Pub Date : 2024-08-28DOI: 10.1038/s41545-024-00372-z
Xinyi Gong, Qingtao Ma, Luxiang Wang, Dianzeng Jia, Nannan Guo, Xin Du, Xuemei Wang
As one of the most promising electrode materials for capacitive deionization (CDI), the development of carbon materials with controllable pore structure and continuous mass production is essential for their practical application. Herein, a facile ultrasonic spray pyrolysis method was developed to synthesize surface-functionalized wrinkled hierarchical porous carbon spheres (HCS) with unique interconnected multi-cavity structures. The wrinkled and interconnected multi-cavity hierarchical pores of the HCS play a crucial role in providing accessible ion adsorption sites and promoting ion diffusion and storage in the “multi-cavity warehouse”. The carboxyl groups on the surface of HCS generate a negative charge that promotes the adsorption of cations. The optimized HCS possesses outstanding desalination capacity (114.25 mg g−1), fast adsorption rate (6.57 mg g−1 min−1), and superior cycling stability (95%). Meanwhile, the HCS exhibited impressive desalination capacities in brackish water. Furthermore, the density functional theory calculation results confirmed that the synergistic effect of carboxyl groups and defects significantly enhanced the Na+ adsorption capacity and facilitated ion diffusion. This study extends the synthesis method of surface-functionalized hierarchical porous carbon, which is expected to facilitate the development of CDI electrode materials.
{"title":"Wrinkled hierarchical porous carbon spheres with interconnected multi-cavity for ultrahigh capacitive deionization","authors":"Xinyi Gong, Qingtao Ma, Luxiang Wang, Dianzeng Jia, Nannan Guo, Xin Du, Xuemei Wang","doi":"10.1038/s41545-024-00372-z","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41545-024-00372-z","url":null,"abstract":"As one of the most promising electrode materials for capacitive deionization (CDI), the development of carbon materials with controllable pore structure and continuous mass production is essential for their practical application. Herein, a facile ultrasonic spray pyrolysis method was developed to synthesize surface-functionalized wrinkled hierarchical porous carbon spheres (HCS) with unique interconnected multi-cavity structures. The wrinkled and interconnected multi-cavity hierarchical pores of the HCS play a crucial role in providing accessible ion adsorption sites and promoting ion diffusion and storage in the “multi-cavity warehouse”. The carboxyl groups on the surface of HCS generate a negative charge that promotes the adsorption of cations. The optimized HCS possesses outstanding desalination capacity (114.25 mg g−1), fast adsorption rate (6.57 mg g−1 min−1), and superior cycling stability (95%). Meanwhile, the HCS exhibited impressive desalination capacities in brackish water. Furthermore, the density functional theory calculation results confirmed that the synergistic effect of carboxyl groups and defects significantly enhanced the Na+ adsorption capacity and facilitated ion diffusion. This study extends the synthesis method of surface-functionalized hierarchical porous carbon, which is expected to facilitate the development of CDI electrode materials.","PeriodicalId":19375,"journal":{"name":"npj Clean Water","volume":" ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":10.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41545-024-00372-z.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142090188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-22DOI: 10.1038/s41545-024-00370-1
Dongping Liu, Lei Nie, Beidou Xi, Hongjie Gao, Fang Yang, Huibin Yu
Rivers are well known as one of the most threatened aquatic environments, whose structure and water quality can be deeply impacted by intensive anthropogenic activities. Despite the fact that anthropogenic influences on river ecosystems could indeed be deduced from the composition and chemistry of fluvial dissolved organic matter (DOM), sources of anthropogenic loading to DOM are still poorly explored. Here, by uniting fluorescence excitation-emission matrices (EEM) and principal component absolute coefficient, four sources of DOM from seventeen rivers in major drainage basins of China could be identified, i.e., originating from municipal sewage, domestic wastewater, livestock wastewater, and natural origins, and thus being defined as MS-DOM, DW-DOM, LW-DOM, NO-DOM, respectively. Based on the random forest model, special nodes in EEM could be traced from four sources, respectively. According to parallel factor analysis, DOM mainly contained protein-like, microbial humic-like, and fulvic-like fluorescence substances, among which protein-like was dominant in MS-DOM and DW-DOM, microbial humic-like in LW-DOM, and fulvic-like in NO-DOM. Based on key peaks and essential nodes in EEM, the identifying source indices were first proposed, which could be introduced to simply distinguish the different anthropogenic-derived sources of fluvial DOM. It was associated with intensity ratios of the key peaks and the essential nodes of EEM spectra from four sources, i.e., municipal sewage (MS-SI: Ex/Em = 280/(335, 410) nm), domestic wastewater (DW-SI: Ex/Em = 280/(340, 410) nm), livestock wastewater (LW-SI: Ex/Em = 235/(345, 380) nm), and natural origins (NO-SI: Ex/Em = 260/(380, 430) nm). By statistical analysis, the high identifying source indices of municipal sewage (>0.5) and natural origins (>0.4) values could be related to MS-DOM and NO-DOM, respectively. The identifying source indices of domestic wastewater with 0.1–0.3 might be linked to DW-DOM and the identifying source indices of livestock wastewater with 0.3–0.4 to LW-DOM. Compared with conventional optical indices, the novel identifying source indices showed remarkable discrimination for the sources of fluvial DOM with different forms of anthropogenic disturbances. Hence the innovative approach could be relatively convenient and accurate to evaluate water quality or pollution risk in river ecosystems.
{"title":"A novel-approach for identifying sources of fluvial DOM using fluorescence spectroscopy and machine learning model","authors":"Dongping Liu, Lei Nie, Beidou Xi, Hongjie Gao, Fang Yang, Huibin Yu","doi":"10.1038/s41545-024-00370-1","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41545-024-00370-1","url":null,"abstract":"Rivers are well known as one of the most threatened aquatic environments, whose structure and water quality can be deeply impacted by intensive anthropogenic activities. Despite the fact that anthropogenic influences on river ecosystems could indeed be deduced from the composition and chemistry of fluvial dissolved organic matter (DOM), sources of anthropogenic loading to DOM are still poorly explored. Here, by uniting fluorescence excitation-emission matrices (EEM) and principal component absolute coefficient, four sources of DOM from seventeen rivers in major drainage basins of China could be identified, i.e., originating from municipal sewage, domestic wastewater, livestock wastewater, and natural origins, and thus being defined as MS-DOM, DW-DOM, LW-DOM, NO-DOM, respectively. Based on the random forest model, special nodes in EEM could be traced from four sources, respectively. According to parallel factor analysis, DOM mainly contained protein-like, microbial humic-like, and fulvic-like fluorescence substances, among which protein-like was dominant in MS-DOM and DW-DOM, microbial humic-like in LW-DOM, and fulvic-like in NO-DOM. Based on key peaks and essential nodes in EEM, the identifying source indices were first proposed, which could be introduced to simply distinguish the different anthropogenic-derived sources of fluvial DOM. It was associated with intensity ratios of the key peaks and the essential nodes of EEM spectra from four sources, i.e., municipal sewage (MS-SI: Ex/Em = 280/(335, 410) nm), domestic wastewater (DW-SI: Ex/Em = 280/(340, 410) nm), livestock wastewater (LW-SI: Ex/Em = 235/(345, 380) nm), and natural origins (NO-SI: Ex/Em = 260/(380, 430) nm). By statistical analysis, the high identifying source indices of municipal sewage (>0.5) and natural origins (>0.4) values could be related to MS-DOM and NO-DOM, respectively. The identifying source indices of domestic wastewater with 0.1–0.3 might be linked to DW-DOM and the identifying source indices of livestock wastewater with 0.3–0.4 to LW-DOM. Compared with conventional optical indices, the novel identifying source indices showed remarkable discrimination for the sources of fluvial DOM with different forms of anthropogenic disturbances. Hence the innovative approach could be relatively convenient and accurate to evaluate water quality or pollution risk in river ecosystems.","PeriodicalId":19375,"journal":{"name":"npj Clean Water","volume":" ","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":10.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41545-024-00370-1.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142041789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-22DOI: 10.1038/s41545-024-00366-x
Hafiza Hifza Nawaz, Muhammad Umar, Iqra Nawaz, Rao Muhammad Ihsan, Humaira Razzaq, Hugh Gong, Xuqing Liu
The major polluting aspects of our global fashion industries are the textile wastewater that turns black all our freshwater reservoirs. Nano-filtration through membrane technology is one of the biggest solutions of industrial wastewater treatment but the fouling of membrane is the major limitation of previous work. In this research, novel PVDF/MoS2-TNT (PMT) nanocomposite membranes were fabricated through a modified In-situ polymerisation phase inversion method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis also confirmed the β-phase of PVDF within the developed PVDF/MoS2-TNT membrane. XPS analysis provides evidence about the presence of a specific chemical states of titanium nanotube and molybdenum disulphide which is involved in the photocatalytic degradation of pollutant molecules. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) shows that our membranes are porous in nature. PVDF/MoS2-TNT membranes exhibit excellent filtration efficiency (∼97%) for textile wastewater. The results and outcomes of the research demonstrate that PMT membranes have enormous potential in the commercial application of textile wastewater treatment.
{"title":"Photo responsive single layer MoS2 nanochannel membranes for photocatalytic degradation of contaminants in water","authors":"Hafiza Hifza Nawaz, Muhammad Umar, Iqra Nawaz, Rao Muhammad Ihsan, Humaira Razzaq, Hugh Gong, Xuqing Liu","doi":"10.1038/s41545-024-00366-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41545-024-00366-x","url":null,"abstract":"The major polluting aspects of our global fashion industries are the textile wastewater that turns black all our freshwater reservoirs. Nano-filtration through membrane technology is one of the biggest solutions of industrial wastewater treatment but the fouling of membrane is the major limitation of previous work. In this research, novel PVDF/MoS2-TNT (PMT) nanocomposite membranes were fabricated through a modified In-situ polymerisation phase inversion method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis also confirmed the β-phase of PVDF within the developed PVDF/MoS2-TNT membrane. XPS analysis provides evidence about the presence of a specific chemical states of titanium nanotube and molybdenum disulphide which is involved in the photocatalytic degradation of pollutant molecules. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) shows that our membranes are porous in nature. PVDF/MoS2-TNT membranes exhibit excellent filtration efficiency (∼97%) for textile wastewater. The results and outcomes of the research demonstrate that PMT membranes have enormous potential in the commercial application of textile wastewater treatment.","PeriodicalId":19375,"journal":{"name":"npj Clean Water","volume":" ","pages":"1-16"},"PeriodicalIF":10.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41545-024-00366-x.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142041792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-20DOI: 10.1038/s41545-024-00373-y
Dar Murtaza Ahmad, Jonghun Kam
Drought is a pervasive natural hazard, which can profoundly affect ecosystems and societies globally. To strengthen the global community’s resilience to droughts, a multi-dimensional understanding of global drought awareness is imperative. Here we investigate global drought awareness at local (awareness of local droughts in the affected country), remote (awareness of remote droughts in other countries), and global levels (awareness from non-exposed countries). This study uses relevant search activity volumes of a country to drought as a proxy of national-level drought awareness. We find that the recent decade has experienced no change in drought hazard over the globe, but the global community has been increasingly seeking information about drought online, that is, elevated awareness of the global community on drought. We further find that long-lasting droughts enhance local- and global-level awareness and high gross domestic product are associated with remote-level awareness. This study provides an observational evidence of global disparities in the awareness/interest regarding drought, underscoring a continuing role of European nations in enhancing global drought awareness.
{"title":"Disparity between global drought hazard and awareness","authors":"Dar Murtaza Ahmad, Jonghun Kam","doi":"10.1038/s41545-024-00373-y","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41545-024-00373-y","url":null,"abstract":"Drought is a pervasive natural hazard, which can profoundly affect ecosystems and societies globally. To strengthen the global community’s resilience to droughts, a multi-dimensional understanding of global drought awareness is imperative. Here we investigate global drought awareness at local (awareness of local droughts in the affected country), remote (awareness of remote droughts in other countries), and global levels (awareness from non-exposed countries). This study uses relevant search activity volumes of a country to drought as a proxy of national-level drought awareness. We find that the recent decade has experienced no change in drought hazard over the globe, but the global community has been increasingly seeking information about drought online, that is, elevated awareness of the global community on drought. We further find that long-lasting droughts enhance local- and global-level awareness and high gross domestic product are associated with remote-level awareness. This study provides an observational evidence of global disparities in the awareness/interest regarding drought, underscoring a continuing role of European nations in enhancing global drought awareness.","PeriodicalId":19375,"journal":{"name":"npj Clean Water","volume":" ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":10.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41545-024-00373-y.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142007379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-20DOI: 10.1038/s41545-024-00371-0
Fien Waegenaar, Thomas Pluym, Laura Coene, Jozefien Schelfhout, Cristina García-Timermans, Bart De Gusseme, Nico Boon
This study utilized a pilot-scale distribution network to examine the impact of temperature increases (16 °C, 20 °C, 24 °C) and source variations (treated ground- and surface water) on bulk and biofilm communities over 137 days. Microbial characterization employed flow cytometry and 16 S rRNA gene-based amplicon sequencing to elucidate bulk-biofilm interactions. Bacterial bulk cell densities increased with higher temperatures, while water source variations significantly influenced bulk cell densities as well as the community composition. Additionally, growth curves were fitted on the flow cytometry results, and growth rates and carrying capacities were higher with treated groundwater at elevated temperatures. Conversely, biofilm cell densities remained unaffected by temperature. A mature biofilm was observed from day 70 onwards and a core biofilm microbiome, resilient to temperature and water source changes, was identified. These findings emphasize the importance of water source quality for maintaining biological stability in drinking water systems, particularly in the face of changing environmental conditions.
{"title":"Impact of temperature and water source on drinking water microbiome during distribution in a pilot-scale study","authors":"Fien Waegenaar, Thomas Pluym, Laura Coene, Jozefien Schelfhout, Cristina García-Timermans, Bart De Gusseme, Nico Boon","doi":"10.1038/s41545-024-00371-0","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41545-024-00371-0","url":null,"abstract":"This study utilized a pilot-scale distribution network to examine the impact of temperature increases (16 °C, 20 °C, 24 °C) and source variations (treated ground- and surface water) on bulk and biofilm communities over 137 days. Microbial characterization employed flow cytometry and 16 S rRNA gene-based amplicon sequencing to elucidate bulk-biofilm interactions. Bacterial bulk cell densities increased with higher temperatures, while water source variations significantly influenced bulk cell densities as well as the community composition. Additionally, growth curves were fitted on the flow cytometry results, and growth rates and carrying capacities were higher with treated groundwater at elevated temperatures. Conversely, biofilm cell densities remained unaffected by temperature. A mature biofilm was observed from day 70 onwards and a core biofilm microbiome, resilient to temperature and water source changes, was identified. These findings emphasize the importance of water source quality for maintaining biological stability in drinking water systems, particularly in the face of changing environmental conditions.","PeriodicalId":19375,"journal":{"name":"npj Clean Water","volume":" ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":10.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41545-024-00371-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142013689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-12DOI: 10.1038/s41545-024-00368-9
Meysam Khodaparast, Dave Sharley, Stephen Marshall, Travis Beddoe
Rapid and precise detection of waterborne pathogens is critical for effective public health management and environmental safety. Traditional methods for water quality monitoring, considered the “Gold Standard,” are time-consuming, costly, and rely on centralized laboratories and expertise. These methods are impractical for on-site, real-time monitoring, and requiring further improvements. This review explores various waterborne pathogens and cutting-edge molecular detection techniques. It highlights the growing importance of point-of-care and point-of-application methods to expedite results and improve health risk management. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification emerges as a reliable, rapid, and accessible tool in the realms of on-site diagnostics and surveillance. Moreover, the review emphasizes the crucial role of water sample preparation and in-field nucleic acid isolation in augmenting pathogen detection to enable precise assessments of water quality. The advancement of these techniques will guarantee access to safe water and improve the management of waterborne diseases.
{"title":"Advances in point-of-care and molecular techniques to detect waterborne pathogens","authors":"Meysam Khodaparast, Dave Sharley, Stephen Marshall, Travis Beddoe","doi":"10.1038/s41545-024-00368-9","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41545-024-00368-9","url":null,"abstract":"Rapid and precise detection of waterborne pathogens is critical for effective public health management and environmental safety. Traditional methods for water quality monitoring, considered the “Gold Standard,” are time-consuming, costly, and rely on centralized laboratories and expertise. These methods are impractical for on-site, real-time monitoring, and requiring further improvements. This review explores various waterborne pathogens and cutting-edge molecular detection techniques. It highlights the growing importance of point-of-care and point-of-application methods to expedite results and improve health risk management. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification emerges as a reliable, rapid, and accessible tool in the realms of on-site diagnostics and surveillance. Moreover, the review emphasizes the crucial role of water sample preparation and in-field nucleic acid isolation in augmenting pathogen detection to enable precise assessments of water quality. The advancement of these techniques will guarantee access to safe water and improve the management of waterborne diseases.","PeriodicalId":19375,"journal":{"name":"npj Clean Water","volume":" ","pages":"1-21"},"PeriodicalIF":10.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41545-024-00368-9.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141973747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Analyzing three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix (3D-EEM) spectra through machine learning models has drawn increasing attention, whereas the reliability of these machine learning models remains unclear due to their “black box” nature. In this study, the convolutional neural network (CNN) for classifying numbers of fluorescent components in 3D-EEM spectra was interpreted by gradient-weighted class activation mapping (Grad-CAM), guided Grad-CAM, and structured attention graphs (SAGs). Results showed that the original CNN classifier with high classification accuracy may make a classification based on misleading attention to the non-fluorescence area in 3D-EEM spectra. By removing Rayleigh scatterings in 3D-EEM spectra and integrating convolutional block attention module (CBAM) in CNN classifiers, the correct attention of the trained CNN classifier with CBAM greatly increased from 17.6% to 57.2%. This work formulated strategies for improving CNN classifiers associated with environmental fields and would provide great help for water determination in both natural and artificial environments.
{"title":"Attention improvement for data-driven analyzing fluorescence excitation-emission matrix spectra via interpretable attention mechanism","authors":"Run-Ze Xu, Jia-Shun Cao, Jing-Yang Luo, Bing-Jie Ni, Fang Fang, Weijing Liu, Peifang Wang","doi":"10.1038/s41545-024-00367-w","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41545-024-00367-w","url":null,"abstract":"Analyzing three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix (3D-EEM) spectra through machine learning models has drawn increasing attention, whereas the reliability of these machine learning models remains unclear due to their “black box” nature. In this study, the convolutional neural network (CNN) for classifying numbers of fluorescent components in 3D-EEM spectra was interpreted by gradient-weighted class activation mapping (Grad-CAM), guided Grad-CAM, and structured attention graphs (SAGs). Results showed that the original CNN classifier with high classification accuracy may make a classification based on misleading attention to the non-fluorescence area in 3D-EEM spectra. By removing Rayleigh scatterings in 3D-EEM spectra and integrating convolutional block attention module (CBAM) in CNN classifiers, the correct attention of the trained CNN classifier with CBAM greatly increased from 17.6% to 57.2%. This work formulated strategies for improving CNN classifiers associated with environmental fields and would provide great help for water determination in both natural and artificial environments.","PeriodicalId":19375,"journal":{"name":"npj Clean Water","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":10.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41545-024-00367-w.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141904669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-02DOI: 10.1038/s41545-024-00355-0
Anoop Jain, Caleb Harrison, Akhil Kumar, Rockli Kim, S. V. Subramanian
The proportion of Indian households with access to a toilet has grown considerably over the past decade. Many of these toilets rely on on-site containment, either in the form of a septic tank or soak pit. If the waste from these containers is not removed using some type of mechanized method, it can overflow into drains before flowing into treatment facilities or being discharged into water bodies. Therefore, drains are a critical part of the sanitation chain. What remains unknown, however, is what types of drains are available to households in India. Understanding this is critical given that people are at a greater risk of ingesting contaminated water and making dermal contact with pathogens if waste flows in open drains. For the first time, India’s National Family Health Survey from 2019–2021 contains data on the type of drainage available to households. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to estimate the prevalence of households relying on no drainage, open drainage, drains to soak pits, and closed drainage. We also estimate these prevalence values for each of India’s 720 districts and by urban/rural communities to understand the geographic clustering of drainage types throughout India. Overall, we found that the most common drainage type was open drains (37.5% | 95% CI: 37.3–37.6), followed by closed drains (33.9% | 95% CI: 33.7–34.0). The household prevalence of open drainage was above 42% in more than half of India’s 720 districts. Similarly, the household prevalence of closed drainage was below 24% in more than half of India’s 720 districts. We also found that open drains were more common in rural communities, while closed drains were more common in urban communities. We also found a socioeconomic gradient in terms of drainage types, with those lower on the socioeconomic spectrum more likely to have open drains or no drainage. Our results underscore the need to both geographically and socioeconomically target interventions that ensure households have access to adequate drainage. Doing so is vital to remove contamination from the environment as a means of preventing morbidity.
{"title":"Examining geographic variation in the prevalence of household drainage types across India in 2019-2021","authors":"Anoop Jain, Caleb Harrison, Akhil Kumar, Rockli Kim, S. V. Subramanian","doi":"10.1038/s41545-024-00355-0","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41545-024-00355-0","url":null,"abstract":"The proportion of Indian households with access to a toilet has grown considerably over the past decade. Many of these toilets rely on on-site containment, either in the form of a septic tank or soak pit. If the waste from these containers is not removed using some type of mechanized method, it can overflow into drains before flowing into treatment facilities or being discharged into water bodies. Therefore, drains are a critical part of the sanitation chain. What remains unknown, however, is what types of drains are available to households in India. Understanding this is critical given that people are at a greater risk of ingesting contaminated water and making dermal contact with pathogens if waste flows in open drains. For the first time, India’s National Family Health Survey from 2019–2021 contains data on the type of drainage available to households. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to estimate the prevalence of households relying on no drainage, open drainage, drains to soak pits, and closed drainage. We also estimate these prevalence values for each of India’s 720 districts and by urban/rural communities to understand the geographic clustering of drainage types throughout India. Overall, we found that the most common drainage type was open drains (37.5% | 95% CI: 37.3–37.6), followed by closed drains (33.9% | 95% CI: 33.7–34.0). The household prevalence of open drainage was above 42% in more than half of India’s 720 districts. Similarly, the household prevalence of closed drainage was below 24% in more than half of India’s 720 districts. We also found that open drains were more common in rural communities, while closed drains were more common in urban communities. We also found a socioeconomic gradient in terms of drainage types, with those lower on the socioeconomic spectrum more likely to have open drains or no drainage. Our results underscore the need to both geographically and socioeconomically target interventions that ensure households have access to adequate drainage. Doing so is vital to remove contamination from the environment as a means of preventing morbidity.","PeriodicalId":19375,"journal":{"name":"npj Clean Water","volume":" ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":10.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41545-024-00355-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141877668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-02DOI: 10.1038/s41545-024-00365-y
Inés Girón-Guzmán, Santiago Sánchez-Alberola, Enric Cuevas-Ferrando, Irene Falcó, Azahara Díaz-Reolid, Pablo Puchades-Colera, Sandra Ballesteros, Alba Pérez-Cataluña, José María Coll, Eugenia Núñez, María José Fabra, Amparo López-Rubio, Gloria Sánchez
This year-long research analyzed emerging risks in influent, effluent wastewaters and biosolids from six wastewater treatment plants in Spain’s Valencian Region. Specifically, it focused on human enteric and respiratory viruses, bacterial and viral faecal contamination indicators, extended-spectrum beta-lactamases-producing Escherichia coli, and antibiotic-resistance genes. Additionally, particles and microplastics in biosolid and wastewater samples were assessed. Human enteric viruses were prevalent in influent wastewater, with limited post-treatment reduction. Wastewater treatment effectively eliminated respiratory viruses, except for low levels of SARS-CoV-2 in effluent and biosolid samples, suggesting minimal public health risk. Antibiotic resistance genes and microplastics were persistently found in effluent and biosolids, thus indicating treatment inefficiencies and potential environmental dissemination. This multifaced research sheds light on diverse contaminants present after water reclamation, emphasizing the interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental health in wastewater management. It underscores the need for a One Health approach to address the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.
{"title":"Longitudinal study on the multifactorial public health risks associated with sewage reclamation","authors":"Inés Girón-Guzmán, Santiago Sánchez-Alberola, Enric Cuevas-Ferrando, Irene Falcó, Azahara Díaz-Reolid, Pablo Puchades-Colera, Sandra Ballesteros, Alba Pérez-Cataluña, José María Coll, Eugenia Núñez, María José Fabra, Amparo López-Rubio, Gloria Sánchez","doi":"10.1038/s41545-024-00365-y","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41545-024-00365-y","url":null,"abstract":"This year-long research analyzed emerging risks in influent, effluent wastewaters and biosolids from six wastewater treatment plants in Spain’s Valencian Region. Specifically, it focused on human enteric and respiratory viruses, bacterial and viral faecal contamination indicators, extended-spectrum beta-lactamases-producing Escherichia coli, and antibiotic-resistance genes. Additionally, particles and microplastics in biosolid and wastewater samples were assessed. Human enteric viruses were prevalent in influent wastewater, with limited post-treatment reduction. Wastewater treatment effectively eliminated respiratory viruses, except for low levels of SARS-CoV-2 in effluent and biosolid samples, suggesting minimal public health risk. Antibiotic resistance genes and microplastics were persistently found in effluent and biosolids, thus indicating treatment inefficiencies and potential environmental dissemination. This multifaced research sheds light on diverse contaminants present after water reclamation, emphasizing the interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental health in wastewater management. It underscores the need for a One Health approach to address the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.","PeriodicalId":19375,"journal":{"name":"npj Clean Water","volume":" ","pages":"1-15"},"PeriodicalIF":10.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41545-024-00365-y.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141880137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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