Pub Date : 2013-04-23DOI: 10.1109/ICIT.2013.6505912
J. Sobolewski, L. Grzesiak
The paper investigates possible advantages from using nonlinear adaptive ANN (Artificial Neural Network)-based controller in a control system of autonomous variable speed electrical energy source with internal combustion engine. The speed is adjusted automatically as a function of load power demand. When the system is in a light or no load condition, the Main Voltage Controller automatically reduces the engine speed in order to reduce the fuel consumption, environmental noise and mechanical wear of engine parts. Optimization of the controller is difficult due to the non-linearity and non-stationarity of the plant. The structure of Main Voltage Controller proposed in this paper employs one hidden layer artificial neural network to estimate the unknown plant nonlinearities on-line. ANN serves as a speed compensator and does not need a process model to predict future performance. To increase the stability and convergence of the algorithm, the Resilient backpropagation (Rprop) adaptive learning scheme has been employed. The presented solution allows maintaining suitable efficiency at steady state and adequate transient performance. The proposed neuro-control system have been widely tested in Matlab/Simulink environment. In addition experimental test has been perform in the laboratory setup where internal combustion engine was emulated by using PMSM drive. Obtained test results have been presented to show effectiveness of proposed neural control system.
{"title":"Neuro-control system for converter based electrical energy source - Test performed in laboratory setup with combustion engine emulator","authors":"J. Sobolewski, L. Grzesiak","doi":"10.1109/ICIT.2013.6505912","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICIT.2013.6505912","url":null,"abstract":"The paper investigates possible advantages from using nonlinear adaptive ANN (Artificial Neural Network)-based controller in a control system of autonomous variable speed electrical energy source with internal combustion engine. The speed is adjusted automatically as a function of load power demand. When the system is in a light or no load condition, the Main Voltage Controller automatically reduces the engine speed in order to reduce the fuel consumption, environmental noise and mechanical wear of engine parts. Optimization of the controller is difficult due to the non-linearity and non-stationarity of the plant. The structure of Main Voltage Controller proposed in this paper employs one hidden layer artificial neural network to estimate the unknown plant nonlinearities on-line. ANN serves as a speed compensator and does not need a process model to predict future performance. To increase the stability and convergence of the algorithm, the Resilient backpropagation (Rprop) adaptive learning scheme has been employed. The presented solution allows maintaining suitable efficiency at steady state and adequate transient performance. The proposed neuro-control system have been widely tested in Matlab/Simulink environment. In addition experimental test has been perform in the laboratory setup where internal combustion engine was emulated by using PMSM drive. Obtained test results have been presented to show effectiveness of proposed neural control system.","PeriodicalId":192784,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology (ICIT)","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133465591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-04-23DOI: 10.1109/ICIT.2013.6505872
Abimbola I. Adedapo, M. Mzyece, G. Noel
In order to facilitate efficient and reliable delivery of information, the physical layer of mobile WiMAX (IEEE 802.16e-2005) is equipped with several forward error correction coding schemes. In this paper, we investigate the performance of raptor codes in the IEEE 802.16e-2005 physical layer employing the different rates Low Density Parity-Check (LDPC) code classes described in the standard as pre-codes. The results obtained showed that the performance of raptor codes is better compared to the LPDC codes over the Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) channel.
{"title":"Performance evaluation of variable rates raptor codes in mobile WiMAX","authors":"Abimbola I. Adedapo, M. Mzyece, G. Noel","doi":"10.1109/ICIT.2013.6505872","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICIT.2013.6505872","url":null,"abstract":"In order to facilitate efficient and reliable delivery of information, the physical layer of mobile WiMAX (IEEE 802.16e-2005) is equipped with several forward error correction coding schemes. In this paper, we investigate the performance of raptor codes in the IEEE 802.16e-2005 physical layer employing the different rates Low Density Parity-Check (LDPC) code classes described in the standard as pre-codes. The results obtained showed that the performance of raptor codes is better compared to the LPDC codes over the Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) channel.","PeriodicalId":192784,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology (ICIT)","volume":"25 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114016700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-04-23DOI: 10.1109/ICIT.2013.6505653
A. Kivila, C. Porter, W. Singhose
Controlling a crane is often very difficult for human operators due to the slow response of the heavy structures and the lightly-damped payload oscillation. Manipulation tasks are made even harder when the interface between the human and crane is unintuitive. Although there have recently been significant advancements in portable electronic devices, this useful technology has not migrated into crane control applications. In order to facilitate this technology cross over, this paper presents results from an operator study that evaluated various user interfaces for a touchscreen crane controller.
{"title":"Human operator studies of portable touchscreen crane control interfaces","authors":"A. Kivila, C. Porter, W. Singhose","doi":"10.1109/ICIT.2013.6505653","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICIT.2013.6505653","url":null,"abstract":"Controlling a crane is often very difficult for human operators due to the slow response of the heavy structures and the lightly-damped payload oscillation. Manipulation tasks are made even harder when the interface between the human and crane is unintuitive. Although there have recently been significant advancements in portable electronic devices, this useful technology has not migrated into crane control applications. In order to facilitate this technology cross over, this paper presents results from an operator study that evaluated various user interfaces for a touchscreen crane controller.","PeriodicalId":192784,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology (ICIT)","volume":"422 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122464303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-04-23DOI: 10.1109/ICIT.2013.6505820
J. Kulon, A. Roula, Z. Al-Daher, Lu Zhang
This paper evaluates the performance of a bespoke signal processing algorithm based on spectral analysis to obtain aerosol particle charge distribution. The measurement method is based on tracking particle motion in square-wave excitation electric field using Phase Doppler Anemometry (PDA). The system performance has been tested using Monte Carlo simulations obtained from the synthesized Doppler burst signals. The velocity estimation range of the system was from 10 mm/s to 800 mm/s for a wide range of SNRs, with an error less than 1% for the velocity greater than 50 mm/s. The corresponding chargemass ratio measurement range was from around 1 μC/g to the saturation level. The percentage of successfully processed single and multi-burst signals was evaluated using numerical simulations.
{"title":"An FFT based algorithm for particle charge measurement in the presence of a square-wave excitation field using Phase Doppler Anemometry","authors":"J. Kulon, A. Roula, Z. Al-Daher, Lu Zhang","doi":"10.1109/ICIT.2013.6505820","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICIT.2013.6505820","url":null,"abstract":"This paper evaluates the performance of a bespoke signal processing algorithm based on spectral analysis to obtain aerosol particle charge distribution. The measurement method is based on tracking particle motion in square-wave excitation electric field using Phase Doppler Anemometry (PDA). The system performance has been tested using Monte Carlo simulations obtained from the synthesized Doppler burst signals. The velocity estimation range of the system was from 10 mm/s to 800 mm/s for a wide range of SNRs, with an error less than 1% for the velocity greater than 50 mm/s. The corresponding chargemass ratio measurement range was from around 1 μC/g to the saturation level. The percentage of successfully processed single and multi-burst signals was evaluated using numerical simulations.","PeriodicalId":192784,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology (ICIT)","volume":"319 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122706283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-04-23DOI: 10.1109/ICIT.2013.6505840
Ievgen Smielik, K. Kuhnert
In this paper, we describe an algorithm for speeding up object recognition by reducing the amount of pixels taken into account when processing images. We show that some statistically stable regions can be found on an image. Taking just one pixel from each region preserves the most of information of the image. We employ linear dependency between pixel intensity values to organize neighbouring pixels in groups. Bayesian classification was chosen to prove suitability. We present the results that show computation speed increase without significant performance losses.
{"title":"Statistical dependence of pixel intensities for pattern recognition","authors":"Ievgen Smielik, K. Kuhnert","doi":"10.1109/ICIT.2013.6505840","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICIT.2013.6505840","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we describe an algorithm for speeding up object recognition by reducing the amount of pixels taken into account when processing images. We show that some statistically stable regions can be found on an image. Taking just one pixel from each region preserves the most of information of the image. We employ linear dependency between pixel intensity values to organize neighbouring pixels in groups. Bayesian classification was chosen to prove suitability. We present the results that show computation speed increase without significant performance losses.","PeriodicalId":192784,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology (ICIT)","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127679047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-04-23DOI: 10.1109/ICIT.2013.6505940
N. Tummuru, M. Mishra, S. Srinivas
Grid integration of photo voltaic (PV)/Battery hybrid energy conversion system with (i) multi-functional features of micro grid-side bidirectional voltage source converter (μG-VSC) (ii) tight volatge regulation capability of battery converter (iii) MPPT tracking performance of high gain integrated cascaded boost (HGICB) dc-dc Converter with quatratic gain and less current ripple are presented in this paper. The PV side HGICB Converter is controlled by P&O MPPT algorithm to extract the maximum power from the variable solar irradiation. This paper proposes a modified Instantaneous symmetrical components theory to the μG-VSC in micro-grid applications with following intelligent functionalities (a) to feed the generated active power in proportional to irradiation levels into the grid (b) compensation of the reactive power, (c) load balancing and (d) mitigation of current harmonics generated by non-linear loads, if any, at the point of common coupling (PCC), thus enabling the grid to supply only sinusoidal current at unity power factor. The battery energy storage system (BESS) is regulated to balance the power between PV generation and utility grid. A new control algorithm is also proposed in this paper for the battery converter with tight DC link voltage regulation capability. The dynamic performance of battery converter is invistegated and compared with conventional average current mode control (ACMC). A model of a hybrid PV Energy Conversion System is developed and simulated in MATLAB/SIMULINK environment. The effectiveness of the proposed control strategies for HGICB converter and μG-VSC with battery energy conversion system are validated through extensive simulation studies.
{"title":"Integration of PV/battery hybrid energy conversion system to the grid with power quality improvement features","authors":"N. Tummuru, M. Mishra, S. Srinivas","doi":"10.1109/ICIT.2013.6505940","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICIT.2013.6505940","url":null,"abstract":"Grid integration of photo voltaic (PV)/Battery hybrid energy conversion system with (i) multi-functional features of micro grid-side bidirectional voltage source converter (μG-VSC) (ii) tight volatge regulation capability of battery converter (iii) MPPT tracking performance of high gain integrated cascaded boost (HGICB) dc-dc Converter with quatratic gain and less current ripple are presented in this paper. The PV side HGICB Converter is controlled by P&O MPPT algorithm to extract the maximum power from the variable solar irradiation. This paper proposes a modified Instantaneous symmetrical components theory to the μG-VSC in micro-grid applications with following intelligent functionalities (a) to feed the generated active power in proportional to irradiation levels into the grid (b) compensation of the reactive power, (c) load balancing and (d) mitigation of current harmonics generated by non-linear loads, if any, at the point of common coupling (PCC), thus enabling the grid to supply only sinusoidal current at unity power factor. The battery energy storage system (BESS) is regulated to balance the power between PV generation and utility grid. A new control algorithm is also proposed in this paper for the battery converter with tight DC link voltage regulation capability. The dynamic performance of battery converter is invistegated and compared with conventional average current mode control (ACMC). A model of a hybrid PV Energy Conversion System is developed and simulated in MATLAB/SIMULINK environment. The effectiveness of the proposed control strategies for HGICB converter and μG-VSC with battery energy conversion system are validated through extensive simulation studies.","PeriodicalId":192784,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology (ICIT)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129021263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-04-23DOI: 10.1109/ICIT.2013.6505787
W. Schellong, T. Schmidla
Distributed energy technologies are playing an increasingly important role in the world's energy portfolio. Different distributed generation (DG) units can built up a virtual power plant including renewable resources and cogeneration systems. The combined heat and power (CHP) technologies use the primary fuel with high efficiency. In order to integrate CHP systems into Smart Grids a mixed control strategy is needed combining both heat and power operated solutions. Based on a forecast of the power and heat demand the operation schedule of the DG system is calculated by an optimization tool. The paper describes the integration of small residential cogeneration systems into Smart Grids. The optimization of a virtual power plant containing three pilot plants is presented.
{"title":"Optimization of distributed cogeneration systems","authors":"W. Schellong, T. Schmidla","doi":"10.1109/ICIT.2013.6505787","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICIT.2013.6505787","url":null,"abstract":"Distributed energy technologies are playing an increasingly important role in the world's energy portfolio. Different distributed generation (DG) units can built up a virtual power plant including renewable resources and cogeneration systems. The combined heat and power (CHP) technologies use the primary fuel with high efficiency. In order to integrate CHP systems into Smart Grids a mixed control strategy is needed combining both heat and power operated solutions. Based on a forecast of the power and heat demand the operation schedule of the DG system is calculated by an optimization tool. The paper describes the integration of small residential cogeneration systems into Smart Grids. The optimization of a virtual power plant containing three pilot plants is presented.","PeriodicalId":192784,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology (ICIT)","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116846085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-04-23DOI: 10.1109/ICIT.2013.6505969
N. Gule, M. Kamper
The concept behind the brush dc equivalent (BDCE) control method for multiphase induction machine is described in this paper. The BDCE concept is developed from the dc machine operation. A method for calculating the air-gap flux density is given in this paper. Calculated and finite element analysis (FEA) evaluated flux density waveforms for a nine-phase induction machine are provided. Also, a comparison of analytically calculated and measured torque of the machine is given.
{"title":"The BDCE equivalent control method for multiphase induction machine","authors":"N. Gule, M. Kamper","doi":"10.1109/ICIT.2013.6505969","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICIT.2013.6505969","url":null,"abstract":"The concept behind the brush dc equivalent (BDCE) control method for multiphase induction machine is described in this paper. The BDCE concept is developed from the dc machine operation. A method for calculating the air-gap flux density is given in this paper. Calculated and finite element analysis (FEA) evaluated flux density waveforms for a nine-phase induction machine are provided. Also, a comparison of analytically calculated and measured torque of the machine is given.","PeriodicalId":192784,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology (ICIT)","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115659240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-04-23DOI: 10.1109/ICIT.2013.6505795
T. Soeiro, M. Ortmann, M. Heldwein
This paper discusses a three-phase high-power factor five-level buck- + boost-type converter well-suited for acting as interface between residential DC power distribution systems and the AC grid. The power converter is constructed with two phase-shift modulated six-switch buck-type PFC converters, efficiently paralleled across their DC-link by inter-phase transformers, and a voltage and/or current inverting switching section. Accordingly, the system features: bidirectional current carrying capability; relatively low semiconductor part count; high utilization of the power semiconductors; and low current and voltage ripples at the input and output terminals. The characteristics of this topology, including the principles of operation, modulation strategy, and dimensioning equations are described in this paper. The feasibility of the presented converter is demonstrated by means of a constructed hardware prototype.
{"title":"Three-phase five-level bidirectional buck- + boosttype PFC converter for DC distribution systems","authors":"T. Soeiro, M. Ortmann, M. Heldwein","doi":"10.1109/ICIT.2013.6505795","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICIT.2013.6505795","url":null,"abstract":"This paper discusses a three-phase high-power factor five-level buck- + boost-type converter well-suited for acting as interface between residential DC power distribution systems and the AC grid. The power converter is constructed with two phase-shift modulated six-switch buck-type PFC converters, efficiently paralleled across their DC-link by inter-phase transformers, and a voltage and/or current inverting switching section. Accordingly, the system features: bidirectional current carrying capability; relatively low semiconductor part count; high utilization of the power semiconductors; and low current and voltage ripples at the input and output terminals. The characteristics of this topology, including the principles of operation, modulation strategy, and dimensioning equations are described in this paper. The feasibility of the presented converter is demonstrated by means of a constructed hardware prototype.","PeriodicalId":192784,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology (ICIT)","volume":"103 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115154159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-04-23DOI: 10.1109/ICIT.2013.6505905
K. N. Sakib, M. Z. Kabir, S. Williamson
The mathematical modeling of the voltage dependent current-voltage (I-V) characteristics of Cadmium Telluride (CdS/CdTe) Solar cell and utilizing that modeling mathematics in to circuit or industrial level application has been analyzed in this paper. A single cell is developed based on the mathematical model and a solar module/network is constructed considering a series and parallel combinations of the single cell. The I-V characteristics of the cell is used as a source. The module performance is analyzed under various operating conditions. To extract the power from the solar cell, Perturb and Observe (P&O) Maximum power point technique has been used. A general resistive load is used in the circuit presented in the paper. Then instead of simple resistive load, a battery including the charge controller to discharge any load is used in the analysis.
{"title":"Cadmium telluride solar cell: From device modeling to system implementation","authors":"K. N. Sakib, M. Z. Kabir, S. Williamson","doi":"10.1109/ICIT.2013.6505905","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICIT.2013.6505905","url":null,"abstract":"The mathematical modeling of the voltage dependent current-voltage (I-V) characteristics of Cadmium Telluride (CdS/CdTe) Solar cell and utilizing that modeling mathematics in to circuit or industrial level application has been analyzed in this paper. A single cell is developed based on the mathematical model and a solar module/network is constructed considering a series and parallel combinations of the single cell. The I-V characteristics of the cell is used as a source. The module performance is analyzed under various operating conditions. To extract the power from the solar cell, Perturb and Observe (P&O) Maximum power point technique has been used. A general resistive load is used in the circuit presented in the paper. Then instead of simple resistive load, a battery including the charge controller to discharge any load is used in the analysis.","PeriodicalId":192784,"journal":{"name":"2013 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology (ICIT)","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127241483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：