{"title":"Environmental impact of alum shale mining and oil and uranium production in Kvarntorp, Sweden, based on historical archives and environmental monitoring data","authors":"K. Åhlgren, M. Bäckström","doi":"10.3176/oil.2021.4.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3176/oil.2021.4.04","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19441,"journal":{"name":"Oil Shale","volume":"133 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82196672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. Cao, W. He, S. Kang, X. Shan, S. Su, Youhong Sun, S. Zheng
{"title":"The oil shale formation mechanism of the Songliao Basin Nenjiang Formation triggered by marine transgression and oceanic anoxic events 3; pp. 89–118","authors":"H. Cao, W. He, S. Kang, X. Shan, S. Su, Youhong Sun, S. Zheng","doi":"10.3176/OIL.2021.2.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3176/OIL.2021.2.01","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19441,"journal":{"name":"Oil Shale","volume":"1 1","pages":"89"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77731140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
. Quantitative 13 C direct polarization/magic angle spinning (DP/MAS) solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (SSNMR) was used to characterize type I kerogen isolated from Huadian oil shale. The DP/MAS results showed that this kerogen was highly aliphatic and its aromaticity (f a ) was as low as 20.23%. The average aliphatic carbon chain length (Cn), average aromatic cluster size (C) and substitute degree of aromatic rings (σ) were calculated. The NMR-derived H/C and O/C atomic ratios (R H/C and R O/C ) obtained by DP were in agreement with the corresponding results of ultimate analysis, indicating the accuracy of DP for quantification. Besides, using varying contact times cross polarization (CP) spectra were obtained at the same MAS frequency as the DP spectrum. Regardless of contact time, the aromaticities derived from CP were much lower than that from DP. Consequently, the R H/C value from CP was significantly higher than that of ultimate analysis. The contribution of spinning sidebands could be ignored with the MAS frequency up to 10 kHz. It is concluded that DP with a high MAS frequency is necessary for gaining quantitative structural information about kerogen, especially for its molecular modeling.
{"title":"Structural characterization of Huadian oil shale kerogen by using 13C DP/MAS NMR","authors":"X. Han, X. Jiang, M. Mu, J. Shu, X. Wang, Y. You","doi":"10.3176/oil.2021.3.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3176/oil.2021.3.01","url":null,"abstract":". Quantitative 13 C direct polarization/magic angle spinning (DP/MAS) solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (SSNMR) was used to characterize type I kerogen isolated from Huadian oil shale. The DP/MAS results showed that this kerogen was highly aliphatic and its aromaticity (f a ) was as low as 20.23%. The average aliphatic carbon chain length (Cn), average aromatic cluster size (C) and substitute degree of aromatic rings (σ) were calculated. The NMR-derived H/C and O/C atomic ratios (R H/C and R O/C ) obtained by DP were in agreement with the corresponding results of ultimate analysis, indicating the accuracy of DP for quantification. Besides, using varying contact times cross polarization (CP) spectra were obtained at the same MAS frequency as the DP spectrum. Regardless of contact time, the aromaticities derived from CP were much lower than that from DP. Consequently, the R H/C value from CP was significantly higher than that of ultimate analysis. The contribution of spinning sidebands could be ignored with the MAS frequency up to 10 kHz. It is concluded that DP with a high MAS frequency is necessary for gaining quantitative structural information about kerogen, especially for its molecular modeling.","PeriodicalId":19441,"journal":{"name":"Oil Shale","volume":"65 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76822623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Albert, H. Astra, O. Järvik, S. Kamenev, Ş. Karagöz, S. Mozaffari, V. Oja, A. Yanchilin
{"title":"Yields and the selected physicochemical properties of thermobitumen as an intermediate product of the pyrolysis of Kukersite oil shale","authors":"T. Albert, H. Astra, O. Järvik, S. Kamenev, Ş. Karagöz, S. Mozaffari, V. Oja, A. Yanchilin","doi":"10.3176/oil.2021.4.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3176/oil.2021.4.02","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19441,"journal":{"name":"Oil Shale","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83785432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Inspite of the increasing focus on reducing carbon dioxide emissions, production of shale oil continues to be economically favorable, and production has even increased in recent years. Producing and handling shale oil requires data on its properties, and to provide this data we have undertaken an extensive project to experimentally measure the properties of Estonian kukersite shale oil. In this article we describe the sample preparation methods and present experimental data on key properties of the shale oil samples. Included is data on the densities, refractive indexes, average boiling points, and molar masses of distillation fractions with narrow boiling ranges. A major component of kukersite shale oil is phenolic compounds, and to investigate their effect on the properties we used extraction to obtain samples with either fewer or more phenols than commonly found in the oil. The effect of composition on the properties is discussed. We also present correlations for calculating one of these properties if two others are known. This article lays the groundwork for future articles which will go into further detail on specific properties of these samples.
{"title":"Properties of kukersite shale oil","authors":"Z. Baird, O. Järvik, R. Rannaveski, V. Oja","doi":"10.31219/osf.io/nzyts","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/nzyts","url":null,"abstract":"Inspite of the increasing focus on reducing carbon dioxide emissions, production of shale oil continues to be economically favorable, and production has even increased in recent years. Producing and handling shale oil requires data on its properties, and to provide this data we have undertaken an extensive project to experimentally measure the properties of Estonian kukersite shale oil. In this article we describe the sample preparation methods and present experimental data on key properties of the shale oil samples. Included is data on the densities, refractive indexes, average boiling points, and molar masses of distillation fractions with narrow boiling ranges. A major component of kukersite shale oil is phenolic compounds, and to investigate their effect on the properties we used extraction to obtain samples with either fewer or more phenols than commonly found in the oil. The effect of composition on the properties is discussed. We also present correlations for calculating one of these properties if two others are known. This article lays the groundwork for future articles which will go into further detail on specific properties of these samples.","PeriodicalId":19441,"journal":{"name":"Oil Shale","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2020-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83770800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A comparative study of oil shale-bearing intervals in the Lower Cretaceous Jiufotang Formation in the Beipiao Basin, Northeast China based on sedimentary organic-facies theory","authors":"P. Zhang, Q. Meng, Zhaojun Liu, F. Hu, M. Xue","doi":"10.3176/oil.2020.1.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3176/oil.2020.1.02","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19441,"journal":{"name":"Oil Shale","volume":"76 1","pages":"32"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89532732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The pores in oil shale, which act as channels for the migration of products of cracking of organic matter and the place for heat transfer in the rock mass, directly influence pyrolysis efficiency. In this paper, the pore characteristics of oil shale during pyrolysis under the convection and conduction modes of heating were determined by mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP). Results show that in case of both the heating modes, the threshold temperatures for transformation of pore structure from simple to complex are 382 °C and 452 °C, respectively. The porosity of oil shale subjected to convection heating is generally higher than that subjected to conduction heating. By the convection heating mode, the high-temperature fluid can extract the shale oil attached to the pore wall and increase the porosity. As the pyrolysis temperature increases from 314 °C to 555 °C, the average pore size of oil shale increases from 23.70 to 218.15 nm in convection heating and from 21.68 to 145.60 nm in conduction heating. During the pyrolysis of organic matter and extraction of oil and gas, high-temperature steam continuously widens the pores. Finally, when the pyrolysis temperature is above 314 °C, pores with a smaller size gradually change into mesopores and macropores with a larger size. It is proved that under the convection heating mode, oil shale changes from a dense rock to a porous medium with an obviously higher amount of pores.
{"title":"Evolution of pore characteristics in oil shale during pyrolysis under convection and conduction heating modes","authors":"G. Wang, L. Wang, D. Yang, Yangsheng Zhao","doi":"10.3176/oil.2020.3.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3176/oil.2020.3.04","url":null,"abstract":"The pores in oil shale, which act as channels for the migration of products of cracking of organic matter and the place for heat transfer in the rock mass, directly influence pyrolysis efficiency. In this paper, the pore characteristics of oil shale during pyrolysis under the convection and conduction modes of heating were determined by mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP). Results show that in case of both the heating modes, the threshold temperatures for transformation of pore structure from simple to complex are 382 °C and 452 °C, respectively. The porosity of oil shale subjected to convection heating is generally higher than that subjected to conduction heating. By the convection heating mode, the high-temperature fluid can extract the shale oil attached to the pore wall and increase the porosity. As the pyrolysis temperature increases from 314 °C to 555 °C, the average pore size of oil shale increases from 23.70 to 218.15 nm in convection heating and from 21.68 to 145.60 nm in conduction heating. During the pyrolysis of organic matter and extraction of oil and gas, high-temperature steam continuously widens the pores. Finally, when the pyrolysis temperature is above 314 °C, pores with a smaller size gradually change into mesopores and macropores with a larger size. It is proved that under the convection heating mode, oil shale changes from a dense rock to a porous medium with an obviously higher amount of pores.","PeriodicalId":19441,"journal":{"name":"Oil Shale","volume":"157 1","pages":"224"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74293714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Assessment of the economic regulation of network industries: oil shale value chain in Estonia","authors":"R. Uukkivi, O. Koppel","doi":"10.3176/oil.2020.2.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3176/oil.2020.2.05","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19441,"journal":{"name":"Oil Shale","volume":"1 1","pages":"158"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85559199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"3-D CFD simulation of oil shale drying in fluidized bed and experimental verification","authors":"R. Dong, D. Jiao, H. Wang, L. Xia","doi":"10.3176/oil.2020.4.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3176/oil.2020.4.06","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19441,"journal":{"name":"Oil Shale","volume":"36 1","pages":"334"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85506737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The present paper is focused on the possibilities of recovering rare metals molybdenum (Mo), uranium (U) and vanadium (V) from organic-poor metalliferous black shales on an example of Estonian argillite. For this purpose two flowsheets for processing argillite have been proposed: one is based on the separation of organic matter (OM) together with allied rare metals, and the other on the combustion of argillite in the presence of salts without prior separation of OM. For the recovery of rare metals from leaching solutions the anion exchange method was used. The influence of different parameters, such as metals concentrations and pH of leaching solutions, on the sorption process was studied.
{"title":"Possibilities of utilizing organic-poor metalliferous black shales (argillite)","authors":"R. Palvadre","doi":"10.3176/oil.2020.3.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3176/oil.2020.3.05","url":null,"abstract":"The present paper is focused on the possibilities of recovering rare metals molybdenum (Mo), uranium (U) and vanadium (V) from organic-poor metalliferous black shales on an example of Estonian argillite. For this purpose two flowsheets for processing argillite have been proposed: one is based on the separation of organic matter (OM) together with allied rare metals, and the other on the combustion of argillite in the presence of salts without prior separation of OM. For the recovery of rare metals from leaching solutions the anion exchange method was used. The influence of different parameters, such as metals concentrations and pH of leaching solutions, on the sorption process was studied.","PeriodicalId":19441,"journal":{"name":"Oil Shale","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80414480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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