun Cai, Wei Cheng, Wen-Bao Jia, Da-Qian Hei, Qing Shan, Yong-Sheng Ling, Chao Shi

Time-encoded imaging is useful for identifying potential special nuclear materials and other radioactive sources at a distance. In this study, a large field-of-view time-encoded imager was developed for gamma-ray and neutron source hotspot imaging based on a depth-of-interaction (DOI) detector. The imager primarily consists of a DOI detector system and a rotary dual-layer cylindrical coded mask. An EJ276 plastic scintillator coupled with two SiPMs was designed as the DOI detector to increase the field of view and improve the imager performance. The difference in signal time at both ends and the log of the signal amplitude ratio were used to calculate the interaction position resolution. The position resolution of the DOI detector was calibrated using a collimated Cs-137 source, and the full width at half maximum of the reconstruction position of the Gaussian fitting curve was approximately 4.4 cm. The DOI detector can be arbitrarily divided into several units to independently reconstruct the source distribution images. The unit length was optimized via Am-Be source-location experiments. A multidetector filtering method is proposed for image denoising. This method can effectively reduce image noise caused by poor DOI detector position resolution. The vertical field of view of the imager was (− 55°, 55°) when the detector was placed in the center of the coded mask. A DT neutron source at 20 m standoff could be located within 2400 s with an angular resolution of 3.5°.

时间编码成像技术可用于远距离识别潜在的特殊核材料和其他放射源。在这项研究中,开发了一种基于相互作用深度(DOI)探测器的大视场时间编码成像仪,用于伽马射线和中子源热点成像。该成像仪主要由一个 DOI 探测器系统和一个旋转式双层圆柱形编码掩模组成。为增加视场和提高成像仪性能,设计了一个与两个 SiPM 相结合的 EJ276 塑料闪烁体作为 DOI 探测器。两端的信号时间差和信号振幅比对数被用来计算相互作用的位置分辨率。使用准直铯-137 源校准了 DOI 探测器的位置分辨率,高斯拟合曲线重建位置的半最大全宽约为 4.4 厘米。DOI 探测器可任意分为多个单元,以独立重建源分布图像。单元长度通过 Am-Be 源定位实验进行了优化。提出了一种用于图像去噪的多探测器滤波方法。该方法可有效降低因 DOI 探测器位置分辨率低而导致的图像噪声。当探测器置于编码掩模中心时,成像仪的垂直视场为(- 55°,55°)。可以在 2400 秒内定位距离为 20 米的 DT 中子源,角度分辨率为 3.5°。
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引用次数: 0
Neutron irradiation influence on high-power thyristor device under fusion environment 核聚变环境下中子辐照对大功率晶闸管器件的影响
IF 2.8 1区 物理与天体物理 Q2 Energy Pub Date : 2024-05-09 DOI: 10.1007/s41365-024-01433-1
Wei Tong, Hua Li, Meng Xu, Zhi-Quan Song, Bo Chen

Because of their economy and applicability, high-power thyristor devices are widely used in the power supply systems for large fusion devices. When high-dose neutrons produced by deuterium–tritium (D–T) fusion reactions are irradiated on a thyristor device for a long time, the electrical characteristics of the device change, which may eventually cause irreversible damage. In this study, with the thyristor switch of the commutation circuit in the quench protection system (QPS) of a fusion device as the study object, the relationship between the internal physical structure and external electrical parameters of the irradiated thyristor is established. Subsequently, a series of targeted thyristor physical simulations and neutron irradiation experiments are conducted to verify the accuracy of the theoretical analysis. In addition, the effect of irradiated thyristor electrical characteristic changes on the entire QPS is studied by accurate simulation, providing valuable guidelines for the maintenance and renovation of the QPS.

大功率晶闸管器件因其经济性和适用性,被广泛应用于大型核聚变装置的供电系统中。当氘-氚(D-T)聚变反应产生的高剂量中子长时间辐照晶闸管器件时,器件的电气特性会发生变化,最终可能造成不可逆的损坏。本研究以核聚变装置淬火保护系统(QPS)中换向电路的晶闸管开关为研究对象,建立了辐照晶闸管内部物理结构与外部电气参数之间的关系。随后,进行了一系列有针对性的晶闸管物理模拟和中子辐照实验,以验证理论分析的准确性。此外,还通过精确模拟研究了辐照晶闸管电气特性变化对整个 QPS 的影响,为 QPS 的维护和改造提供了有价值的指导。
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引用次数: 0
Plutonium utilization in a small modular molten-salt reactor based on a batch fuel reprocessing scheme 基于分批燃料后处理方案的小型模块化熔盐反应堆中的钚利用
IF 2.8 1区 物理与天体物理 Q2 Energy Pub Date : 2024-05-09 DOI: 10.1007/s41365-024-01428-y
Xue-Chao Zhao, Rui Yan, Gui-Feng Zhu, Ya-Fen Liu, Jian Guo, Xiang-Zhou Cai, Yang Zou

A molten salt reactor (MSR) has outstanding features considering the application of thorium fuel, inherent safety, sustainability, and resistance to proliferation. However, fissile material ({^{233}hbox {U}}) is significantly rare at the current stage, thus it is difficult for MSR to achieve a pure thorium-uranium fuel cycle. Therefore, using plutonium or enriched uranium as the initial fuel for MSR is more practical. In this study, we aim to verify the feasibility of a small modular MSR that utilizes plutonium as the starting fuel (SM-MSR-Pu), and highlight its advantages and disadvantages. First, the structural design and fuel management scheme of the SM-MSR-Pu were presented. Second, the neutronic characteristics, such as the graphite-irradiation lifetime, burn-up performance, and coefficient of temperature reactivity were calculated to analyze the physical characteristics of the SM-MSR-Pu. The results indicate that plutonium is a feasible and advantageous starting fuel for a SM-MSR; however, there are certain shortcomings that need to be solved. In a 250 MWth SM-MSR-Pu, approximately 288.64 kg ({^{233}hbox {U}}) of plutonium with a purity of greater than 90% is produced while 978.00 kg is burned every ten years. The temperature reactivity coefficient decreases from (-4.0) to (-6.5) pcm K(^{-1}) over the 50-year operating time, which ensures a long-term safe operation. However, the amount of plutonium and accumulation of minor actinides (MAs) would increase as the burn-up time increases, and the annual production and purity of ({^{233}hbox {U}}) will decrease. To achieve an optimal burn-up performance, setting the entire operation time to 30 years is advisable. Regardless, more than 3600 kg of plutonium eventually accumulate in the core. Further research is required to effectively utilize this accumulated plutonium.

考虑到钍燃料的应用、内在安全性、可持续性和抗扩散性,熔盐反应堆(MSR)具有突出的特点。然而,现阶段裂变材料十分稀缺,因此熔盐堆很难实现纯钍铀燃料循环。因此,使用钚或浓缩铀作为 MSR 的初始燃料更为实际。在本研究中,我们旨在验证利用钚作为初始燃料的小型模块化 MSR(SM-MSR-Pu)的可行性,并强调其优缺点。首先,介绍了 SM-MSR-Pu 的结构设计和燃料管理方案。其次,计算了石墨辐照寿命、燃烧性能和温度反应系数等中子特性,分析了 SM-MSR-Pu 的物理特性。结果表明,钚是 SM-MSR 的一种可行且有利的起始燃料,但仍有一些缺陷需要解决。在 250 MWth SM-MSR-Pu中,大约会产生288.64千克({^{233}hbox {U}})纯度大于90%的钚,而每十年会燃烧978.00千克。在 50 年的运行时间里,温度反应系数从 (-4.0) 下降到 (-6.5) pcm K(^{-1}) ,从而确保了长期安全运行。然而,钚的数量和微量锕系元素(MAs)的积累会随着燃烧时间的延长而增加,({^{233}hbox {U}})的年产量和纯度也会下降。为了达到最佳的燃烧性能,最好将整个运行时间设定为 30 年。无论如何,堆芯中最终会积累超过 3600 千克的钚。要有效利用这些积累的钚,还需要进一步的研究。
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引用次数: 0
Studies of an event-building algorithm of the readout system for the twin TPCs in HFRS 高频红外热像仪双 TPC 读出系统的事件构建算法研究
IF 2.8 1区 物理与天体物理 Q2 Energy Pub Date : 2024-05-09 DOI: 10.1007/s41365-024-01434-0
Jing Tian, Zhi-Peng Sun, Song-Bo Chang, Yi Qian, Hong-Yun Zhao, Zheng-Guo Hu, Xi-Meng Chen

The High-energy Fragment Separator (HFRS), which is currently under construction, is a leading international radioactive beam device. Multiple sets of position-sensitive twin time projection chamber (TPC) detectors are distributed on HFRS for particle identification and beam monitoring. The twin TPCs’ readout electronics system operates in a trigger-less mode due to its high counting rate, leading to a challenge of handling large amounts of data. To address this problem, we introduced an event-building algorithm. This algorithm employs a hierarchical processing strategy to compress data during transmission and aggregation. In addition, it reconstructs twin TPCs’ events online and stores only the reconstructed particle information, which significantly reduces the burden on data transmission and storage resources. Simulation studies demonstrated that the algorithm accurately matches twin TPCs’ events and reduces more than 98% of the data volume at a counting rate of 500 kHz/channel.

目前正在建造的高能碎片分离器(HFRS)是国际领先的放射性束装置。高能碎片分离器上分布着多套位置敏感的双时间投影室(TPC)探测器,用于粒子识别和束流监测。由于双 TPC 的计数率很高,其读出电子系统以无触发模式运行,这给处理大量数据带来了挑战。为解决这一问题,我们引入了一种事件构建算法。该算法采用分层处理策略,在传输和聚合过程中压缩数据。此外,它还能在线重建孪生 TPC 事件,并只存储重建后的粒子信息,从而大大减轻了数据传输和存储资源的负担。仿真研究表明,该算法能准确匹配孪生 TPC 事件,并在 500 kHz/通道的计数率下减少了 98% 以上的数据量。
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引用次数: 0
Design of weak current measurement system and research on temperature impact 设计弱电流测量系统并研究温度影响
IF 2.8 1区 物理与天体物理 Q2 Energy Pub Date : 2024-05-09 DOI: 10.1007/s41365-024-01431-3
Chu-Xiang Zhao, San-Gang Li, Rong-Rong Su, Li Yang, Ming-Zhe Liu, Qing-Yue Xue, Shan Liao, Zhi Zhou, Qing-Shan Tan, Xian-Guo Tuo, Yi Cheng

A dedicated weak current measurement system was designed to measure the weak currents generated by the neutron ionization chamber. This system incorporates a second-order low-pass filter circuit and the Kalman filtering algorithm to effectively filter out noise and minimize interference in the measurement results. Testing conducted under normal temperature conditions has demonstrated the system’s high precision performance. However, it was observed that temperature variations can affect the measurement performance. Data were collected across temperatures ranging from (-20) to (70;{^circ }{text{C}}), and a temperature correction model was established through linear regression fitting to address this issue. The feasibility of the temperature correction model was confirmed at temperatures of (-5) and ({40};{^circ }{text{C}}), where relative errors remained below 0.1(%) after applying the temperature correction. The research indicates that the designed measurement system exhibits excellent temperature adaptability and high precision, making it particularly suitable for measuring weak currents.

为测量中子电离室产生的微弱电流,设计了一套专用的微弱电流测量系统。该系统采用二阶低通滤波电路和卡尔曼滤波算法,可有效滤除噪声,最大限度地减少对测量结果的干扰。在常温条件下进行的测试证明了该系统的高精度性能。不过,据观察,温度变化也会影响测量性能。我们收集了从 (-20) 到 (70;{^circ }{text{C}}) 温度范围内的数据,并通过线性回归拟合建立了一个温度校正模型来解决这个问题。温度校正模型的可行性在温度为(-5)和({40};{^circ }{text{C}})时得到了证实,应用温度校正后,相对误差保持在 0.1(%)以下。研究表明,所设计的测量系统具有良好的温度适应性和高精度,特别适用于测量弱电流。
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引用次数: 0
Chord length sampling correction analysis for dispersion fuel in Monte Carlo simulation 蒙特卡罗模拟中分散燃料的弦长取样校正分析
IF 2.8 1区 物理与天体物理 Q2 Energy Pub Date : 2024-05-09 DOI: 10.1007/s41365-024-01432-2
Zhao-Yu Liang, Ding She, Yu-Tong Wen, Lei Shi

Dispersion fuels, knowned for their excellent safety performance, are widely used in advanced reactors, such as high-temperature gas-cooled reactors. Compared with deterministic methods, the Monte Carlo method has more advantages in the geometric modeling of stochastic media. The explicit modeling method has high computational accuracy and high computational cost. The chord length sampling (CLS) method can improve computational efficiency by sampling the chord length during neutron transport using the matrix chord length's probability density function. This study shows that the excluded-volume effect in realistic stochastic media can introduce certain deviations into the CLS. A chord length correction approach is proposed to obtain the chord length correction factor by developing the Particle code based on equivalent transmission probability. Through numerical analysis against reference solutions from explicit modeling in the RMC code, it was demonstrated that CLS with the proposed correction method provides good accuracy for addressing the excluded-volume effect in realistic infinite stochastic media.

分散燃料以其出色的安全性能而著称,被广泛应用于高温气冷堆等先进反应堆中。与确定性方法相比,蒙特卡洛方法在随机介质的几何建模方面更具优势。显式建模方法计算精度高,计算成本高。弦长采样(CLS)方法可以利用矩阵弦长的概率密度函数对中子传输过程中的弦长进行采样,从而提高计算效率。本研究表明,现实随机介质中的排除体积效应会给 CLS 带来一定的偏差。研究提出了一种弦长修正方法,通过开发基于等效传输概率的粒子代码来获得弦长修正系数。通过与 RMC 代码中显式建模的参考解进行数值分析,证明了采用所提修正方法的 CLS 在解决现实无限随机介质中的排除体积效应方面具有良好的准确性。
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引用次数: 0
An efficient parallel algorithm of variational nodal method for heterogeneous neutron transport problems 异质中子输运问题变分节点法的高效并行算法
IF 2.8 1区 物理与天体物理 Q2 Energy Pub Date : 2024-05-09 DOI: 10.1007/s41365-024-01430-4
Han Yin, Xiao-Jing Liu, Teng-Fei Zhang

The heterogeneous variational nodal method (HVNM) has emerged as a potential approach for solving high-fidelity neutron transport problems. However, achieving accurate results with HVNM in large-scale problems using high-fidelity models has been challenging due to the prohibitive computational costs. This paper presents an efficient parallel algorithm tailored for HVNM based on the Message Passing Interface standard. The algorithm evenly distributes the response matrix sets among processors during the matrix formation process, thus enabling independent construction without communication. Once the formation tasks are completed, a collective operation merges and shares the matrix sets among the processors. For the solution process, the problem domain is decomposed into subdomains assigned to specific processors, and the red-black Gauss-Seidel iteration is employed within each subdomain to solve the response matrix equation. Point-to-point communication is conducted between adjacent subdomains to exchange data along the boundaries. The accuracy and efficiency of the parallel algorithm are verified using the KAIST and JRR-3 test cases. Numerical results obtained with multiple processors agree well with those obtained from Monte Carlo calculations. The parallelization of HVNM results in eigenvalue errors of 31 pcm/(-)90 pcm and fission rate RMS errors of 1.22%/0.66%, respectively, for the 3D KAIST problem and the 3D JRR-3 problem. In addition, the parallel algorithm significantly reduces computation time, with an efficiency of 68.51% using 36 processors in the KAIST problem and 77.14% using 144 processors in the JRR-3 problem.

异质变分节点法(HVNM)已成为解决高保真中子输运问题的一种潜在方法。然而,由于计算成本过高,在使用高保真模型的大规模问题中使用 HVNM 取得精确结果一直是个挑战。本文基于消息传递接口标准,提出了一种为 HVNM 量身定制的高效并行算法。该算法在矩阵形成过程中将响应矩阵集平均分配给不同的处理器,从而实现了无需通信的独立构建。一旦矩阵形成任务完成,一个集体操作就会在处理器之间合并和共享矩阵集。在求解过程中,问题域被分解为分配给特定处理器的子域,并在每个子域内采用红黑高斯-赛德尔迭代来求解响应矩阵方程。相邻子域之间进行点对点通信,沿边界交换数据。并行算法的准确性和效率通过 KAIST 和 JRR-3 测试案例进行了验证。使用多处理器得到的数值结果与蒙特卡罗计算得到的结果非常吻合。对于三维 KAIST 问题和三维 JRR-3 问题,HVNM 的并行化导致的特征值误差分别为 31 pcm/(-)90 pcm,裂变率均方根误差分别为 1.22%/0.66%。此外,并行算法大大减少了计算时间,在 KAIST 问题中使用 36 个处理器的效率为 68.51%,在 JRR-3 问题中使用 144 个处理器的效率为 77.14%。
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引用次数: 0
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Nuclear Science and Techniques
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