Scholars have hailed Wendy Delorme's first novel, Quatrieme generation (Grasset, 2007), and subsequent narratives as pioneering for their introduction of Queer Studies, gender performativity, sex-p...
{"title":"A Neopicaresque Journey into Queer and Sex-Positivity: Wendy Delorme's Quatrième génération","authors":"Michèle A. Schaal","doi":"10.3366/NFS.2021.0306","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/NFS.2021.0306","url":null,"abstract":"Scholars have hailed Wendy Delorme's first novel, Quatrieme generation (Grasset, 2007), and subsequent narratives as pioneering for their introduction of Queer Studies, gender performativity, sex-p...","PeriodicalId":19182,"journal":{"name":"Nottingham French Studies","volume":"60 1","pages":"80-97"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2021-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45852323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Paru en 2000, Paysage fer fait partie de la litterature « deconcertante » et met en place des contraintes d'ecriture qui permettent a Francois Bon de constater une imbrication continuelle de la pro...
{"title":"Du constat de l'imbrication à la construction du réel: paysage fer de François Bon","authors":"Dan Zhang","doi":"10.3366/NFS.2021.0302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/NFS.2021.0302","url":null,"abstract":"Paru en 2000, Paysage fer fait partie de la litterature « deconcertante » et met en place des contraintes d'ecriture qui permettent a Francois Bon de constater une imbrication continuelle de la pro...","PeriodicalId":19182,"journal":{"name":"Nottingham French Studies","volume":"60 1","pages":"18-32"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2021-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43352045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cet article interroge comment la litterature de voyage contemporaine peut interagir avec le monde numerique. Il s'appuie sur des œuvres qui explorent, par le biais du voyage, un espace dans lequel ...
本文探讨了当代旅游文学如何与数字世界互动。它基于通过旅行探索一个空间的作品，在这个空间中。。。
{"title":"La Littérature de voyage à l'heure du numérique: Olivier Hodasava et Mathias Énard","authors":"Mathilde Poizat-Amar","doi":"10.3366/NFS.2021.0305","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/NFS.2021.0305","url":null,"abstract":"Cet article interroge comment la litterature de voyage contemporaine peut interagir avec le monde numerique. Il s'appuie sur des œuvres qui explorent, par le biais du voyage, un espace dans lequel ...","PeriodicalId":19182,"journal":{"name":"Nottingham French Studies","volume":"60 1","pages":"64-79"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2021-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44404606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the Post-War period, cybernetics came to assume the role of unifying ground of science and technology. In doing so, it not only usurped philosophy, but also replaced the basic concepts of philosophy (being, existence, becoming, appearing, etc.) with those of cybernetics (information, communication, control, feedback, etc.). And yet, as both Heidegger and Morin each in their different ways make clear, there lies concealed in the roots of cybernetics the possibility of a renewed thinking of being, and more specifically of being as physis, where physis is understood as self-production. Articulating the parallel thinking of being as physis proposed by Heidegger and Morin, I argue that this articulation makes it possible to overcome the characteristically metaphysical division of being from becoming, appearing, and existing that originated with Parmenides, thus also making possible the emergence of a ‘new beginning’ capable of overcoming the unprecedented danger to being posed by modern technology.
{"title":"What Lies Concealed in the Roots of Cybernetics: The Renewal of Early Greek Thinking of Being as Physis in Martin Heidegger and Edgar Morin","authors":"H. Dicks","doi":"10.3366/nfs.2020.0297","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/nfs.2020.0297","url":null,"abstract":"In the Post-War period, cybernetics came to assume the role of unifying ground of science and technology. In doing so, it not only usurped philosophy, but also replaced the basic concepts of philosophy (being, existence, becoming, appearing, etc.) with those of cybernetics (information, communication, control, feedback, etc.). And yet, as both Heidegger and Morin each in their different ways make clear, there lies concealed in the roots of cybernetics the possibility of a renewed thinking of being, and more specifically of being as physis, where physis is understood as self-production. Articulating the parallel thinking of being as physis proposed by Heidegger and Morin, I argue that this articulation makes it possible to overcome the characteristically metaphysical division of being from becoming, appearing, and existing that originated with Parmenides, thus also making possible the emergence of a ‘new beginning’ capable of overcoming the unprecedented danger to being posed by modern technology.","PeriodicalId":19182,"journal":{"name":"Nottingham French Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2020-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46796748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The histories of genetics and cybernetics overlapped in the mid-twentieth century. Both fields deal with dynamic systems, such as living organisms or machines that move, change and respond to the environment. It might therefore be expected that the metaphors used to research and communicate biological, genetic or genomic phenomena might take inspiration from cybernetics. Molecular biology was indeed inspired by cybernetics, but, surprisingly, the most popular metaphors used for research and communication were rooted in older fields of human endeavour, such as the Morse code, printing and machines. Such metaphors tended to foreground static and product aspects of biological phenomena, rather than dynamic and process ones. This made it difficult to talk widely about complexity, flexibility and dynamics, all aspects of biology (and cybernetics) that were well-known and well-studied. Modern-day biologists have noted this discrepancy between their research and the language used to talk about it, and are now calling for a new language, inspired amongst others by cybernetics, a language that, it is hoped, might capture the dynamic aspects of biology which some of the older metaphors tended to hide. In this article I survey (some of) the history of metaphors from the 1940s to 2019, focusing on the metaphors of the code (and information), the book and the machine. I attempt to show that cybernetics, although influencing the emergence of molecular biology, failed to inspire popular metaphors. Will modern biologists, taking inspiration from cybernetics to create not only a new science but also a new language, be more successful in this enterprise?
{"title":"Encounters between Life and Language: Codes, Books, Machines and Cybernetics","authors":"B. Nerlich","doi":"10.3366/nfs.2020.0293","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/nfs.2020.0293","url":null,"abstract":"The histories of genetics and cybernetics overlapped in the mid-twentieth century. Both fields deal with dynamic systems, such as living organisms or machines that move, change and respond to the environment. It might therefore be expected that the metaphors used to research and communicate biological, genetic or genomic phenomena might take inspiration from cybernetics. Molecular biology was indeed inspired by cybernetics, but, surprisingly, the most popular metaphors used for research and communication were rooted in older fields of human endeavour, such as the Morse code, printing and machines. Such metaphors tended to foreground static and product aspects of biological phenomena, rather than dynamic and process ones. This made it difficult to talk widely about complexity, flexibility and dynamics, all aspects of biology (and cybernetics) that were well-known and well-studied. Modern-day biologists have noted this discrepancy between their research and the language used to talk about it, and are now calling for a new language, inspired amongst others by cybernetics, a language that, it is hoped, might capture the dynamic aspects of biology which some of the older metaphors tended to hide. In this article I survey (some of) the history of metaphors from the 1940s to 2019, focusing on the metaphors of the code (and information), the book and the machine. I attempt to show that cybernetics, although influencing the emergence of molecular biology, failed to inspire popular metaphors. Will modern biologists, taking inspiration from cybernetics to create not only a new science but also a new language, be more successful in this enterprise?","PeriodicalId":19182,"journal":{"name":"Nottingham French Studies","volume":"59 1","pages":"311-332"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49019158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nous proposons d’étudier comment l'acte de nomination de la cybernétique place la pensée au sein d'une analogie fondamentale ( kybernètes) entre « piloter » (un navire) et « gouverner », entraînant la réduction du champ conceptuel de « commandement » à celui de « contrôle » qui influe de façon déterminante sur nos conceptions de ce que « penser » veut dire. Nous replacerons cette analogie nautique au sein de son riche héritage philosophique, attesté au moins depuis Platon, afin d’évaluer comment le traitement cybernétique du concept-source de pilote se caractérise paradoxalement par l'effacement de son dispositif technique (capitaine, gouvernail, navire), entraînant la virtualisation de son appareil symbolique (pensée, langage, corps) et donc la réduction du concept-cible ( gouverner) à la notion de « contrôle ». La cybernétique opère ainsi un transfert de matérialité entre source et cible qui fait de gouverner un simple appareil technique dans l'oubli de la valeur différentielle de toute analogie qui tient précisément en la non-coïncidence de ses termes. Par « télé-commande » nous désignons le contrôle du programme de la raison réduite à une intelligence devenue artificielle et l'intégrisme de son circuit d'opération qui se renvoie un monde à son image. Nous verrons comment ce mode de pensée se caractérise par la réduction de l’écart entre input/output, source et cible, symbolisée notamment par les nouvelles technologies de contrôle à distance ( télé-commande). La notion de « contrôle » s'avère alors insuffisante pour modéliser le « gouvernement » de soi, des autres et du monde, invitant à une redéfinition de la notion de « commandement » en sa portée éthique.
{"title":"La Télé-commande","authors":"Yves Gilonne","doi":"10.3366/nfs.2020.0292","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/nfs.2020.0292","url":null,"abstract":"Nous proposons d’étudier comment l'acte de nomination de la cybernétique place la pensée au sein d'une analogie fondamentale ( kybernètes) entre « piloter » (un navire) et « gouverner », entraînant la réduction du champ conceptuel de « commandement » à celui de « contrôle » qui influe de façon déterminante sur nos conceptions de ce que « penser » veut dire. Nous replacerons cette analogie nautique au sein de son riche héritage philosophique, attesté au moins depuis Platon, afin d’évaluer comment le traitement cybernétique du concept-source de pilote se caractérise paradoxalement par l'effacement de son dispositif technique (capitaine, gouvernail, navire), entraînant la virtualisation de son appareil symbolique (pensée, langage, corps) et donc la réduction du concept-cible ( gouverner) à la notion de « contrôle ». La cybernétique opère ainsi un transfert de matérialité entre source et cible qui fait de gouverner un simple appareil technique dans l'oubli de la valeur différentielle de toute analogie qui tient précisément en la non-coïncidence de ses termes. Par « télé-commande » nous désignons le contrôle du programme de la raison réduite à une intelligence devenue artificielle et l'intégrisme de son circuit d'opération qui se renvoie un monde à son image. Nous verrons comment ce mode de pensée se caractérise par la réduction de l’écart entre input/output, source et cible, symbolisée notamment par les nouvelles technologies de contrôle à distance ( télé-commande). La notion de « contrôle » s'avère alors insuffisante pour modéliser le « gouvernement » de soi, des autres et du monde, invitant à une redéfinition de la notion de « commandement » en sa portée éthique.","PeriodicalId":19182,"journal":{"name":"Nottingham French Studies","volume":"59 1","pages":"289-310"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42744155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As well as his ground-breaking work in the field of molecular biology with Jacques Monod, François Jacob was a gifted and influential writer on science. His extraordinary capacity to make imaginative connections and to coin compelling metaphors informed both his work as a scientist and his writing on science. This article looks at the development of Jacob's distinctive constructivist conceptualization of science over the course of his career. Although Jacob was initially attracted to the metaphor of genetic material as a computer programme, he ultimately moved away from the mechanistic model of reproduction and evolution favoured by Monod. In a short paper published in the journal Science in 1977, he used the metaphor of bricolage as a way of conveying that biology evolution is a process of ‘tinkering’ with pre-existing materials rather than an elegant process of design. This conceptualization of the evolutionary process of building the new from the old has been highly influential in thinking on biology. In a more general sense, the concept of bricolage has a central role in Jacob's work, bringing together his thinking on evolution and science in general. The centrality of bricolage for Jacob positions him philosophically in many ways in the opposing camp to the Cartesian tradition, which was at the core of Monod's vision of science in the world.
{"title":"François Jacob: Bricolage and the Possible","authors":"J. Marks","doi":"10.3366/nfs.2020.0294","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/nfs.2020.0294","url":null,"abstract":"As well as his ground-breaking work in the field of molecular biology with Jacques Monod, François Jacob was a gifted and influential writer on science. His extraordinary capacity to make imaginative connections and to coin compelling metaphors informed both his work as a scientist and his writing on science. This article looks at the development of Jacob's distinctive constructivist conceptualization of science over the course of his career. Although Jacob was initially attracted to the metaphor of genetic material as a computer programme, he ultimately moved away from the mechanistic model of reproduction and evolution favoured by Monod. In a short paper published in the journal Science in 1977, he used the metaphor of bricolage as a way of conveying that biology evolution is a process of ‘tinkering’ with pre-existing materials rather than an elegant process of design. This conceptualization of the evolutionary process of building the new from the old has been highly influential in thinking on biology. In a more general sense, the concept of bricolage has a central role in Jacob's work, bringing together his thinking on evolution and science in general. The centrality of bricolage for Jacob positions him philosophically in many ways in the opposing camp to the Cartesian tradition, which was at the core of Monod's vision of science in the world.","PeriodicalId":19182,"journal":{"name":"Nottingham French Studies","volume":"59 1","pages":"333-349"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47191535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article looks at André Leroi-Gourhan's work on prehistory in the two volumes of Le Geste et la parole (1964), considering it as a continuation of his wider project of a comparative technology. The first volume concentrates on the interaction between body and brain in human evolution. In contrast to interpretations of evolution that focus on the development of the brain as a primary factor, Leroi-Gourhan insists that its evolution is entirely dependent on the adaptive possibilities of body structure. Although cybernetics is never explicitly referenced in this work, its influence on his conceptualization of the evolution and history of technology is clear. For example, he draws on a cybernetically-inflected vocabulary of command and control to describe the coupling of nervous system and body in vertebrae evolution. In the second volume of Le Geste, the conceptual input of cybernetics becomes still more apparent as the focus of analysis is on the question of memory and technics. Leroi-Gourhan argues that the evolution of technology imitates the evolution of living systems, and that the historical development of human society is like the growth of an organism. The influence of cybernetics is evident in the fact that the difference between animal forms is conceived in terms of relative degrees of ‘programming’. Leroi-Gourhan proposes in this way a modelling of biological systems which is typical of cybernetics, drawing attention to the functional similarities between animal and mechanical systems. While not teleological, Leroi-Gourhan's history of technology is deterministic to the extent that the sequence of externalizations is not an arbitrary development but the necessary product of the intersection of the human organism and the material world.
本文着眼于AndréLeroi Gourhan在《Le Geste et la parol》（1964）两卷中关于史前史的工作，认为这是他更广泛的比较技术项目的延续。第一卷集中讨论了人类进化过程中身体和大脑之间的相互作用。与专注于大脑发育作为主要因素的进化解释相反，Leroi Gourhan坚持认为大脑的进化完全取决于身体结构的适应性可能性。尽管控制论在这项工作中从未被明确提及，但它对他对技术进化和历史的概念化的影响是显而易见的。例如，他利用控制论中的命令和控制词汇来描述脊椎进化中神经系统和身体的耦合。在《Le Geste》第二卷中，控制论的概念输入变得更加明显，因为分析的重点是记忆和技术问题。勒罗伊·古尔汉认为，技术的进化模仿了生命系统的进化，人类社会的历史发展就像一个有机体的生长。控制论的影响显而易见，因为动物形态之间的差异是根据“编程”的相对程度来考虑的。Leroi Gourhan以这种方式提出了一种典型的控制论生物系统建模，引起了人们对动物和机械系统功能相似性的关注。勒罗伊·古尔汉的技术史虽然不是目的论的，但在一定程度上是确定性的，即外化序列不是任意的发展，而是人类有机体和物质世界交叉的必要产物。
{"title":"Leroi-Gourhan's Le Geste et la parole: The Evolution of Technology","authors":"C. M. Johnson","doi":"10.3366/nfs.2020.0291","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/nfs.2020.0291","url":null,"abstract":"This article looks at André Leroi-Gourhan's work on prehistory in the two volumes of Le Geste et la parole (1964), considering it as a continuation of his wider project of a comparative technology. The first volume concentrates on the interaction between body and brain in human evolution. In contrast to interpretations of evolution that focus on the development of the brain as a primary factor, Leroi-Gourhan insists that its evolution is entirely dependent on the adaptive possibilities of body structure. Although cybernetics is never explicitly referenced in this work, its influence on his conceptualization of the evolution and history of technology is clear. For example, he draws on a cybernetically-inflected vocabulary of command and control to describe the coupling of nervous system and body in vertebrae evolution. In the second volume of Le Geste, the conceptual input of cybernetics becomes still more apparent as the focus of analysis is on the question of memory and technics. Leroi-Gourhan argues that the evolution of technology imitates the evolution of living systems, and that the historical development of human society is like the growth of an organism. The influence of cybernetics is evident in the fact that the difference between animal forms is conceived in terms of relative degrees of ‘programming’. Leroi-Gourhan proposes in this way a modelling of biological systems which is typical of cybernetics, drawing attention to the functional similarities between animal and mechanical systems. While not teleological, Leroi-Gourhan's history of technology is deterministic to the extent that the sequence of externalizations is not an arbitrary development but the necessary product of the intersection of the human organism and the material world.","PeriodicalId":19182,"journal":{"name":"Nottingham French Studies","volume":"59 1","pages":"255-288"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41836795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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