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What Lies Concealed in the Roots of Cybernetics: The Renewal of Early Greek Thinking of Being as Physis in Martin Heidegger and Edgar Morin 控制论的根源中隐藏着什么:海德格尔和莫林对早期希腊物理存在思想的更新
IF 0.1 4区 文学 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2020-12-02 DOI: 10.3366/nfs.2020.0297
H. Dicks
In the Post-War period, cybernetics came to assume the role of unifying ground of science and technology. In doing so, it not only usurped philosophy, but also replaced the basic concepts of philosophy (being, existence, becoming, appearing, etc.) with those of cybernetics (information, communication, control, feedback, etc.). And yet, as both Heidegger and Morin each in their different ways make clear, there lies concealed in the roots of cybernetics the possibility of a renewed thinking of being, and more specifically of being as physis, where physis is understood as self-production. Articulating the parallel thinking of being as physis proposed by Heidegger and Morin, I argue that this articulation makes it possible to overcome the characteristically metaphysical division of being from becoming, appearing, and existing that originated with Parmenides, thus also making possible the emergence of a ‘new beginning’ capable of overcoming the unprecedented danger to being posed by modern technology.
在战后时期,控制论开始承担起科学与技术的统一基础的作用。在这样做的过程中,它不仅篡夺了哲学,而且用控制论的基本概念(信息、通信、控制、反馈等)取代了哲学的基本概念。然而,正如海德格尔和莫林各自以不同的方式所表明的那样,在控制论的根源中隐藏着对存在进行新思考的可能性,更具体地说,作为physis,physis被理解为自我生产。阐述了海德格尔和莫林提出的“存在即物理”的平行思维,我认为这种表述使我们有可能克服起源于帕门尼德的存在从成为、出现和存在的形而上学划分,从而也有可能出现一个能够克服现代技术带来的前所未有的危险的“新开端”。
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引用次数: 0
Encounters between Life and Language: Codes, Books, Machines and Cybernetics 生活与语言的相遇:代码、书籍、机器和控制论
IF 0.1 4区 文学 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.3366/nfs.2020.0293
B. Nerlich
The histories of genetics and cybernetics overlapped in the mid-twentieth century. Both fields deal with dynamic systems, such as living organisms or machines that move, change and respond to the environment. It might therefore be expected that the metaphors used to research and communicate biological, genetic or genomic phenomena might take inspiration from cybernetics. Molecular biology was indeed inspired by cybernetics, but, surprisingly, the most popular metaphors used for research and communication were rooted in older fields of human endeavour, such as the Morse code, printing and machines. Such metaphors tended to foreground static and product aspects of biological phenomena, rather than dynamic and process ones. This made it difficult to talk widely about complexity, flexibility and dynamics, all aspects of biology (and cybernetics) that were well-known and well-studied. Modern-day biologists have noted this discrepancy between their research and the language used to talk about it, and are now calling for a new language, inspired amongst others by cybernetics, a language that, it is hoped, might capture the dynamic aspects of biology which some of the older metaphors tended to hide. In this article I survey (some of) the history of metaphors from the 1940s to 2019, focusing on the metaphors of the code (and information), the book and the machine. I attempt to show that cybernetics, although influencing the emergence of molecular biology, failed to inspire popular metaphors. Will modern biologists, taking inspiration from cybernetics to create not only a new science but also a new language, be more successful in this enterprise?
遗传学和控制论的历史在20世纪中期重叠。这两个领域都涉及动态系统,如生物体或移动、变化和响应环境的机器。因此,可以预期,用于研究和交流生物、遗传或基因组现象的隐喻可能会从控制论中获得灵感。分子生物学确实受到了控制论的启发,但令人惊讶的是,用于研究和交流的最流行的隐喻根植于人类努力的旧领域,如莫尔斯电码、印刷术和机器。这种隐喻倾向于强调生物现象的静态和产品方面,而不是动态和过程方面。这使得广泛讨论复杂性、灵活性和动态性,以及生物学(和控制论)的所有方面变得困难,而这些都是众所周知的、得到了充分研究的。现代生物学家已经注意到他们的研究和用来谈论它的语言之间的这种差异,现在正在呼吁一种新的语言,受到控制论的启发,希望这种语言能够捕捉到生物学的动态方面,而这些方面往往是一些旧的隐喻所隐藏的。在这篇文章中,我概述了从20世纪40年代到2019年的隐喻历史,重点关注代码(和信息)、书籍和机器的隐喻。我试图表明,控制论虽然影响了分子生物学的出现,却未能激发出流行的隐喻。现代生物学家从控制论中获得灵感,不仅创造了一门新科学,还创造了一种新语言,他们会在这项事业中取得更大的成功吗?
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引用次数: 1
Introduction 介绍
IF 0.1 4区 文学 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.3366/nfs.2020.0290
J. Marks
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引用次数: 0
Back matter 回到问题
IF 0.1 4区 文学 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.3366/nfs.2020.0299
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引用次数: 0
La Télé-commande 遥控器
IF 0.1 4区 文学 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.3366/nfs.2020.0292
Yves Gilonne
Nous proposons d’étudier comment l'acte de nomination de la cybernétique place la pensée au sein d'une analogie fondamentale ( kybernètes) entre « piloter » (un navire) et « gouverner », entraînant la réduction du champ conceptuel de « commandement » à celui de « contrôle » qui influe de façon déterminante sur nos conceptions de ce que « penser » veut dire. Nous replacerons cette analogie nautique au sein de son riche héritage philosophique, attesté au moins depuis Platon, afin d’évaluer comment le traitement cybernétique du concept-source de pilote se caractérise paradoxalement par l'effacement de son dispositif technique (capitaine, gouvernail, navire), entraînant la virtualisation de son appareil symbolique (pensée, langage, corps) et donc la réduction du concept-cible ( gouverner) à la notion de « contrôle ». La cybernétique opère ainsi un transfert de matérialité entre source et cible qui fait de gouverner un simple appareil technique dans l'oubli de la valeur différentielle de toute analogie qui tient précisément en la non-coïncidence de ses termes. Par « télé-commande » nous désignons le contrôle du programme de la raison réduite à une intelligence devenue artificielle et l'intégrisme de son circuit d'opération qui se renvoie un monde à son image. Nous verrons comment ce mode de pensée se caractérise par la réduction de l’écart entre input/output, source et cible, symbolisée notamment par les nouvelles technologies de contrôle à distance ( télé-commande). La notion de « contrôle » s'avère alors insuffisante pour modéliser le « gouvernement » de soi, des autres et du monde, invitant à une redéfinition de la notion de « commandement » en sa portée éthique.
任命文书,我们建议探索控制论广场内的一个根本性类比思维(kybernètes)之间开«»(艘)和概念性的«»,统治范围的减少导致的«»指挥与控制«»的决定性地影响了我们的这个概念意味着思考«»。我们replacerons航海这个类比其内部自柏拉图哲学的丰富遗产,至少证明,以评估如何处理concept-source控制论的自相矛盾的特点是飞行员的删除,其技术装置(船长),导致了舵,象征其设备的虚拟化(思想、语言、身体),从而减少concept-cible(统治)«»控制的概念。控制论在源和目标之间进行了物质性的转移,这使得控制一个简单的技术工具成为可能,而忘记了任何类比的差异价值,而这些类比正是基于其术语的不一致。通过“远程控制”,我们指的是对理性程序的控制,理性程序被简化为人工智能,其操作电路的原教旨主义使世界回到它的形象。我们将看到这种思维方式的特点是减少输入/输出、源和目标之间的差距,特别是以远程控制的新技术为象征。因此,“控制”的概念不足以模拟自我、他人和世界的“政府”,这就要求在伦理范围内重新定义“命令”的概念。
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引用次数: 0
The ‘Tectonic Sensibility’ in Architecture: From the Pre-Human to the Post-Human 建筑中的“构造感性”:从前人类到后人类
IF 0.1 4区 文学 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.3366/nfs.2020.0295
J. Hale
This paper argues for a new definition and a broader application of tectonic theory in architecture. It extends the traditional understanding of tectonics as a bodily feeling for the physical materiality of constructional elements, in order to form the basis of a more generalized notion of a bodily sensibility towards the ‘the way things are’. The discussion is informed by an evolutionary perspective on the relationship between technology and human embodiment, suggesting links between the ‘pre-human’ and the ‘post-human’. It offers a reassessment of an often overlooked but pivotal insight evident in the work of both André Leroi-Gourhan and Maurice Merleau-Ponty, that the human and the technological are mutually co-constitutive. It explores this notion in the light of recent research in archaeology, evolutionary, psychology, philosophy and neuroscience.
本文主张构造理论在建筑中有一个新的定义和更广泛的应用。它扩展了对构造的传统理解,将其视为对构造元素物理物质性的身体感受,以形成对“事物现状”的身体感受的更广义概念的基础。这场讨论是从技术和人类化身之间关系的进化角度进行的,暗示了“前人类”和“后人类”之间的联系。它重新评估了AndréLeroi Gourhan和Maurice Merleau-Ponti的作品中经常被忽视但关键的见解,即人类和技术是相互构成的。它结合考古学、进化论、心理学、哲学和神经科学的最新研究来探索这一概念。
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引用次数: 0
Living as we Dream: Automatism and Automation from Surrealism to Stiegler 《梦想的生活:从超现实主义到斯蒂格勒的自动主义和自动化
IF 0.1 4区 文学 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.3366/nfs.2020.0296
Madeleine R. Chalmers
In his 2011 French Studies article ‘Leroi-Gourhan and the Limits of the Human’, Chris Johnson traced André Leroi-Gourhan's ethnography of the imbrication of the biological, cultural, and technological in Le Geste et la parole (1964). Johnson placed special emphasis on how Leroi-Gourhan's narrative culminates in a speculative vision of a homo post-sapiens: a limit-experience in which our species evolves beyond the human as we understand it in an increasingly automated world. This article takes up the conceptual genealogy surrounding Leroi-Gourhan to focus on the interaction between his work and that of his unruly predecessor André Breton, and heir, Bernard Stiegler. Taking as its starting point the linguistic contagion of automatism and automation, it will argue that Stiegler's contemporary reflections on our ‘automatic society’ are rooted in a Bretonian surrealist preoccupation with the automatic – not as a category of alienation, but as a wellspring of creativity, dreams, and subjectivity unfurling in language. Understanding how contemporary French technocritical thought has filtered down from avant-garde artistic movements through anthropology in an unruly technocritical genealogy offers an opportunity to reclaim the notion of the automatic, and to reconfigure our expectations and plans for our technological future.
克里斯·约翰逊在其2011年的法国研究文章《勒罗伊·古尔汉与人类的极限》中追溯了安德烈·勒罗伊·古尔汉在《Le Geste et la paral》(1964)中对生物、文化和技术的重叠的民族志。Johnson特别强调了Leroi Gourhan的叙事是如何在后智人的思辨视野中达到高潮的:这是一种极限体验,在这种体验中,我们的物种在一个日益自动化的世界中超越了我们所理解的人类。本文采用了围绕勒罗伊·古尔汉的概念谱系,重点关注他的作品与他不守规矩的前任安德烈·布雷顿和继承人伯纳德·斯蒂格勒的作品之间的互动。以自动化和自动化的语言传染为出发点,它认为斯蒂格勒对我们“自动化社会”的当代反思植根于布雷顿超现实主义对自动化的关注 – 不是异化的范畴,而是创造力、梦想和主体性在语言中的源泉。在一个不守规矩的技术批判谱系中,通过人类学了解当代法国技术批判思想是如何从先锋艺术运动中渗透出来的,这为我们重新树立自动化的概念,重新配置我们对技术未来的期望和计划提供了机会。
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引用次数: 0
Leroi-Gourhan's Le Geste et la parole: The Evolution of Technology 勒罗伊·古尔汉的Le Geste et la假释:技术的进化
IF 0.1 4区 文学 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.3366/nfs.2020.0291
C. M. Johnson
This article looks at André Leroi-Gourhan's work on prehistory in the two volumes of Le Geste et la parole (1964), considering it as a continuation of his wider project of a comparative technology. The first volume concentrates on the interaction between body and brain in human evolution. In contrast to interpretations of evolution that focus on the development of the brain as a primary factor, Leroi-Gourhan insists that its evolution is entirely dependent on the adaptive possibilities of body structure. Although cybernetics is never explicitly referenced in this work, its influence on his conceptualization of the evolution and history of technology is clear. For example, he draws on a cybernetically-inflected vocabulary of command and control to describe the coupling of nervous system and body in vertebrae evolution. In the second volume of Le Geste, the conceptual input of cybernetics becomes still more apparent as the focus of analysis is on the question of memory and technics. Leroi-Gourhan argues that the evolution of technology imitates the evolution of living systems, and that the historical development of human society is like the growth of an organism. The influence of cybernetics is evident in the fact that the difference between animal forms is conceived in terms of relative degrees of ‘programming’. Leroi-Gourhan proposes in this way a modelling of biological systems which is typical of cybernetics, drawing attention to the functional similarities between animal and mechanical systems. While not teleological, Leroi-Gourhan's history of technology is deterministic to the extent that the sequence of externalizations is not an arbitrary development but the necessary product of the intersection of the human organism and the material world.
本文着眼于AndréLeroi Gourhan在《Le Geste et la parol》(1964)两卷中关于史前史的工作,认为这是他更广泛的比较技术项目的延续。第一卷集中讨论了人类进化过程中身体和大脑之间的相互作用。与专注于大脑发育作为主要因素的进化解释相反,Leroi Gourhan坚持认为大脑的进化完全取决于身体结构的适应性可能性。尽管控制论在这项工作中从未被明确提及,但它对他对技术进化和历史的概念化的影响是显而易见的。例如,他利用控制论中的命令和控制词汇来描述脊椎进化中神经系统和身体的耦合。在《Le Geste》第二卷中,控制论的概念输入变得更加明显,因为分析的重点是记忆和技术问题。勒罗伊·古尔汉认为,技术的进化模仿了生命系统的进化,人类社会的历史发展就像一个有机体的生长。控制论的影响显而易见,因为动物形态之间的差异是根据“编程”的相对程度来考虑的。Leroi Gourhan以这种方式提出了一种典型的控制论生物系统建模,引起了人们对动物和机械系统功能相似性的关注。勒罗伊·古尔汉的技术史虽然不是目的论的,但在一定程度上是确定性的,即外化序列不是任意的发展,而是人类有机体和物质世界交叉的必要产物。
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引用次数: 1
François Jacob: Bricolage and the Possible 弗朗索瓦·雅各布:拼贴和可能
IF 0.1 4区 文学 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.3366/nfs.2020.0294
J. Marks
As well as his ground-breaking work in the field of molecular biology with Jacques Monod, François Jacob was a gifted and influential writer on science. His extraordinary capacity to make imaginative connections and to coin compelling metaphors informed both his work as a scientist and his writing on science. This article looks at the development of Jacob's distinctive constructivist conceptualization of science over the course of his career. Although Jacob was initially attracted to the metaphor of genetic material as a computer programme, he ultimately moved away from the mechanistic model of reproduction and evolution favoured by Monod. In a short paper published in the journal Science in 1977, he used the metaphor of bricolage as a way of conveying that biology evolution is a process of ‘tinkering’ with pre-existing materials rather than an elegant process of design. This conceptualization of the evolutionary process of building the new from the old has been highly influential in thinking on biology. In a more general sense, the concept of bricolage has a central role in Jacob's work, bringing together his thinking on evolution and science in general. The centrality of bricolage for Jacob positions him philosophically in many ways in the opposing camp to the Cartesian tradition, which was at the core of Monod's vision of science in the world.
除了与雅克·莫诺在分子生物学领域的开创性工作外,弗朗索瓦·雅各布还是一位有天赋和影响力的科学作家。他在建立富有想象力的联系和创造令人信服的隐喻方面的非凡能力,为他作为科学家的工作和科学著作提供了灵感。本文着眼于雅各布在其职业生涯中独特的建构主义科学概念化的发展。虽然雅各布最初被遗传物质作为计算机程序的比喻所吸引,但他最终放弃了莫诺德所青睐的繁殖和进化的机械模型。在1977年发表在《科学》杂志上的一篇短文中,他用“拼凑”这个比喻来表达生物进化是一个对已有材料“修修补补”的过程,而不是一个优雅的设计过程。这种从旧到新的进化过程的概念化对生物学的思考产生了很大的影响。从更广泛的意义上说,拼凑的概念在雅各布的作品中起着核心作用,将他对进化和科学的思考结合在一起。对雅各布来说,拼凑的中心地位使他在哲学上在许多方面与笛卡尔传统对立,这是莫诺德对世界科学愿景的核心。
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引用次数: 0
Front matter 前页
IF 0.1 4区 文学 Q3 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.3366/nfs.2020.0289
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Nottingham French Studies
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