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Possible impact of use of a ketogenic diet in pregnancy on the fetus: Review of animal and human studies 怀孕期间使用生酮饮食对胎儿的可能影响:动物和人类研究综述
IF 4.1 Q2 FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-01-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.nfs.2025.100212
Agata Miłosz , Justyna Michalczyk , Iwona Morawik , Klaudia Długoborska , Monika Gesek
Balanced diet sufficient in all nutrients is crucial to human development and health, especially for pregnant women, whose diet has a direct impact on the appropriate development of the fetus [1]. In addition, it may lead to epigenetic changes in the fetus that affect the child's health and functioning in adulthood [2]. The ketogenic diet is characterized by increased fat content with reduced carbohydrate supply [3, 4]. It is an effective form of treatment for many diseases including epilepsy, obesity, neurodegenerative diseases and some metabolic disorders.
In women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome ketogenic diet has a positive effect on fertility by reducing weight, insulin resistance and hormonal regulation [4–7]. However, it can contribute to mineral and vitamin deficiencies, hypoproteinemia or the development of hepatic steatosis and kidney stones [4, 8]. Due to the duality of possible effects, the potential benefits of a ketogenic diet in pregnancy should be considered carefully. Moreover, there is a need for more human studies determining the safety of the ketogenic diet for both the fetus and the mother. The purpose of this review is to present recent studies evaluating the effects of maternal use of the ketogenic diet during pregnancy on fetal development and the possible advantages and drawbacks of its use.
均衡的饮食对人类的发育和健康至关重要,特别是对孕妇来说,其饮食对胎儿的适当发育有直接影响。此外,它可能导致胎儿的表观遗传变化,影响儿童的健康和成年后的功能。生酮饮食的特点是增加脂肪含量,减少碳水化合物供应[3,4]。它是治疗许多疾病的有效形式,包括癫痫、肥胖、神经退行性疾病和一些代谢紊乱。在多囊卵巢综合征女性中,生酮饮食通过减轻体重、胰岛素抵抗和调节激素对生育有积极作用[4-7]。然而,它可能导致矿物质和维生素缺乏,低蛋白血症或肝脂肪变性和肾结石的发展[4,8]。由于可能的双重影响,怀孕期间生酮饮食的潜在好处应该仔细考虑。此外,还需要更多的人体研究来确定生酮饮食对胎儿和母亲的安全性。本综述的目的是介绍最近的研究,评估孕妇在怀孕期间使用生酮饮食对胎儿发育的影响,以及使用生酮饮食可能的优点和缺点。
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引用次数: 0
Exploring the in vitro hypolipidemic benefits of bamboo mushrooms: A study on their impact on lipid droplets and adipocytokine levels through metabolome and lipidome profiling 竹菇的体外降血脂作用:通过代谢组和脂质组分析研究竹菇对脂滴和脂肪细胞因子水平的影响
IF 4.1 Q2 FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-12-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.nfs.2024.100211
Sucheewin Krobthong , Yodying Yingchutrakul , Chartchai Chaichana , Pawitrabhorn Samutrtai , Jeeraprapa Siriwaseree , Kiattawee Choowongkomon , Pawin Pongkorpsakol , Arnatchai Maiuthed , Pithi Chanvorachote , Chanat Aonbangkhen
Functional foods from edible mushrooms, like the protein-rich and low-calorie Phallus indusiatus (Bamboo mushroom), are promising for obesity prevention. However, scientific evidence supporting its active compounds' benefits is limited. This study used tandem-mass spectroscopy (LC-MS/MS) to analyze Bamboo mushroom's metabolites and lipids, identifying over 1000 metabolites, with adenosine most abundant. Pathway analysis showed significant activity in amino acid and specific metabolism pathways. Lipidomic analysis revealed 131 molecular lipids across categories such as sphingolipids and glycerolipids. The extracts' cytotoxicity and hypolipidemic efficacy were evaluated using a mouse adipocytes model, demonstrating no cellular toxicity at 6.25–100 μg/mL and effective reduction in lipid droplets. Additionally, the extracts significantly reduced levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), suggesting potential hypolipidemic effects. These findings highlight Bamboo mushroom's capability as a functional food to combat obesity by influencing lipid metabolism.
从食用菌中提取的功能性食品,如富含蛋白质和低热量的竹菇,有望预防肥胖。然而,支持其活性成分益处的科学证据有限。本研究采用串联质谱(LC-MS/MS)对竹菇代谢产物和脂质进行了分析,鉴定出1000多种代谢产物,其中腺苷含量最高。途径分析显示,氨基酸和特定代谢途径具有显著活性。脂质组学分析揭示了131种分子脂类,包括鞘脂和甘油脂。采用小鼠脂肪细胞模型对其细胞毒性和降血脂效果进行了评价,结果表明,在6.25 ~ 100 μg/mL浓度下无细胞毒性,且能有效降低脂滴。此外,提取物显著降低单核细胞趋化蛋白-1 (MCP-1)和纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂-1 (PAI-1)的水平,提示潜在的降血脂作用。这些发现强调了竹菇作为一种通过影响脂质代谢来对抗肥胖的功能性食品的能力。
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引用次数: 0
The impact of camel milk and its products on diabetes mellitus management: A review of bioactive components and therapeutic potential 骆驼奶及其制品对糖尿病管理的影响:生物活性成分和治疗潜力的综述
IF 4.1 Q2 FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-12-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.nfs.2024.100204
Mustapha Mbye , Abdelmoneim H. Ali , Afaf Kamal-Eldin , Fawzi Banat
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a global health challenge with increasing prevalence. Camel milk (CM) and its derivatives have emerged as promising candidates for managing DM due to their unique composition and bioactive components, such as insulin-like proteins, lactoferrin, immunoglobulins, and oligosaccharides. These components exhibit hypoglycemic and anti-inflammatory properties, improving glycemic control, insulin sensitivity, and lipid profiles in individuals with DM. CM products, including fermented yogurt and powder formulations, have also shown beneficial effects on glucose metabolism and insulin regulation. The therapeutic effects of CM on DM are mediated through enhanced pancreatic β-cell function, modulation of insulin signaling pathways, and reduction of oxidative stress. Despite its potential, camel milk therapy in diabetes management faces several limitations. These include a lack of standardization in composition, limited clinical evidence, unclear mechanisms of action, and uncertainty regarding the optimal dose and duration of use. Comprehensive and robust clinical studies are essential to fully validate the therapeutic potential of camel milk and its derivatives. Previous reviews focus on using raw CM, with limited to no study on transformed camel milk products, such as fermented products, powder, and whey protein powders, which also possess anti-diabetic properties. This review discusses the effects of whole CM and its products, which form an effective, more practical, and easier to access than raw camel milk, and the mechanisms underlying the therapeutic potential of CM and its products in combating DM.
糖尿病(DM)是一项全球性的健康挑战,患病率不断上升。骆驼奶及其衍生物由于其独特的成分和生物活性成分,如胰岛素样蛋白、乳铁蛋白、免疫球蛋白和低聚糖,已成为治疗糖尿病的有希望的候选者。这些成分具有降糖和抗炎特性,改善糖尿病患者的血糖控制、胰岛素敏感性和脂质谱。CM产品,包括发酵酸奶和粉末配方,也显示出对葡萄糖代谢和胰岛素调节的有益作用。CM对糖尿病的治疗作用是通过增强胰腺β细胞功能、调节胰岛素信号通路和减少氧化应激介导的。尽管有潜力,骆驼奶治疗糖尿病仍面临一些限制。这些问题包括成分缺乏标准化、临床证据有限、作用机制不明确以及最佳剂量和使用时间的不确定性。全面而有力的临床研究对于充分验证骆驼奶及其衍生物的治疗潜力至关重要。以前的综述主要集中在使用生骆驼奶,而对转化骆驼奶产品(如发酵产品、奶粉和乳清蛋白粉)的研究有限或没有,这些产品也具有抗糖尿病特性。这篇综述讨论了整个骆驼奶及其产品的作用,它们形成了一种比生骆驼奶更有效、更实用、更容易获得的产品,以及骆驼奶及其产品治疗糖尿病的潜在机制。
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引用次数: 0
Effects of 1-Deoxynojirimycin on glycemic control: A systematic review and meta-analysis 1-脱氧诺吉霉素对血糖控制的影响:一项系统综述和荟萃分析
IF 4.1 Q2 FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-12-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.nfs.2024.100210
In Ho Cho , RanRan Cheng , Cheol Woon Jung , Tae Hyung Won , Daijie Wang , Hwan-Hee Jang , In Guk Hwang , Sung Won Kwon
This meta-analysis investigates the effects of 1-Deoxynojirimycin (DNJ), derived from mulberry leaves, on glycemic control in individuals with impaired glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes. DNJ significantly reduced postprandial plasma glucose (PPG) at 30 min, postprandial plasma insulin (PPI) at 30 min, and both glucose and insulin incremental area under the curve (iAUC) at 120 min, with substantial heterogeneity across studies. These findings align with DNJ's role as an inhibitor of α-glucosidase and sucrase, delaying carbohydrate digestion and glucose absorption in the small intestine. However, the effects were short-lived, indicating DNJ's limited prolonged efficacy due to low bioavailability and rapid clearance. Future research is needed to further investigate its long-term effects and improve its therapeutic potential.
本荟萃分析研究了从桑叶中提取的1-脱氧诺吉霉素(DNJ)对糖耐量受损和2型糖尿病患者血糖控制的影响。DNJ显著降低30分钟餐后血浆血糖(PPG)、30分钟餐后血浆胰岛素(PPI),以及120分钟时葡萄糖和胰岛素的曲线下增量面积(iAUC),各研究之间存在很大的异质性。这些发现与DNJ作为α-葡萄糖苷酶和蔗糖酶抑制剂的作用一致,延迟了小肠中碳水化合物的消化和葡萄糖的吸收。然而,效果是短暂的,表明DNJ的长期疗效有限,由于低生物利用度和快速清除。未来的研究需要进一步研究其长期效果并提高其治疗潜力。
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引用次数: 0
Associations and patterns in lifestyle and body weight among university students over one year into the Covid-19 pandemic: A cluster analysis Covid-19大流行一年内大学生生活方式和体重的关联和模式:聚类分析
IF 4.1 Q2 FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-12-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.nfs.2024.100206
Andreas Bschaden, Nanette Stroebele-Benschop
In March 2020, the first wave of SARS-CoV-2 infections led to far-reaching measures worldwide to slow the spread of the virus. University students were particularly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic due to the shift to distance learning. Research found an increase in body weight among a significant proportion of students, as well as unfavourable changes in food consumption and physical activity in the first months of the pandemic. The present study aimed to examine changes in food consumption, physical activity, and body weight more than one year into the COVID-19 pandemic. A cross-sectional online survey was conducted among students at a German university in July/August 2021 (n = 951). Changes in food consumption, physical activity, and self-reported body weight since the beginning of the pandemic were assessed in comparison to pre-pandemic levels. Weight gain was reported by 38 % of students, weight loss by 30 %. Changes in sweet and savoury snacks consumption were positively, and changes in sporting frequency and fruit consumption were negatively associated with weight change. A cluster analysis revealed five groups of student clusters, two of which were able to benefit from the changes in their daily lives with increased physical activity and vegetable consumption. Negative consequences, such as reduced physical activity or increased sweet and savoury snack consumption, were found in two groups. One group appeared to be unaffected. The study helps to understand how the pandemic affected students differently. A closer look is needed to identify the reasons for these varied consequences and to develop strategies to assist those who are struggling to better cope with such situations.
2020年3月,第一波SARS-CoV-2感染导致全球采取了影响深远的措施,以减缓该病毒的传播。由于转向远程学习,大学生受到COVID-19大流行的影响尤其严重。研究发现,在大流行的头几个月里,很大一部分学生体重增加,食物消费和身体活动也发生了不利的变化。本研究旨在研究COVID-19大流行一年多后食物消费、身体活动和体重的变化。我们于2021年7月/ 8月在德国一所大学的学生中进行了一项横断面在线调查(n = 951)。与大流行前的水平相比,评估了自大流行开始以来食物消费、身体活动和自我报告体重的变化。38%的学生体重增加,30%的学生体重减轻。甜食和咸味零食消费的变化与体重变化呈正相关,运动频率和水果消费的变化与体重变化呈负相关。聚类分析揭示了五组学生群体,其中两组能够从日常生活的变化中受益,增加了体育活动和蔬菜消费。在两组中都发现了负面影响,比如体力活动减少或甜食和咸味零食的摄入量增加。其中一组似乎没有受到影响。这项研究有助于了解疫情对学生的不同影响。需要更仔细地观察,以查明造成这些不同后果的原因,并制定战略,帮助那些正在努力更好地应付这种情况的人。
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引用次数: 0
Effect of microencapsulation using β-cyclodextrin and β-glucan as coating agents on physicochemical properties and phytocannabinoids retention of cannabis flower oil extract 以β-环糊精和β-葡聚糖为包被剂微胶囊化对大麻花油提取物理化性质和大麻素保留量的影响
IF 4.1 Q2 FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-12-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.nfs.2024.100209
Worakrit Saiyasombat, Chanittha Yimpetch, Wimonphan Chathiran, Jaruwan Chimasangkanan, Warangkana Srichamnong
Phytocannabinoids possess various biological activities; however, their limited aqueous solubility and poor stability present problems for effective utilization. Encapsulation is a highly effective method to improve the stability and solubility of cannabis extracts. The potential of β-glucan as a coating material for cannabis extract has not been extensively studied. This study aimed to investigate encapsulation of cannabis extracts by freeze-drying using β-glucan or β-cyclodextrin as coating agents. The extract was mixed with coating agent, with core-to-coating ratio of 1:1 and 1:2 (w/w). Tween 20 or 40 % ethanol were employed for preparing emulsion. Characterization was performed using contact angle, SEM, FT-IR, NMR and TGA. Phytocannabinoids and antioxidant properties were analyzed using LC-MS/MS and three antioxidant assays (DPPH, FRAP and ORAC). Results showed that different encapsulation conditions affect the phytocannabinoids contents and their morphology. The microencapsulation with Tween 20 at core-to-coating ratio of 1:1 can retain CBD and THC at 0.19 μg/g oil and 0.04–0.07 μg/g oil. SEM image showed granular structure in β-glucan encapsulated products. FT-IR, NMR and TGA confirmed microencapsulation formation. These microcapsules demonstrated high thermal stability with encapsulation efficiency ranging from 13.38 % to 64.80 %. All microcapsules exhibited various antioxidant activity. This study demonstrates the potential for developing water-soluble cannabinoids for food and pharmaceutical applications.
植物大麻素具有多种生物活性;然而,它们有限的水溶性和较差的稳定性给有效利用带来了问题。包封是提高大麻提取物稳定性和溶解度的有效方法。β-葡聚糖作为大麻提取物包衣材料的潜力尚未得到广泛的研究。以β-葡聚糖或β-环糊精为包被剂,对大麻提取物进行冷冻干燥包被研究。提取液与包衣剂混合,芯包比分别为1:1和1:2 (w/w)。用20%或40%乙醇制备乳化液。采用接触角、SEM、FT-IR、NMR、TGA等方法进行表征。采用LC-MS/MS和DPPH、FRAP和ORAC三种抗氧化方法分析植物大麻素和抗氧化性能。结果表明,不同包封条件对大麻素含量和形态有影响。以Tween 20为包芯比1:1的微胶囊可以保留0.19 μg/g油和0.04 ~ 0.07 μg/g油的CBD和THC。扫描电镜显示β-葡聚糖包封产物呈颗粒状结构。FT-IR, NMR和TGA证实了微胶囊化的形成。这些微胶囊具有较高的热稳定性,包封效率在13.38% ~ 64.80%之间。所有微胶囊均表现出不同程度的抗氧化活性。这项研究显示了开发水溶性大麻素用于食品和制药应用的潜力。
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引用次数: 0
Impact of fresh orange, apple, mango and papaya fruit juices on postprandial glycemia in apparently healthy young adults 新鲜橙汁、苹果汁、芒果汁和木瓜汁对健康年轻人餐后血糖的影响
IF 4.1 Q2 FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-12-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.nfs.2024.100205
Yapo Hypolithe Kouadio , Béda Frank Yapo , Jean-Brice Gbakayoro , Hadja Mawa Fatim Diabagate , Ouattara Ahmed Farman
The consumption of fruit juices remains controversial due to their potentially negative impact on postprandial glycemic response. The aim of this study was to determine the glycemic index and glycemic load of four fruit juices in apparently healthy adult subjects. This study included 16 healthy adults. Each subject consumed the reference food twice and the fruit juices once. The fruit juices studied were orange, papaya, apple, and mango, all freshly pressed with no added sugar. All juices were made from very ripe fruit. Blood glucose levels were measured using a calibrated glucometer (On Call Plus). The glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) were determined using standard methods. The results showed that mango juice had a moderate GI (56.41 ± 3.52) and a high GL (7.46 ± 0.47). Papaya, orange, and apple juices all had low GI (49.67 ± 5.05, 42.97 ± 2.93, and 31.50 ± 3.32, respectively) and low GL (4.23 ± 0.43, 3.91 ± 0.27, and 2.56 ± 0.38, respectively). This study indicates that although the GL of the fruit juices studied was low, particularly mango juice, should be consumed in moderation by diabetic subjects.
由于果汁对餐后血糖反应有潜在的负面影响,因此果汁的消费仍然存在争议。本研究的目的是确定四种果汁在表面健康的成人受试者的血糖指数和血糖负荷。这项研究包括16名健康成年人。每位受试者食用参考食物两次,果汁一次。被研究的果汁有橙汁、番木瓜汁、苹果汁和芒果汁,都是现榨的,没有添加糖。所有的果汁都是由非常成熟的水果制成的。使用校准过的血糖仪(On Call Plus)测量血糖水平。采用标准方法测定血糖指数(GI)和血糖负荷(GL)。结果表明,芒果汁具有中等GI值(56.41±3.52)和高GL值(7.46±0.47)。木瓜汁、橙汁和苹果汁的GI(分别为49.67±5.05、42.97±2.93和31.50±3.32)和GL(分别为4.23±0.43、3.91±0.27和2.56±0.38)均较低。这项研究表明,尽管所研究的果汁的GL很低,尤其是芒果汁,但糖尿病患者应该适量饮用。
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引用次数: 0
Changes in vitamin D2 content and physicochemical characteristics of food products enriched with UV-B irradiated oyster mushroom powder during cooking and storage 经UV-B辐照的平菇粉食品在蒸煮和贮存过程中维生素D2含量和理化特性的变化
IF 4.1 Q2 FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-12-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.nfs.2024.100203
Chutikarn Kapcum , Nongnuch Sungayuth , Thitipak Theeratadsanakul , Wishita Sutthi , Kunchit Judprasong , Piyanut Sridonpai , Konpong Boonyingsathit , Rungtiwa Wongsagonsup
UV-B irradiation has been shown to increase vitamin D2 content in oyster mushrooms. This study investigated changes in vitamin D2 content and the physicochemical properties of food products (i.e., alkaline noodles, Mantous, cookies, and extruded snacks) enriched with 10 % UV-B irradiated oyster mushroom powder during cooking and storage. After cooking, alkaline noodles and Mantous were stored at 4 °C for 8 days, while cookies and snacks were stored in an accelerated condition at 45 °C for 90 days. Vitamin D2 content in alkaline noodles and Mantous remained unchanged after cooking, but declined in cookies and extruded snacks by 27 % and 55 %, respectively. During storage, vitamin D2 content in Mantous and cookies did not change, but decreased in alkaline noodles and snacks by 19–38 % and 26–51 %, respectively. The total phenolic content and antioxidant activities of the food products generally increased after cooking, except for alkaline noodles, and generally decreased during storage, except for Mantous. The texture properties of all products also changed during storage, which could be related to moisture content within the products. This study illustrated that significant amounts of vitamin D2 and phenolic compounds remained in the food products after cooking and storage, especially in Mantous and cookies, thereby promoting human health benefits.
UV-B辐射已被证明能增加平菇中维生素D2的含量。本研究考察了添加10% UV-B辐照的平菇粉后,食品(即碱性面、馒头、饼干和膨化零食)在烹调和储存过程中维生素D2含量和理化性质的变化。煮熟后,碱性面条和馒头在4℃条件下保存8天,饼干和零食在45℃加速条件下保存90天。碱性面条和馒头的维生素D2含量在蒸煮后保持不变,而饼干和膨化零食的维生素D2含量分别下降了27%和55%。在贮藏期间,馒头和饼干中的维生素D2含量没有变化,而碱性面条和零食中的维生素D2含量分别下降了19 - 38%和26 - 51%。除碱性面条外,食品总酚含量和抗氧化活性在蒸煮后普遍升高,在贮藏过程中普遍降低,但馒头除外。所有产品的质地在储存过程中也发生了变化,这可能与产品内的水分含量有关。本研究表明,在烹饪和储存后的食品中,特别是在馒头和饼干中,保留了大量的维生素D2和酚类化合物,从而对人体健康有益。
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引用次数: 0
The effect of obligatory versus voluntary school food standard implementation on the fulfillment of the school food standard requirements in Germany 德国学校食品标准实施的强制性与自愿性对满足学校食品标准要求的影响
IF 4.1 Q2 FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.nfs.2024.100197
Cordula Hundeshagen , Heike Rosmann , Jörg Lindenmeier

Background

In high income countries there is increased focus on health- and sustainability aspects concerning school feeding. To ensure this in Germany, a school food standard (SFS) was established. Implementation of the SFS is mandatory only in some federal states and has remained voluntary in others. The aim of this first exploratory study is to analyze school lunch menus regarding their fulfillment of the SFS requirements and detect differences between obligatory and voluntary implementation of the SFS.

Methods

After drawing a random sample of schools and reaching out for voluntary participation in this study, school menus of federal states with obligatory (OSFS) and voluntary (VSFS) SFS implementation were collected and analyzed. The SFS criteria are based on the conditions observed in the menu for a four-week mixed diet menu, an ovo-lacto-vegetarian dish, additional criteria for menu planning and menu criteria. In addition, we estimated binominal logistic regression models and two-step multiple regression models to control for the effects of geographical factors and socioeconomic status to the fulfillment of the SFS criteria.

Results

We assessed 48 menus from OSFS federal states and 102 menus from VSFS federal states. OFSF menus met the requirements to a higher extent and exhibited a better dietary pattern. School food-standardized meals included significantly less breaded and deep-fried components (96 % vs. 79 %, p = 0.009), contained more whole grain products (83 % vs. 30 %, p < 0.001) and fewer meat products (60 % vs. 25 %, p < 0.001), more fruits (81 % vs. 63 %, p = 0.023) and more vegetables, legumes and salad (85 % vs. 61 %, p = 0.002). Menus with SFS obligation emphasized nutrient optimized menus significantly more frequently (42 % vs. 28 %, p < 0.001) and used unambiguous designations of meals more often (96 % vs. 82 %, p = 0.023). They contain more regional products (33 % vs. 13 %, p = 0.003), more organic products (71 % vs. 41 %, p < 0.001) and meat from animal friendly husbandry (21 % vs. 7 %, p = 0.012). The effects of the covariates were rarely significant.

Conclusion

School menus with obligatory use of the SFS met the requirements to a greater extent and contain healthier and sustainable food components more frequently. Nevertheless, results show that even in federal states with obligational use, the standard implementation is not fulfilled completely. Further research is needed to detect barriers in the daily implementation of the SFS.
背景在高收入国家,人们越来越关注学校供餐的健康和可持续性问题。为了确保这一点,德国制定了学校食品标准(SFS)。只有部分联邦州强制执行 SFS,其他州仍为自愿执行。这项首次探索性研究的目的是分析学校午餐菜单是否符合 SFS 的要求,并发现 SFS 强制实施和自愿实施之间的差异。研究方法在随机抽样学校并联系自愿参与本研究的学校后,收集并分析了强制实施(OSFS)和自愿实施(VSFS)SFS 的联邦州的学校菜单。SFS 标准的依据是在菜单中观察到的为期四周的混合膳食菜单、卵乳素食菜肴、菜单规划附加标准和菜单标准的条件。此外,我们还估计了二项式逻辑回归模型和两步多元回归模型,以控制地理因素和社会经济状况对满足 SFS 标准的影响。OSFS 联邦州的菜单符合要求的程度更高,表现出更好的膳食模式。学校食品标准餐中的面包和油炸食品明显减少(96% 对 79%,p = 0.009),含有更多的全谷物产品(83% 对 30%,p < 0.001)和更少的肉类产品(60% 对 25%,p < 0.001),更多的水果(81% 对 63%,p = 0.023)和更多的蔬菜、豆类和沙拉(85% 对 61%,p = 0.002)。有 SFS 义务的菜单强调营养优化的频率明显更高(42 % 对 28 %,p = 0.001),并且更经常地使用明确的膳食名称(96 % 对 82 %,p = 0.023)。他们包含更多的地方产品(33 % 对 13 %,p = 0.003)、更多的有机产品(71 % 对 41 %,p < 0.001)和来自动物友好型畜牧业的肉类(21 % 对 7 %,p = 0.012)。结论强制使用 SFS 的学校菜单在更大程度上符合要求,并且更经常地包含更健康和可持续的食品成分。然而,研究结果表明,即使在强制使用 SFS 的联邦州,标准的执行情况也不尽如人意。需要进一步开展研究,以发现在日常实施 SFS 过程中存在的障碍。
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引用次数: 0
White mulberry leaf (Morus alba L.) infusion as a strategy to reduce starch digestibility: The influence of particle size of leaf powder 将白桑叶(Morus alba L.)浸泡作为降低淀粉消化率的一种策略:叶粉粒度的影响
IF 4.1 Q2 FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.nfs.2024.100196
Thiraphong Aumasa , Gunthawan Apinanthanuwong , Jaspreet Singh , Lovedeep Kaur , Jinhu Tian , Suphat Phongthai , Yardfon Tanongkankit , Utthapon Issara , Yukiharu Ogawa , Natthawuddhi Donlao
Mulberry leaf (Morus Alba L.) has been found in clinical trials to be effective in reducing diabetes in Asia. The powdered tea market is expanding in popularity due to its functional properties. This study aimed to examine the influence of different particle sizes of mulberry leaf powder (MLP) infusion on the digestibility of starch in cooked Japonica rice (cv. Koshihikari) and the bioaccessibility of phytochemicals. Dried mulberry leaf was pulverized and sieved into several particle sizes: 160 μm (MLP160), 250 μm (MLP250), 404 μm (MLP404), and 774 μm (MLP774). Through simulated in vitro digestion, we assessed starch hydrolysis (%SH), the kinetics of starch hydrolysis, estimated glycemic index (eGI), as well as total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC). The smaller particle size of MLP showed a greater reduction of eGI. Specifically, infusions prepared from MLP160 resulted in a reduction of 15 % in eGI for cooked grains and 3 % for slurries, respectively. The reduction in eGI was attributed to the interaction among flavonoids and digestive enzymes, demonstrating a concentration-dependent manner on enzyme inhibition effect. Pulverization significantly influenced the concentration of phytochemicals and their bioaccessibility in infusions. This study offers valuable insights into determining optimal particle sizes for MLP, considering both physical and functional characteristics as well as implications for the food industry. The results further suggest that MLP infusion holds promise as a functional beverage, potentially providing benefits in reducing postprandial hyperglycemia.
在亚洲,桑叶(Morus Alba L.)在临床试验中被发现可有效降低糖尿病。由于其功能特性,茶粉市场正在不断扩大。本研究旨在探讨不同粒径的桑叶粉(MLP)浸泡液对煮熟的粳米(越光种)中淀粉消化率和植物化学物质生物可及性的影响。将干桑叶粉碎并筛分成几种粒度:160 μm(MLP160)、250 μm(MLP250)、404 μm(MLP404)和 774 μm(MLP774)。通过模拟体外消化,我们评估了淀粉水解率(%SH)、淀粉水解动力学、估计血糖生成指数(eGI)以及总酚含量(TPC)和总黄酮含量(TFC)。MLP 的粒径越小,eGI 的降低幅度越大。具体来说,用 MLP160 制备的浸泡液可使熟谷物的 eGI 降低 15%,使泥浆的 eGI 降低 3%。eGI 的降低归因于类黄酮和消化酶之间的相互作用,这表明酶抑制作用的方式与浓度有关。粉碎显著影响了植物化学物质的浓度及其在输液中的生物可及性。考虑到 MLP 的物理和功能特性以及对食品工业的影响,这项研究为确定 MLP 的最佳粒度提供了宝贵的见解。研究结果进一步表明,MLP浸液有望成为一种功能性饮料,在降低餐后高血糖方面具有潜在的益处。
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