Scholars have hailed Wendy Delorme's first novel, Quatrieme generation (Grasset, 2007), and subsequent narratives as pioneering for their introduction of Queer Studies, gender performativity, sex-p...
{"title":"A Neopicaresque Journey into Queer and Sex-Positivity: Wendy Delorme's Quatrième génération","authors":"Michèle A. Schaal","doi":"10.3366/NFS.2021.0306","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/NFS.2021.0306","url":null,"abstract":"Scholars have hailed Wendy Delorme's first novel, Quatrieme generation (Grasset, 2007), and subsequent narratives as pioneering for their introduction of Queer Studies, gender performativity, sex-p...","PeriodicalId":19182,"journal":{"name":"Nottingham French Studies","volume":"60 1","pages":"80-97"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2021-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45852323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Paru en 2000, Paysage fer fait partie de la litterature « deconcertante » et met en place des contraintes d'ecriture qui permettent a Francois Bon de constater une imbrication continuelle de la pro...
{"title":"Du constat de l'imbrication à la construction du réel: paysage fer de François Bon","authors":"Dan Zhang","doi":"10.3366/NFS.2021.0302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/NFS.2021.0302","url":null,"abstract":"Paru en 2000, Paysage fer fait partie de la litterature « deconcertante » et met en place des contraintes d'ecriture qui permettent a Francois Bon de constater une imbrication continuelle de la pro...","PeriodicalId":19182,"journal":{"name":"Nottingham French Studies","volume":"60 1","pages":"18-32"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2021-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43352045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cet article interroge comment la litterature de voyage contemporaine peut interagir avec le monde numerique. Il s'appuie sur des œuvres qui explorent, par le biais du voyage, un espace dans lequel ...
本文探讨了当代旅游文学如何与数字世界互动。它基于通过旅行探索一个空间的作品，在这个空间中。。。
{"title":"La Littérature de voyage à l'heure du numérique: Olivier Hodasava et Mathias Énard","authors":"Mathilde Poizat-Amar","doi":"10.3366/NFS.2021.0305","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/NFS.2021.0305","url":null,"abstract":"Cet article interroge comment la litterature de voyage contemporaine peut interagir avec le monde numerique. Il s'appuie sur des œuvres qui explorent, par le biais du voyage, un espace dans lequel ...","PeriodicalId":19182,"journal":{"name":"Nottingham French Studies","volume":"60 1","pages":"64-79"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2021-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44404606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the Post-War period, cybernetics came to assume the role of unifying ground of science and technology. In doing so, it not only usurped philosophy, but also replaced the basic concepts of philosophy (being, existence, becoming, appearing, etc.) with those of cybernetics (information, communication, control, feedback, etc.). And yet, as both Heidegger and Morin each in their different ways make clear, there lies concealed in the roots of cybernetics the possibility of a renewed thinking of being, and more specifically of being as physis, where physis is understood as self-production. Articulating the parallel thinking of being as physis proposed by Heidegger and Morin, I argue that this articulation makes it possible to overcome the characteristically metaphysical division of being from becoming, appearing, and existing that originated with Parmenides, thus also making possible the emergence of a ‘new beginning’ capable of overcoming the unprecedented danger to being posed by modern technology.
{"title":"What Lies Concealed in the Roots of Cybernetics: The Renewal of Early Greek Thinking of Being as Physis in Martin Heidegger and Edgar Morin","authors":"H. Dicks","doi":"10.3366/nfs.2020.0297","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/nfs.2020.0297","url":null,"abstract":"In the Post-War period, cybernetics came to assume the role of unifying ground of science and technology. In doing so, it not only usurped philosophy, but also replaced the basic concepts of philosophy (being, existence, becoming, appearing, etc.) with those of cybernetics (information, communication, control, feedback, etc.). And yet, as both Heidegger and Morin each in their different ways make clear, there lies concealed in the roots of cybernetics the possibility of a renewed thinking of being, and more specifically of being as physis, where physis is understood as self-production. Articulating the parallel thinking of being as physis proposed by Heidegger and Morin, I argue that this articulation makes it possible to overcome the characteristically metaphysical division of being from becoming, appearing, and existing that originated with Parmenides, thus also making possible the emergence of a ‘new beginning’ capable of overcoming the unprecedented danger to being posed by modern technology.","PeriodicalId":19182,"journal":{"name":"Nottingham French Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2020-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46796748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The histories of genetics and cybernetics overlapped in the mid-twentieth century. Both fields deal with dynamic systems, such as living organisms or machines that move, change and respond to the environment. It might therefore be expected that the metaphors used to research and communicate biological, genetic or genomic phenomena might take inspiration from cybernetics. Molecular biology was indeed inspired by cybernetics, but, surprisingly, the most popular metaphors used for research and communication were rooted in older fields of human endeavour, such as the Morse code, printing and machines. Such metaphors tended to foreground static and product aspects of biological phenomena, rather than dynamic and process ones. This made it difficult to talk widely about complexity, flexibility and dynamics, all aspects of biology (and cybernetics) that were well-known and well-studied. Modern-day biologists have noted this discrepancy between their research and the language used to talk about it, and are now calling for a new language, inspired amongst others by cybernetics, a language that, it is hoped, might capture the dynamic aspects of biology which some of the older metaphors tended to hide. In this article I survey (some of) the history of metaphors from the 1940s to 2019, focusing on the metaphors of the code (and information), the book and the machine. I attempt to show that cybernetics, although influencing the emergence of molecular biology, failed to inspire popular metaphors. Will modern biologists, taking inspiration from cybernetics to create not only a new science but also a new language, be more successful in this enterprise?
{"title":"Encounters between Life and Language: Codes, Books, Machines and Cybernetics","authors":"B. Nerlich","doi":"10.3366/nfs.2020.0293","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/nfs.2020.0293","url":null,"abstract":"The histories of genetics and cybernetics overlapped in the mid-twentieth century. Both fields deal with dynamic systems, such as living organisms or machines that move, change and respond to the environment. It might therefore be expected that the metaphors used to research and communicate biological, genetic or genomic phenomena might take inspiration from cybernetics. Molecular biology was indeed inspired by cybernetics, but, surprisingly, the most popular metaphors used for research and communication were rooted in older fields of human endeavour, such as the Morse code, printing and machines. Such metaphors tended to foreground static and product aspects of biological phenomena, rather than dynamic and process ones. This made it difficult to talk widely about complexity, flexibility and dynamics, all aspects of biology (and cybernetics) that were well-known and well-studied. Modern-day biologists have noted this discrepancy between their research and the language used to talk about it, and are now calling for a new language, inspired amongst others by cybernetics, a language that, it is hoped, might capture the dynamic aspects of biology which some of the older metaphors tended to hide. In this article I survey (some of) the history of metaphors from the 1940s to 2019, focusing on the metaphors of the code (and information), the book and the machine. I attempt to show that cybernetics, although influencing the emergence of molecular biology, failed to inspire popular metaphors. Will modern biologists, taking inspiration from cybernetics to create not only a new science but also a new language, be more successful in this enterprise?","PeriodicalId":19182,"journal":{"name":"Nottingham French Studies","volume":"59 1","pages":"311-332"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49019158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nous proposons d’étudier comment l'acte de nomination de la cybernétique place la pensée au sein d'une analogie fondamentale ( kybernètes) entre « piloter » (un navire) et « gouverner », entraînant la réduction du champ conceptuel de « commandement » à celui de « contrôle » qui influe de façon déterminante sur nos conceptions de ce que « penser » veut dire. Nous replacerons cette analogie nautique au sein de son riche héritage philosophique, attesté au moins depuis Platon, afin d’évaluer comment le traitement cybernétique du concept-source de pilote se caractérise paradoxalement par l'effacement de son dispositif technique (capitaine, gouvernail, navire), entraînant la virtualisation de son appareil symbolique (pensée, langage, corps) et donc la réduction du concept-cible ( gouverner) à la notion de « contrôle ». La cybernétique opère ainsi un transfert de matérialité entre source et cible qui fait de gouverner un simple appareil technique dans l'oubli de la valeur différentielle de toute analogie qui tient précisément en la non-coïncidence de ses termes. Par « télé-commande » nous désignons le contrôle du programme de la raison réduite à une intelligence devenue artificielle et l'intégrisme de son circuit d'opération qui se renvoie un monde à son image. Nous verrons comment ce mode de pensée se caractérise par la réduction de l’écart entre input/output, source et cible, symbolisée notamment par les nouvelles technologies de contrôle à distance ( télé-commande). La notion de « contrôle » s'avère alors insuffisante pour modéliser le « gouvernement » de soi, des autres et du monde, invitant à une redéfinition de la notion de « commandement » en sa portée éthique.
{"title":"La Télé-commande","authors":"Yves Gilonne","doi":"10.3366/nfs.2020.0292","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/nfs.2020.0292","url":null,"abstract":"Nous proposons d’étudier comment l'acte de nomination de la cybernétique place la pensée au sein d'une analogie fondamentale ( kybernètes) entre « piloter » (un navire) et « gouverner », entraînant la réduction du champ conceptuel de « commandement » à celui de « contrôle » qui influe de façon déterminante sur nos conceptions de ce que « penser » veut dire. Nous replacerons cette analogie nautique au sein de son riche héritage philosophique, attesté au moins depuis Platon, afin d’évaluer comment le traitement cybernétique du concept-source de pilote se caractérise paradoxalement par l'effacement de son dispositif technique (capitaine, gouvernail, navire), entraînant la virtualisation de son appareil symbolique (pensée, langage, corps) et donc la réduction du concept-cible ( gouverner) à la notion de « contrôle ». La cybernétique opère ainsi un transfert de matérialité entre source et cible qui fait de gouverner un simple appareil technique dans l'oubli de la valeur différentielle de toute analogie qui tient précisément en la non-coïncidence de ses termes. Par « télé-commande » nous désignons le contrôle du programme de la raison réduite à une intelligence devenue artificielle et l'intégrisme de son circuit d'opération qui se renvoie un monde à son image. Nous verrons comment ce mode de pensée se caractérise par la réduction de l’écart entre input/output, source et cible, symbolisée notamment par les nouvelles technologies de contrôle à distance ( télé-commande). La notion de « contrôle » s'avère alors insuffisante pour modéliser le « gouvernement » de soi, des autres et du monde, invitant à une redéfinition de la notion de « commandement » en sa portée éthique.","PeriodicalId":19182,"journal":{"name":"Nottingham French Studies","volume":"59 1","pages":"289-310"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42744155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As well as his ground-breaking work in the field of molecular biology with Jacques Monod, François Jacob was a gifted and influential writer on science. His extraordinary capacity to make imaginative connections and to coin compelling metaphors informed both his work as a scientist and his writing on science. This article looks at the development of Jacob's distinctive constructivist conceptualization of science over the course of his career. Although Jacob was initially attracted to the metaphor of genetic material as a computer programme, he ultimately moved away from the mechanistic model of reproduction and evolution favoured by Monod. In a short paper published in the journal Science in 1977, he used the metaphor of bricolage as a way of conveying that biology evolution is a process of ‘tinkering’ with pre-existing materials rather than an elegant process of design. This conceptualization of the evolutionary process of building the new from the old has been highly influential in thinking on biology. In a more general sense, the concept of bricolage has a central role in Jacob's work, bringing together his thinking on evolution and science in general. The centrality of bricolage for Jacob positions him philosophically in many ways in the opposing camp to the Cartesian tradition, which was at the core of Monod's vision of science in the world.
{"title":"François Jacob: Bricolage and the Possible","authors":"J. Marks","doi":"10.3366/nfs.2020.0294","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/nfs.2020.0294","url":null,"abstract":"As well as his ground-breaking work in the field of molecular biology with Jacques Monod, François Jacob was a gifted and influential writer on science. His extraordinary capacity to make imaginative connections and to coin compelling metaphors informed both his work as a scientist and his writing on science. This article looks at the development of Jacob's distinctive constructivist conceptualization of science over the course of his career. Although Jacob was initially attracted to the metaphor of genetic material as a computer programme, he ultimately moved away from the mechanistic model of reproduction and evolution favoured by Monod. In a short paper published in the journal Science in 1977, he used the metaphor of bricolage as a way of conveying that biology evolution is a process of ‘tinkering’ with pre-existing materials rather than an elegant process of design. This conceptualization of the evolutionary process of building the new from the old has been highly influential in thinking on biology. In a more general sense, the concept of bricolage has a central role in Jacob's work, bringing together his thinking on evolution and science in general. The centrality of bricolage for Jacob positions him philosophically in many ways in the opposing camp to the Cartesian tradition, which was at the core of Monod's vision of science in the world.","PeriodicalId":19182,"journal":{"name":"Nottingham French Studies","volume":"59 1","pages":"333-349"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47191535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In his 2011 French Studies article ‘Leroi-Gourhan and the Limits of the Human’, Chris Johnson traced André Leroi-Gourhan's ethnography of the imbrication of the biological, cultural, and technological in Le Geste et la parole (1964). Johnson placed special emphasis on how Leroi-Gourhan's narrative culminates in a speculative vision of a homo post-sapiens: a limit-experience in which our species evolves beyond the human as we understand it in an increasingly automated world. This article takes up the conceptual genealogy surrounding Leroi-Gourhan to focus on the interaction between his work and that of his unruly predecessor André Breton, and heir, Bernard Stiegler. Taking as its starting point the linguistic contagion of automatism and automation, it will argue that Stiegler's contemporary reflections on our ‘automatic society’ are rooted in a Bretonian surrealist preoccupation with the automatic – not as a category of alienation, but as a wellspring of creativity, dreams, and subjectivity unfurling in language. Understanding how contemporary French technocritical thought has filtered down from avant-garde artistic movements through anthropology in an unruly technocritical genealogy offers an opportunity to reclaim the notion of the automatic, and to reconfigure our expectations and plans for our technological future.
克里斯·约翰逊在其2011年的法国研究文章《勒罗伊·古尔汉与人类的极限》中追溯了安德烈·勒罗伊·古尔汉在《Le Geste et la paral》（1964）中对生物、文化和技术的重叠的民族志。Johnson特别强调了Leroi Gourhan的叙事是如何在后智人的思辨视野中达到高潮的：这是一种极限体验，在这种体验中，我们的物种在一个日益自动化的世界中超越了我们所理解的人类。本文采用了围绕勒罗伊·古尔汉的概念谱系，重点关注他的作品与他不守规矩的前任安德烈·布雷顿和继承人伯纳德·斯蒂格勒的作品之间的互动。以自动化和自动化的语言传染为出发点，它认为斯蒂格勒对我们“自动化社会”的当代反思植根于布雷顿超现实主义对自动化的关注 – 不是异化的范畴，而是创造力、梦想和主体性在语言中的源泉。在一个不守规矩的技术批判谱系中，通过人类学了解当代法国技术批判思想是如何从先锋艺术运动中渗透出来的，这为我们重新树立自动化的概念，重新配置我们对技术未来的期望和计划提供了机会。
{"title":"Living as we Dream: Automatism and Automation from Surrealism to Stiegler","authors":"Madeleine R. Chalmers","doi":"10.3366/nfs.2020.0296","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/nfs.2020.0296","url":null,"abstract":"In his 2011 French Studies article ‘Leroi-Gourhan and the Limits of the Human’, Chris Johnson traced André Leroi-Gourhan's ethnography of the imbrication of the biological, cultural, and technological in Le Geste et la parole (1964). Johnson placed special emphasis on how Leroi-Gourhan's narrative culminates in a speculative vision of a homo post-sapiens: a limit-experience in which our species evolves beyond the human as we understand it in an increasingly automated world. This article takes up the conceptual genealogy surrounding Leroi-Gourhan to focus on the interaction between his work and that of his unruly predecessor André Breton, and heir, Bernard Stiegler. Taking as its starting point the linguistic contagion of automatism and automation, it will argue that Stiegler's contemporary reflections on our ‘automatic society’ are rooted in a Bretonian surrealist preoccupation with the automatic – not as a category of alienation, but as a wellspring of creativity, dreams, and subjectivity unfurling in language. Understanding how contemporary French technocritical thought has filtered down from avant-garde artistic movements through anthropology in an unruly technocritical genealogy offers an opportunity to reclaim the notion of the automatic, and to reconfigure our expectations and plans for our technological future.","PeriodicalId":19182,"journal":{"name":"Nottingham French Studies","volume":"59 1","pages":"368-383"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48848447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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