This article looks at André Leroi-Gourhan's work on prehistory in the two volumes of Le Geste et la parole (1964), considering it as a continuation of his wider project of a comparative technology. The first volume concentrates on the interaction between body and brain in human evolution. In contrast to interpretations of evolution that focus on the development of the brain as a primary factor, Leroi-Gourhan insists that its evolution is entirely dependent on the adaptive possibilities of body structure. Although cybernetics is never explicitly referenced in this work, its influence on his conceptualization of the evolution and history of technology is clear. For example, he draws on a cybernetically-inflected vocabulary of command and control to describe the coupling of nervous system and body in vertebrae evolution. In the second volume of Le Geste, the conceptual input of cybernetics becomes still more apparent as the focus of analysis is on the question of memory and technics. Leroi-Gourhan argues that the evolution of technology imitates the evolution of living systems, and that the historical development of human society is like the growth of an organism. The influence of cybernetics is evident in the fact that the difference between animal forms is conceived in terms of relative degrees of ‘programming’. Leroi-Gourhan proposes in this way a modelling of biological systems which is typical of cybernetics, drawing attention to the functional similarities between animal and mechanical systems. While not teleological, Leroi-Gourhan's history of technology is deterministic to the extent that the sequence of externalizations is not an arbitrary development but the necessary product of the intersection of the human organism and the material world.
本文着眼于AndréLeroi Gourhan在《Le Geste et la parol》（1964）两卷中关于史前史的工作，认为这是他更广泛的比较技术项目的延续。第一卷集中讨论了人类进化过程中身体和大脑之间的相互作用。与专注于大脑发育作为主要因素的进化解释相反，Leroi Gourhan坚持认为大脑的进化完全取决于身体结构的适应性可能性。尽管控制论在这项工作中从未被明确提及，但它对他对技术进化和历史的概念化的影响是显而易见的。例如，他利用控制论中的命令和控制词汇来描述脊椎进化中神经系统和身体的耦合。在《Le Geste》第二卷中，控制论的概念输入变得更加明显，因为分析的重点是记忆和技术问题。勒罗伊·古尔汉认为，技术的进化模仿了生命系统的进化，人类社会的历史发展就像一个有机体的生长。控制论的影响显而易见，因为动物形态之间的差异是根据“编程”的相对程度来考虑的。Leroi Gourhan以这种方式提出了一种典型的控制论生物系统建模，引起了人们对动物和机械系统功能相似性的关注。勒罗伊·古尔汉的技术史虽然不是目的论的，但在一定程度上是确定性的，即外化序列不是任意的发展，而是人类有机体和物质世界交叉的必要产物。
{"title":"Leroi-Gourhan's Le Geste et la parole: The Evolution of Technology","authors":"C. M. Johnson","doi":"10.3366/nfs.2020.0291","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/nfs.2020.0291","url":null,"abstract":"This article looks at André Leroi-Gourhan's work on prehistory in the two volumes of Le Geste et la parole (1964), considering it as a continuation of his wider project of a comparative technology. The first volume concentrates on the interaction between body and brain in human evolution. In contrast to interpretations of evolution that focus on the development of the brain as a primary factor, Leroi-Gourhan insists that its evolution is entirely dependent on the adaptive possibilities of body structure. Although cybernetics is never explicitly referenced in this work, its influence on his conceptualization of the evolution and history of technology is clear. For example, he draws on a cybernetically-inflected vocabulary of command and control to describe the coupling of nervous system and body in vertebrae evolution. In the second volume of Le Geste, the conceptual input of cybernetics becomes still more apparent as the focus of analysis is on the question of memory and technics. Leroi-Gourhan argues that the evolution of technology imitates the evolution of living systems, and that the historical development of human society is like the growth of an organism. The influence of cybernetics is evident in the fact that the difference between animal forms is conceived in terms of relative degrees of ‘programming’. Leroi-Gourhan proposes in this way a modelling of biological systems which is typical of cybernetics, drawing attention to the functional similarities between animal and mechanical systems. While not teleological, Leroi-Gourhan's history of technology is deterministic to the extent that the sequence of externalizations is not an arbitrary development but the necessary product of the intersection of the human organism and the material world.","PeriodicalId":19182,"journal":{"name":"Nottingham French Studies","volume":"59 1","pages":"255-288"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41836795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper argues for a new definition and a broader application of tectonic theory in architecture. It extends the traditional understanding of tectonics as a bodily feeling for the physical materiality of constructional elements, in order to form the basis of a more generalized notion of a bodily sensibility towards the ‘the way things are’. The discussion is informed by an evolutionary perspective on the relationship between technology and human embodiment, suggesting links between the ‘pre-human’ and the ‘post-human’. It offers a reassessment of an often overlooked but pivotal insight evident in the work of both André Leroi-Gourhan and Maurice Merleau-Ponty, that the human and the technological are mutually co-constitutive. It explores this notion in the light of recent research in archaeology, evolutionary, psychology, philosophy and neuroscience.
{"title":"The ‘Tectonic Sensibility’ in Architecture: From the Pre-Human to the Post-Human","authors":"J. Hale","doi":"10.3366/nfs.2020.0295","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/nfs.2020.0295","url":null,"abstract":"This paper argues for a new definition and a broader application of tectonic theory in architecture. It extends the traditional understanding of tectonics as a bodily feeling for the physical materiality of constructional elements, in order to form the basis of a more generalized notion of a bodily sensibility towards the ‘the way things are’. The discussion is informed by an evolutionary perspective on the relationship between technology and human embodiment, suggesting links between the ‘pre-human’ and the ‘post-human’. It offers a reassessment of an often overlooked but pivotal insight evident in the work of both André Leroi-Gourhan and Maurice Merleau-Ponty, that the human and the technological are mutually co-constitutive. It explores this notion in the light of recent research in archaeology, evolutionary, psychology, philosophy and neuroscience.","PeriodicalId":19182,"journal":{"name":"Nottingham French Studies","volume":"59 1","pages":"350-367"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42552380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article provides details of a relatively little-known Swiss initiative during the Second World War. From 1940, Swiss charities provided large-scale humanitarian aid to war-stricken children, offering short-stay evacuations of over 60,000 French, Belgian and Yugoslav children to Swiss families, including at least some French Jewish children. In summer 1942, however, when French authorities began the round-ups of Jews, this approach faltered. That September, when many French Jewish children were stranded after their parents' deportation, a meeting took place between the Swiss ambassador and the French Premier, Pierre Laval. A deal might have been struck to protect these French Jewish children from deportation and extermination, but was not the preferred policy. This article analyses that meeting, concluding that Swiss officials were bound by the view that their own self-mandated neutrality might be compromised, despite a pre-existing evacuation infrastructure and strong Swiss public support, and to the fatal detriment of thousands of French Jewish children.
{"title":"Convenient and Conditional Humanitarianism: Evacuating French and French Jewish Children to Switzerland during the Second World War","authors":"Chelsea Sambells","doi":"10.3366/NFS.2020.0283","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/NFS.2020.0283","url":null,"abstract":"This article provides details of a relatively little-known Swiss initiative during the Second World War. From 1940, Swiss charities provided large-scale humanitarian aid to war-stricken children, offering short-stay evacuations of over 60,000 French, Belgian and Yugoslav children to Swiss families, including at least some French Jewish children. In summer 1942, however, when French authorities began the round-ups of Jews, this approach faltered. That September, when many French Jewish children were stranded after their parents' deportation, a meeting took place between the Swiss ambassador and the French Premier, Pierre Laval. A deal might have been struck to protect these French Jewish children from deportation and extermination, but was not the preferred policy. This article analyses that meeting, concluding that Swiss officials were bound by the view that their own self-mandated neutrality might be compromised, despite a pre-existing evacuation infrastructure and strong Swiss public support, and to the fatal detriment of thousands of French Jewish children.","PeriodicalId":19182,"journal":{"name":"Nottingham French Studies","volume":"33 1","pages":"174-190"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41289166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The publishing activities of the French second-wave feminist movement are well-documented. Less attention has been focused on its attempts to imagine childhood freed from sexism. In the mid-1970s, the Franco-Italian editorial partnership ‘Du côté des petites filles/Dalla Parte delle Bambine’ fought ‘on the side of the little girls’ by publishing a new kind of children's book: politically and aesthetically subversive, and engaged in the period's major feminist debates. Tracing relationships between the publishers involved, this article illustrates how feminist campaigns helped shape new ideas on children and their culture after 1968: child-rearing was both a major point névralgique of the movement as a whole, and an issue requiring action, to provide tools for the struggle. Examining publishing practices, creative artists and books, this study reveals both the intellectual impact of the MLF activists on ideas of childhood and children's literature, and the artistic visions and new poetics they helped nurture.
法国第二波女权主义运动的出版活动是有据可查的。很少有人关注它试图想象童年摆脱性别歧视。20世纪70年代中期，法意编辑合作伙伴“Du côtédes petites filles/Dalla Parte delle Bambine”出版了一本新的儿童读物：在政治和美学上具有颠覆性，并参与了这一时期的主要女权主义辩论，“站在小女孩一边”。这篇文章追溯了相关出版商之间的关系，展示了1968年后女权主义运动如何帮助塑造关于儿童及其文化的新思想：养育孩子既是整个运动的一个主要问题，也是一个需要采取行动的问题，为斗争提供工具。本研究考察了出版实践、创意艺术家和书籍，揭示了MLF活动家对儿童和儿童文学思想的智力影响，以及他们帮助培养的艺术愿景和新诗学。
{"title":"Fighting ‘On the Side of Little Girls’: Feminist Children's Book Publishing in France after 1968","authors":"S. Heywood","doi":"10.3366/NFS.2020.0285","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/NFS.2020.0285","url":null,"abstract":"The publishing activities of the French second-wave feminist movement are well-documented. Less attention has been focused on its attempts to imagine childhood freed from sexism. In the mid-1970s, the Franco-Italian editorial partnership ‘Du côté des petites filles/Dalla Parte delle Bambine’ fought ‘on the side of the little girls’ by publishing a new kind of children's book: politically and aesthetically subversive, and engaged in the period's major feminist debates. Tracing relationships between the publishers involved, this article illustrates how feminist campaigns helped shape new ideas on children and their culture after 1968: child-rearing was both a major point névralgique of the movement as a whole, and an issue requiring action, to provide tools for the struggle. Examining publishing practices, creative artists and books, this study reveals both the intellectual impact of the MLF activists on ideas of childhood and children's literature, and the artistic visions and new poetics they helped nurture.","PeriodicalId":19182,"journal":{"name":"Nottingham French Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43990914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of this article is to set the context for the studies that follow by assessing the historiography on children and childhood in modern France (including works produced by foreign as well as French authors). The first section identifies topics with the highest and lowest profiles in the existing literature. In particular, it focuses on the former, documenting the wealth of French studies of the infant welfare movement, education and the impact of revolution and warfare on the young. The second section questions the influence the history of childhood has had on historical studies overall in France. It argues that to date, ‘top-down’ studies, concerned with the role of adults in childhood matters, have been more prominent than those looking from the ‘bottom-up’, emphasizing the agency and voices of children.
{"title":"On the Margins or in the Mainstream? The History of Childhood in France","authors":"C. Heywood","doi":"10.3366/nfs.2020.0279","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/nfs.2020.0279","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this article is to set the context for the studies that follow by assessing the historiography on children and childhood in modern France (including works produced by foreign as well as French authors). The first section identifies topics with the highest and lowest profiles in the existing literature. In particular, it focuses on the former, documenting the wealth of French studies of the infant welfare movement, education and the impact of revolution and warfare on the young. The second section questions the influence the history of childhood has had on historical studies overall in France. It argues that to date, ‘top-down’ studies, concerned with the role of adults in childhood matters, have been more prominent than those looking from the ‘bottom-up’, emphasizing the agency and voices of children.","PeriodicalId":19182,"journal":{"name":"Nottingham French Studies","volume":"59 1","pages":"122-135"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49292150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Autism is a contested and controversial subject in many countries, but France has experienced more controversy around the issue than most. This article draws attention to the circumstances in which the formerly prominent role of psychoanalysis in the diagnosis and treatment of autism in children in France has led to much animated debate and eventually to changes in public policy, following internal and international pressure. After outlining these recent events, it will consider the reasons why France found itself out of line with other countries for many years, by examining the historical role of certain influential individuals in the psychoanalytical circle close to Jacques Lacan (1901–81), in particular the child specialists Françoise Dolto (1908–88) and Maud Mannoni (1923–98).
{"title":"France's Autism Controversy and the Historical Role of Psychoanalysis in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Autistic Children","authors":"Richard Bates","doi":"10.3366/nfs.2020.0286","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/nfs.2020.0286","url":null,"abstract":"Autism is a contested and controversial subject in many countries, but France has experienced more controversy around the issue than most. This article draws attention to the circumstances in which the formerly prominent role of psychoanalysis in the diagnosis and treatment of autism in children in France has led to much animated debate and eventually to changes in public policy, following internal and international pressure. After outlining these recent events, it will consider the reasons why France found itself out of line with other countries for many years, by examining the historical role of certain influential individuals in the psychoanalytical circle close to Jacques Lacan (1901–81), in particular the child specialists Françoise Dolto (1908–88) and Maud Mannoni (1923–98).","PeriodicalId":19182,"journal":{"name":"Nottingham French Studies","volume":"59 1","pages":"221-235"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49401294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article explores the rather unusual establishment, by the French army of occupation in the French Zone of Occupation in south-west Germany, of holiday camps for French children, from 1945 to 1949. The camps catered for tens of thousands of French children who were brought from France to devastated Germany. The article argues that the army's major investment of time, personnel and material resources in these holiday camps, starting in the summer of 1945 immediately after the liberation of Nazi Germany, stemmed not only from concern for children's welfare, but from several ideological concerns that played out in occupied Germany and back in metropolitan France. It is based on extensive archival research in both France and Germany.
{"title":"Children as a Tool of Occupation in the French Zone of Occupation of Germany, from 1945 to 1949","authors":"K. Adler","doi":"10.3366/nfs.2020.0284","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3366/nfs.2020.0284","url":null,"abstract":"This article explores the rather unusual establishment, by the French army of occupation in the French Zone of Occupation in south-west Germany, of holiday camps for French children, from 1945 to 1949. The camps catered for tens of thousands of French children who were brought from France to devastated Germany. The article argues that the army's major investment of time, personnel and material resources in these holiday camps, starting in the summer of 1945 immediately after the liberation of Nazi Germany, stemmed not only from concern for children's welfare, but from several ideological concerns that played out in occupied Germany and back in metropolitan France. It is based on extensive archival research in both France and Germany.","PeriodicalId":19182,"journal":{"name":"Nottingham French Studies","volume":"59 1","pages":"191-205"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43386075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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